Lynch v. Alworth-Stephens Co.

Mr. Justice .Sutherland delivered the opinion of the Court. The federal income tax return made by respondent (a corporation organized in the United States) for thé year 1917 showed the sum of $10,253.21 due the government for income and excess war profits taxes for that year; and this amount was paid. Thereafter, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed respondent with an additional tax of $17,128.44, which respondent ,was forced to pay and did pay under protest, and to recover which this *366 action was brought against E-. J. Lynch, a collector of internal revenue, to whom the payment had been made. .Lynch subsequently died and his executrix was substituted as defendant. The federal district court for the district of Minnesota, where the action was brought, rendered judgment in favor of respondent for the amount. 278 Fed. 959. The circuit court of appeals affirmed the judgment, 294 . Fed. 190; and the case is here upon cer-tiorari. 264 TJ. 577. The facts from which the controversy arose, are not in dispute, and, for present purposes, may be shortly stated. Prior to March 1, 1913, respondent had leases- upon two definitely described tracts of land in Minnesota containing deposits of iron ore, known' as the Perkins mine and the Hudson mine. The leases, unless sooner terminated by the lessee in the manner therein provided, ran for a period of fifty years and obliged respondent to mine and remove at least fifty thousand tons of iron ore annually ..from 1 the Perkins and twenty-five thousand tons annually from the Hudson and to pay the lessor, owner of the fee, a royalty of thirty cents per ton upon each ton of ore extracted. Respondent subleased the lands upon terms not pecessary to be stated further than that 'the sub-lessee of the Perkins was to pay respondent a royalty of seventy-five cents per ton and the sublessee of the Hudson a royalty of sixty cents per ton, or forty-fivé cents and thirty cents, respectively, per ton more than was made payable by respondent to the lessor owner. Before March 1,1913, both tracts of land had been fully explored, and the deposits of ore therein developed to such an extent that the éntire amount of tonnage was known with substantial accuracy, and the properties were demonstrated to be of great value. On that date it was known that these tíre bodies would be entirely worked out and the mines exhausted within seven years; and this in fact happened. The market value of the ore in the mines *367 during that . entire time exceeded seventy-fiye cents per ton; .and it sufficiently appears that during such time respondent and its sublessees were in possession of the lands engaged in mining and removing the ore therefrom. Without repeating the formula followed in arriving at the result, it is enough to say. that the trial court found that, tinder the leases, the respondent had a property interest in these ore bodies, the fair market valué of which, as of March 1, 1913, was 71.9 per cent, of the total royalties which would be received under the subleases, and such royalties constituted the sole source of respondent’s income. Thereupon, the lower courts 'held that respondent was entitled to deduct from its gross income for 1917 a sum equal to 71.9 per cent, thereof for depletion, and that only the balance remaining was subject to income and excess profits taxes. Such taxes, properly computed, amounted to the sum returned and originally paid by respondent and no more. The applicable law ;is found in §§ 2, 10 and 12 (a) of the Act of . September 8, 1916, c. 463, 39 Stat. 756, 757-758, 765, 767.' Section 10 imposes a tax of two per centum upon the total annual net income received from all sources by every corporation, etc., organized in the United States. Section 12 (a) 1 provides *that such net *368 income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of the income, among other things, “ a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion ... of property arising out of its use ... . ; (b) ^in the case of mines a reasonable allowance for depletion thereof not' to exceed the fnarket value in the mine of the product thereof which has been mined and sold during the year for which the return . and computation are made, . . .” Section* 2 contains the following provision (p. 758): “(c) For the purpose of ascertaining the gain- derived from the sale or other disposition of property, real, personal, or mixed, acquired before March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, the fair market price or value of such property as of March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, shall be the basis for 'determining the amount of-, such .gain, derived.” . Upon the foregoing facts and. under these statutory provisions, the .question presented for consideration is .whether the relation of respondent to the mines which were the source of its income, was such that it was entitled to deduct from the gross amount, of such income a reasonable amount for exhaustion or depletion. Upon the part of the petitioner the contention is that the leases do not convey to the lessee the ore bodies but are contracts of rental conferring only the right to use and occupy the premisés and mine the ore, which, SO' long as it remains in the