Gefre v. Skelton

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 239(d)(2), SCACR. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA In The Court of Appeals Leo Gefre and Ellen Gefre, Appellants, v. Donald Skelton and Robert Skelton d/b/a Creative Candles, Defendants/Third Party Plaintiffs, v. Travelers Property and Casualty Insurance Company and Charter Oak Fire Insurance Company, Third Party Defendants, Of Whom Donald Skelton and Robert Skelton d/b/a/ Creative Candles are the, Respondents. Appeal From Georgetown County Paula H. Thomas, Circuit Court Judge Unpublished Opinion No. 2004-UP-347 Submitted April 6, 2004 – Filed May 25, 2004 AFFIRMED Thomas J. Rubillo, of Georgetown, for Appellants. Gene McCain Connell, Jr., of Surfside Beach, for Respondents. PER CURIAM: Leo and Ellen Gefre brought this action against Donald Skelton and Robert Skelton asserting causes of action for negligence, assault, battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, wrongful discharge, and negligent supervision. [1] The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Robert Skelton as to all of the claims brought against him. The Gefres appeal. We affirm. FACTS Both Leo and Ellen Gefre, husband and wife, were employed at Creative Candles, a candle-making shop owned and operated by Robert Skelton in Pawley’s Island, South Carolina. The claims raised by the Gefres in this case stem from an alleged altercation at the candle shop between Leo Gefre and Robert Skelton’s son, Donald Skelton. While working at the shop in May 1999, Leo Gefre claims he was beaten and choked by Donald Skelton. Following the assault, the Gefres sought assurances from Robert Skelton that his son would not be allowed to return to Creative Candles in order to prevent further threat of physical violence. Receiving no satisfactory assurances, the Gefres did not return to work at the candle shop. The Gefres subsequently brought suit against Donald Skelton alleging common-law assault and battery as well as intentional infliction of emotional distress. Robert Skelton d/b/a Creative Candles was also included in the suit under additional causes of action for negligence, negligent supervision, and wrongful discharge. On Donald and Robert Skelton’s motion for summary judgment, the circuit court dismissed the causes of action against Robert Skelton as owner of Creative Candles on the ground that the claims were precluded by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act). S.C. Code Ann. § 42-1-540 (1985). Specifically, the court found that these claims fell within the purview of the Act because Donald Skelton was a fellow “employee” with the Gefres at the Creative Candles shop. STANDARD OF REVIEW A trial court should grant a motion for summary judgment when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 56(c), SCRCP; see Fleming v. Rose, 350 S.C. 488, 493, 567 S.E.2d 857, 860 (2002) (“Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact such that the moving party must prevail as a matter of law.”). “In determining whether any triable issues of fact exist, the evidence and all inferences which can be reasonably drawn from the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Strother v. Lexington County Recreation Comm’n, 332 S.C. 54, 61, 504 S.E.2d 117, 121 (1998). If triable issues of fact exist, those issues must go to the jury. Young v. South Carolina Dep’t of Corr., 333 S.C. 714, 717, 511 S.E.2d 413, 415 (Ct. App. 1999). DISCUSSION I. The Gefres claim the circuit court erred in finding their claims against Robert Skelton as the owner and manager of Creative Candles for injuries resulting from Donald Skelton’s alleged attack were barred by the Workers’ Compensation Act. The Gefres argue they were not limited to the remedies allowed under the Act because Donald Skelton was not an employee of Creative Candles. We disagree. Section 42-1-540 provides: The rights and remedies granted by this Title to an employee when he and his employer have accepted the provisions of this Title, respectively, to pay and accept compensation on account of personal injury or death by accident, shall exclude all other rights and remedies of such employee, his personal representative, parents, dependents or next of kin as against his employer, at common law or otherwise, on account of such injury, loss of service or death. S.C. Code Ann. § 42-1-540 (1985). As this case was decided by the circuit court on the narrow question of whether Donald Skelton was an employee, our review of the facts is confined to determining whether that employer-employee relationship existed between Donald Skelton and his father. [2] “Whether or not an employer-employee relationship exists is a jurisdictional question.” Nelson v. Yellow Cab Co., 349 S.C. 589, 594, 564 S.E.2d 110, 112 (2002). Because the issue involves determining proper jurisdiction, this Court must take its own view of the preponderance of the evidence in our analysis of whether Donald Skelton was employed at the candle shop. Id. “It is South Carolina’s policy to resolve jurisdictional doubts in favor of the inclusion of employers and employees under the Workers’ Compensation Act.” Id. The Act defines “employee” as those persons “engaged in an