Jeems Bayou Fishing & Hunting Club v. United States

Mr. Justice Sutherland delivered the opinion of the Court. The United States brought suit, in equity in the District 'Court of the United States for the'Western Distriet of Louisiana, against the defendants (appellants and cross ap-pellees here) to have its title, to-85.22 acres of land in the Parish of Caddo-, Louisiana, confirmed, possession restored, assertion of claims thereto by defendants enjoined, and an accounting had for the value of oil removed therefrom by the defendants, or any of them. That court, upon the report of a master, entered a decree for the plaintiff and awarded damages for the value of the oil removed, after deducting the cost of drilling and operating'the wells by means of which the oil was recovered. The case is here by appeal from the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals, affirming that of the District Court. 274 Fed. 18. The Fishing & Hunting Club claimed title through mesne conveyances from one Stephen D. Pitts, to whom a patent had been issued in 1860 for the southwest' fractional quarter of Section 10, in Township twenty North, Range' 16 West, “according to the official plat of the survey of said lands, returned to the General Land Office by the Surveyor General.” The other defendants depend upon a lease from the Fishing & Hunting Club tb the Producers Oil Company. The official plat referred to in the Pitts patent .was the plat of a siirvey made by- A. W. Warren, in 1839, and approved and filed in the General Land Office the same year. The fractional quarter section described contained about 48 acres, though the patent erroneously gave it as 23 acres'. The land in question lies *563 west and south and immediately adjoining, but other lands still intervene between it and the permanent lake shore. According to. the plat, the land so patented to Pitts borders upon Ferry Lake, or Jeems Bayou,, a navigable body of .water, and is shown on the plat as a small peninsula extending into the water and connected by a narrow neck with the mainland. The evidence, which is voluminous and substantially uncontroverted, makes it very clear that no such peninsula exists or existed at the time of the survey in 1839. On the contrary, a later survey, called an extension survey, made in 1916-1917, shows that a large compact body of upland, more than 500 acres in extent, which is, and in 1839 was, well timbered with a growth of pine, oak and other trees, lies between this supr posititious peninsula and the shore line of the lake in every direction except for a short distance along.the east boundary as delineated upon the plat. This body of land extends beyond the boundaries of Section 10 into the adjoining Sections 9, 15 and 16. Across the lands in controversy, which are included in the larger body just mentioned, the. actual shore line of the lake is, and was- in 1839, from a few hundred feet to three-quarters of a mile distant from the outside boundaries of the land patented to Pitts, as shown on the Warren plat. The Warren field notes describe the peninsular shaped tract of land, not by lines purporting to meander the mar-gin of any body of water but by courses and distances. There is nothing in the field notes to-indicate a water boundary, unless as a matter of mere inference, which the most casual inspection of the locality woúld instantly dissipate. The inaccuracy of the plat is plainly apparent upon a like inspection. Why Warren made the survey and returned the plat as he did is a matter of speculation but the facts demonstrate that no survey of the large, compact body of land-which includes the tract in controversy, was ever made. The circumstances, as well as the *564 extent and character of the lands, necessitate the conclusion that the omission was of deliberate purpose or the result of such gross and palpable error as to constitute in effect a fraud upon the Government. The defendants rely upon the rule that where lands are patented according to an official plat of survey, showing meander lines along or near .the margin of a body of water, the plat is to be treated as a part of the conveyance and the water itself constitutes the boundary. The rule is familiar and has received the approval of this Court many times. Producers Oil Co. v. Hanzen, 238 U. S. 325, 338, and cases cited. But it is not absolute, as this Court has also frequently decided. It will not be applied where, as here, the facts conclusively show that no body of water existed or exists at or near the place indicated on the plat or where, as here, there never was' in fact, an. attempt to survey the land in controversy. Security Land & Exploration Co. v. Burns, 193 U. S. 167; Lee Wilson & Co. v. United States, 245 U. S. 24; Producers Oil Co. v. Hanzen, supra; Horne v. Smith, 159 U. S. 40; French-Glenn Live Stock Co. v. Springer, 185 U. S. 47; Chapman & Dewey Lumber Co. v. St. Francis Levee District, 232 U. S. 186. But it is asserted that plaintiff is estopped from claiming title to the land because of certain correspondence with the Commissioner of the General Land Office, in 1897, wherein that officer said that there were no unsur-veyed lands in the locality in,question and because of an official letter frpm the Director of the Geological Survey to the same effect. It is clear, however, that the United States cannot be so estopped. Lee Wilson & Co. v. United States, supra; Utah Power & Light Co. v. United States, 243 U. S. 389, 408. We think the'measure of damages adopted by the courts below was correct. The defendants were in possession of the land anc] extracted the oil therefrom in good faith. *565 The land had been for many years treated by the officials of the Government as having been conveyed by the Pitts patent. The defendants were innocent trespassers within the rule laid down by this Court in United States v. St. Anthony R. R. Co., 192 U. S. 524, 542, Moreover, the case is governed in this respect by the more liberal rule of the Louisiana Civil Code (Article 501), as interpreted by the decisions of the highest court of that State. Mason v. United States, ante, 545. The decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals is affirmed.