ground, is the property .of the fee owner. It is,’ therefore, insisted that by the extraction of the ore, only the property of the fee owner is depleted and such owner alone is. entitled to an allowance therefor. On the other *369 hand, respondent contends that under the leases the lessee, as well as the lessor, owns a valuable property-interest in the mines and by tlíe térms of the, statute each is entitled to-deduct from gross income a reasonable allowance for depletion, the lessee for exhaustion of the leasehold, interest and the lessor for exhaustion of the fee interest as lessened by the interest of the lessee, such deduction to be allowed according to the value of the interest of each in the property, the entire allowance, however, not to exceed the total market value in the mine of the product thereof mined and sold during the taxable year. It is, of course, true that the leases here under review did not convey title to the unextracted ore deposits, United States v. Biwabik Mining Co., 247 U. S. 116, 123; but it is equally true that such leases, conferring upon the lessee the exclusive possession of the deposits and the valuable right of removing and reducing the ore to ownership, created a very real and substantial interest therein. See Hyatt v. Vincennes Bank, 113 U. S. 408, 416; Ewert v. Robinson, 289 Fed. 740, 746-750. And there can be no doubt that such an interest is property. Hamilton v. Rathbone, 175 U. S. 414, 421; Bryant v. Kennett, 113 U. S. 179, 192. The general provision in § 12 (a), Second, is that the deduction from gross income shall include a reasonable allowance for the “ exhaustion . . . o£ property.” There is nothing to suggest that the word “ property ” is used in any restricted sense. In !the case of mines, a specific kind of property, the exhaustion is. described as depletion, and is limited to an amount not exceeding the market value in the mine of the product mined and sold during the year. The interest of respondent under its .leases in the'mines, being property, it's right to deduct a reasonable allowance for exhaustion of such property, if there be. any, during the taxable year results from the *370 plain terms of the statute, such deduction, since the property iá an interest in mines, to be limited to the amount of the exhaustion of respondent’s interest caused by the depletion of the mines during the taxable year. We agree with the circuit court of appeals, 294 Fed. 194, that, “The plain, clear and reasonable meaning of the statute seems to be that the reasonable allowance for depletion in case of a mine is. to be made to every one whose property right and interest therein has been depleted by the extraction and disposition ‘ of the product thereof which has been mined' and sold during the year for which the return and computation are made.’ And the plain, obvious and rational meaning of a statute is always to be preferred to any curious, narrow, hidden sense that -nothing but the exigency of a hard-case and the ingenuity and study of an acute and powerful intellect would discover.” It is said'that the depletion allowance applies to the physical exhaustion of the ore deposits, and since the title thereto is in the lessor, he alone is entitled to make the deduction. But the fallacy in the syllogism is plain. The deduction for depletion in the case of mines is a ■special application of the general rule of the statute allowing a deduction for exhaustion of property. While respondent does not own the ore deposits, its right to mine and remove the ore and reduce it-to possession and ownership is property, within the meaning of the general provision. Obviously, as the process goes on, this property interest, of the lessee in the.mines is lessened from year to year,- as the owner’s property interest in the same mines is likewise lessened. There is an exhaustion of property in the one case as in the other; and the extent of it, with the consequent deduction to be made, in 'each case is,to be arrived at in the same way, namely, by determining the aggregate amount of the depletion of thé mine£-in which the several interests inhere, based upon the market *371 value of the product, and allocating that amount in proportion to the interest of each severally considered. We are referred to Weiss v. Mohawk Mining Co., 264 Fed. 502, where the circuit court of appeals for the sixth circuit reached an exactly .opposite conclusion to that announced in the present cáse by the courts below. The opinion in that case Was apparently made to rest upon the decision of this court in United States v. Biwabik Mining Co., supra, which, in turn, followed Von Baumbach v. Sargent Land Co., 242 U. S. 503. These cases, however, arose under the corporation tax iaw of 1909, c. 6, 36 Stat. 'll,. 