Postum Cereal Co. v. California Fig Nut Co.

Mr. Chief Justice Taft delivered the opinion of the Court. The Postum Cereal Company and its predecessors in title have for years manufactured a cereal breakfast food to which they applied, as a trade-mark, the word “ Grape- *696 Nuts,” for which they secured registrations under the Trade-Mark Registration Act of February 20, 1905 (38 Stat. .727) and amendments. They filed a petition of opposition to the registration , by the California Fig Nut Company of the trade-mark “ Fig-Nuts ” which that company had registered under the Act of March 19, 1920, § 1, par. b, 41 Stat. 533. Séction 2 of the same Act provides that when any-person shall deem himself injured by the registration of a trade-mark under the Act, he may apply to the Commissioner of Patents to cancel it. Upon due notice to the registrant, a hearing is to be had before an examiner of interferences in the Patent Office, with an appeal to the Commissioner. The California Fig Nut Company, the registrant, filed an answer denying that the petitioner was injured and taking issue within the averments of its petition. The examiner of interferences held against the petitioner and recommended that the registration be not canceled. An appeal was taken to' the Commissioner of: Patents, who affirmed the holding of the examiner óf interferences. An appeal was then taken from the decision of the Commissioner to the Court of. Appeals of the District of Columbia. That court held that under the Act of March 19, 1920, 41, Stat. 533, there was no jurisdiction given to that court to hear an appeal from the Commissioner erf Patents. This holding was in accordance with a* previous decision of the same court in United States Compression Inner Tube Company v. Climax Rubber Company, 53 App. D. C. 370; 290 Fed. 345. Accordingly the appeal was dismissed. The present appeal to this Court was allowed by the Court of Appeals. The Trade-Mark Act of 1920, c. 104,' 41 Stat. 533, is entitled “An Act to give effect to certain provisions of the convention for the protection of trade-marks and commercial names made and signed in the City of Buenos *697 Aires in the Argentine Republic, August 20, 1910, and for other purposes.” The first section- provides that the Commissioner of Patents shall keep a register of all trademarks communicated to him by the international bureaus as provided for by the Convention upon which a certain fee has been paid. Par. b of § 1 provides that all other trade-marks not registerable under the Act of February 20, 1905 (with certain exceptions not here relevant), but which have been in bona fide use for not less than one year in interstate or foreign commerce, upon or in connection with any goods of a proprietor, upon which a fee of $10 has been paid to the Commissioner of Patents, may be registered under the Act, provided that the trade-marks which are identical with the known, trade-marks owned and used in interstate commerce by another, and appropriated to merchandise of the same descriptive properties so as to be likely to cause confusion or mistake in the mind of the public or deceive purchasers, shall not be placed on the register. The chief objection of the petitioner to the registration of “ fig-nuts ” as a trade-mark for a cereal breakfast food is that it is likely to cause confusion or mistake and deceive purchasers into thinking they are buying the petitioner’s breakfast food marked and widely known as “ grape-nuts.” Section 6 of the. Act of 1920 adopts provisions of certain sections of the Act of February 20, 1905, 33 Stat. 728. But those sections do not include § 9 of the older Act by which provision is made for an appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of Patents to the District Court of Appeals, and for this reason the District Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal. The contention of the appellant here is that § 9 of the Act of 1905 does apply to the proceeding here taken under the Act of 1920, and that the Court of Appeals in holding otherwise denied a right which the appellant here is entitled to have vindicated. It asks this Court to reverse the dismissal by the District Court of Appeals and in effect enforce the jurisdiction of *698 that court to entertain its appeal from the Commissioner of Patents. The first difficulty the appellant has to meet is the question whether'this Court has jurisdiction to consider such an appeal. The argument the appellant makes is that this appeal was allowed July 1, 1924, to the judgment of dismissal by the Court of Appeals of April 7, 1924; that the Act of February 13, 1925, 43 Stat. 936, 941, amending § 250 of the Judicial Code left the old section applicable to such pending appeal; that, by the old § 250, any final judgment or decree of the Court of Appeals might be reexamined in this Court upon error or appeal in cases in which the construction of any law of the United States is drawn in question by the defendant; that this appeal draws in question the construction of the Trade-Mark Act of 1920 given by the Court of Appeals, by which that court dismissed the appeal taken to it from the Commissioner of Patents; and that the dismissal from which this appeal was allowed was a final judgment under the cases of Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U. S. 37, 44 and Baldwin Co. v. Robertson, 265 U. S. 168. The case of Baldwin v. Howard, 256 U. S. 35, in which certiorari to this Court from a similar trade-mark proceeding was denied, is explained by the appellant as resting on the sole ground that the judgment below was not a final one. We do not think this course of argument can be sustained. Assuming for the purposes of this discussion, that the District Court of Appeals was wrong in not holding that § 9 of the Act of 1905 did apply to the Commissioner of Patents’ decision under the Act of 1920, even so, an appeal can not be taken to this Court to remedy the error. The decision of the Court of Appeals under § 9 of the Act of 1905 is not a judicial judgment. It is a mere administrative decision. It is merely an instruction to the Commissioner of Patents by a court *699 which is made part of the machinery of the Patent Office for administrative purposes. In the exercise of such function it does not enter a judgment binding parties in a case as the term case is used in.the third article of the Constitution. Section 9 of the Trade-Mark Act of 1905, applies to the appeal taken under it the same rules which under § 4914 R. S. apply to an appeal taken from the decision of the Commissioner of Patents in patent proceedings. Butterworth v. Hoe, 112 U. S. 50, 60; Gaines v. Knecht, 27 App. D. C. 530, 532; Atkins v. Moore, 212 U. S. 285, 291. Neither the opinion nor decision of the Court of Appeals under § 4914 R. S., or § 9 of the Act of 1905, precludes any person interested from having the right to contest the validity of such patent or trade-mark in any court where it may be called in question. This result prevents an appeal to this Court, which can only review judicial judgments. This Court hás so decided in Frasch v. Moore, 211 U. S. 1, in an appeal as to patent proceedings, and in Atkins v. Moore, 212 U. S. 285, as to appeals in trade-mark proceedings. This was the ratio decidendi of Baldwin v. Howard, 256 U. S. 35, already referred to, where both appeal and certiorari were denied in a similar trade-mark proceeding. It was said in these cases that the appeal was denied because the action'of the Court of Appeals was not a final judgment. This reason was a true one, but it should not be understood to imply that, in such a proceeding, circumstances might-give it a form that would make it a final judgment subject to review by this Court. That is the error that the appellant here has made in pressing its appeal. Appellant relies on Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U. S. 37, 44, holding that a judgment of dismissal for lack of jurisdiction is a final judgment for purposes of appeal. .But the citation has no application in such a case as this. For here the action of the Court of Appeals' in its dismissal was dealing with something which, even *700 if it should have been received, was not in the proper sense a judgment at all. Whatever the form of the action taken in respect of such an appeal, it is not cognizable in this Court upon review, because the proceeding is a mere administrative one. The distinction between the jurisdiction of- this Court, which is confined to the hearing and decision of cases in the constitutional sense, and that of administrative action and decision, power for which may be conferred upon courts of the District, is shown in the case of Keller v. Potomac Electric Company, 261 U. S. 428, 440, 442, 443. There it is pointed out that, while Congress in its constitutional exercise of exclusive legislation over the District may clothe the courts of the District not only with the jurisdiction and powers of the federal courts in the several States but also with such authority as a State might confer on her courts, Prentis v. Atlantic Coast Line Company, 211 U. S. 210, 225, 226, and so may vest courts of the District with administrative or legislative functions which are not properly judicial, it may not do so with this Court or any federal court established under Article III of the Constitution. Of the jurisdiction of this Court, we said, at p. 444: “Such legislative or administrative jurisdiction, it is well settled, can not be conferred on this Court either directly or by appeal. The latest and fullest authority upon this point is to be found in the opinion of Mr. Justice Day, speaking for the Court in Muskrat v. United States, 219 U. S. 346. The principle there recognized and enforced on reason and authority is that the jurisdiction of this court and of the inferior courts of the United States, ordained and established by Congress under and by virtue of the third article of the Constitution, is limited to cases-and controversies in such form that the judicial power is capable of acting on thém; and does not extend to an issue of constitutional law framed by Congress for *701 the purpose of invoking the advice of this court without real parties or a real case, or to administrative or legislative issues or controversies.” See also Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Grannis, decided this day, 273 U. S. 70. With this limitation upon our powers, it is not difficult to reach a conclusion in the present case. We should have had no power to review the action of the District Court of Appeals if it had heard the appeal and taken administrative jurisdiction, and by- the same token have now no power to review its action in refusing such jurisdiction. But it is said that this leaves the appellant without any remedy to review the decision of the District Court of Appeals and makes its conclusion final in respect of the construction of the Trade-Mark Act of 1920. Even if this be so, as to which we express no opinion, it can not furnish a reason for exceeding the constitutional powers of this Court. The appeal is dismissed.