112, § 38, imposing a special excise .tax with respect to the carrying on or doing business by a corporation, etc., measured by its net income, in the ascertainment of which, among other things, there was authorized a deduction of “ a reasonable allowance for depreciation of prop-érty.” The Sargent Land Co. case concerned the owner and lessor of mining property, while the Biwabik Mining Co. case concerned a lessee of mining property. It was held in both cases, as we hold here, that the leases tinder consideration did .not convey title to the ore in place. Whether the lessees had property interests such as we have determined here, was not considered.. Both decisions, expressly in one and implicitly in the other, turned, primarily, upon the scope of the word “depreciation.” In the Sargent Land Co. case this, appears expressly from the following extract (pp. 524-525)': “We do not think Congress intended to cover the necessary depreciation of a mine by exhaustion of the ores in determining the income to be assessed under the statute by including such exhaustion within the allowance made for depreciation. It would be a strained use' of the term depreciation to say that, where ore is taken from a mine in the operation of the property, depreciation, as generally understood in. business circles, follows. True, the value of the mine is. lessened from the partial exhaustion of the property, and; *372 owing to its peculiar character, cannot be replaced. But in no accurate sense can such exhaustion of the body of the ore be deemed depreciation. It is equally true that there seems to be a hardship in taxing such receipts as income, without some deduction arising from the fact that the mining property is being continually reduced by the removal of the minerals. But such consideration will not justify this court in attributing to depreciation a sense which we do not believe Congress intended to give to it in the Act of 1909.” And this . view is .immediately emphasized by putting in contrast with the “ depreciation ” of the 1909 Act, the “ reasonable allowance for the exhaustion ... of property ” of the income tax provision of the Tariff Act of 1913 and the exhaustion and depletion provisions of the Act of 1916, heretofore quoted. “These provisions,” the court concluded (p. 525), “were not in the Act of 1909, and, as we have said, we think that Congress, in that act, used the term ‘ depreciation ’ in its ordinary and usual significance. We therefore reach the conclusion that no allowance can be made of the character contended for as an item of depreciation.” The decision in the later case of the Biwabik Mining Có., it is true, rests upon the .predicate that the lessee was not a purchaser of the ore in place, but that was because the decision of the lower court — that the lease as applied to the situation there developed, was “in every substantial way pro tanto a purchase ” — presented that question as the one to be met. The lower court thought that the case of the lessor (Sargent Land Co.) was to be1 distinguished from that of the lessee (Biwabik Mining Co.) upon the theory that, while the royalties paid to the former might properly be called income, the receipts of the latter resulted from the sale of capital assets and were not income. ' But this court rejected the assumed distinction as unsound and decided the case upon that point without referring to the question of deduction on account *373 of depreciation. Evidently, it was taken for granted in the lower court that under the decision in the Sargent Land Co. casé, the latter point was no longer open; and it was passed there, as it was here, without comment. Considering the Sargent Land Co. and the Biwabik Mining Co. cases' together, it Ik apparent that in respect of the matter of depredation under the Act of 1909, in the opinion of this court, lessor and lessee stood upon the same footing, neither being éntitled to an allowance; but it was plainly recognized that if the statutory allowance had been for exhaustion or depletion, as in the later acts, an entirely different question might have been presented as to both interests. We find nothing in either case out of harmony with the conclusion reached by the lower courts, in respect of the construction and application of the pertinent provisions of law which are now under review. Affirmed.. MR. Justice Butler took no part in the consideration or, decision of this cause. Footnotes [1] Sec. 12. (a). In the' ease of a corporation, joint-stock company or association, or insurance company, organized in the United States, such net income shall- be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of ..its income received within the year from all sources— Second. All losses actually sustained and charged off within the year and not compensated by insurance or otherwise,, including a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of property arising out of its use or employment in the business, or trade; (a) in the case of. oil and gas wells a reasonable allowance for actual reduction in flow and production to be ascertained not by the flush flow, but by the settled production or regular flow; (b) in the case of mines a reasonable allowance for depletion thereof not to exceed the market value in the mine of the product thereof which has been *368 mined and sold during the year for which the return and computation are made, such reasonable allowance to be macle in the case of both (a) and (b) under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury: Provided, That when the allowance authorized in (a) and' (b) shall equal the capital originally invested, ’.or in case of purchase made prior to March first, nineteen hundred .and thirteen, the fair market value as of that date, no further allowance shall be made;. , , ,.