employment under any appointment, contract of hire, or apprenticeship, expressed or implied, oral or written . . . .” S.C. Code Ann. § 42-1-130 (Supp. 2003). In applying the definition of employee provided under the Act, this Court has previously opined: “The employment relationship is contractual in character; however, no formality is required. The contract may be oral or written, and also may be implied from conduct of the parties. It is enough if the circumstances show unequivocally that the parties recognize the relationship.” Spivey v. D.G. Const. Co., 321 S.C. 19, 22, 467 S.E.2d 117, 119 (Ct. App. 1996). In determining whether an employer-employee relationship exists for purposes of the Workers’ Compensation Act, our courts have examined the employer’s right to control. That is, the determination of employee status depends on whether the putative employer has a right to control and direct the particular details of the putative employee’s work. Nelson, 349 S.C. at 594, 564 S.E.2d at 113; see Young v. Warr, 252 S.C. 179, 189, 165 S.E.2d 797, 802 (1969) (“The general test applied is that of control by the employer. It is not the actual control then exercised, but whether there exists the right and authority to control and direct the particular work or undertaking, as to the manner or means of its accomplishment.”); 82 Am. Jur. 2d Workers’ Compensation § 123 (2003) (commenting that “[i]t has been said that in a workers’ compensation case, the ultimate question in finding an employment relationship is whether the employer assumes the right to control the times, manner and method of executing the work of the employee”). Though these determinations depend on the specific facts of each case, our courts generally look to four factors in examining an employer’s degree of control: (1) direct evidence of the right or exercise of control; (2) payment and method of payment; (3) furnishing major items of equipment; and (4) the right to terminate the employment relationship at will and without liability. Dawkins v. Jordan, 341 S.C. 434, 439, 534 S.E.2d 700, 703 (2000). Our review of the factual circumstances concerning Robert Skelton’s right to control the method and manner which Donald Skelton worked at the candle shop leads us to agree with the circuit court’s conclusion that there is no material dispute of the facts concerning whether Donald Skelton was an employee. There was direct evidence presented of Robert Skelton’s right and exercise of control of his son’s activities at work. Both Robert Skelton and Ellen Gefre testified that Donald would take instructions relating to his work duties directly from his father. Donald worked approximately twenty hours per week and was paid $1,000 to $1,300 per month. Donald worked primarily in the candle-making factory portion of the business where all of the equipment required to make candles was provided for him. There is no evidence that Donald’s employment was on any terms other than strictly at-will employment. Furthermore, Leo and Ellen Gefre both testified in their depositions that Donald Skelton was an employee. They also stated in their responses to the defendants’ discovery requests that Robert Skelton was Donald’s employer. A consideration of these facts supports the conclusion that each of the four indicia of control identified by our courts is present in the circumstances of Donald Skelton’s work for his father. We conclude therefore that there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Donald Skelton was an “employee” under the Workers’ Compensation Act. As such, the Gefres’ claims against Robert Skelton are precluded by the exclusive remedy provision of the Act as a matter of law. II. The Gefres argue the circuit court improperly dismissed their claim for wrongful discharge. The court, however, did not specifically address this issue in its order granting partial summary judgment. Despite this omission, the Gefres did not petition the court for a ruling by way of a motion to alter or amend judgment pursuant to Rule 59(e), SCRCP. As such, this issue is not preserved for our review. See Wilder Corp. v. Wilke, 330 S.C. 71, 76, 497 S.E.2d 731, 733 (1998) (holding that “[i]t is axiomatic that an issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal, but must have been raised to and ruled upon by the trial judge to be preserved for appellate review”); see also Noisette v. Ismail, 304 S.C. 56, 58, 403 S.E.2d 122, 124 (1991) (finding issue was not preserved where the trial judge did not explicitly rule on the appellant’s argument and the appellant did not raise the issue in a Rule 59(e), SCRCP, motion to alter or amend the judgment). CONCLUSION We find no error with the circuit court’s ruling that the Gefres’ claims stemming from injuries caused by Donald Skelton’s alleged assault and battery were barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act. The Gefres’ claim for wrongful discharge was not preserved for appellate review. The court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Robert Skelton is therefore AFFIRMED. HUFF and STILWELL, JJ., and CURETON, AJ., concur. [1] Ellen Gefre also alleged causes of action for loss of consortium and negligent infliction of emotional distress. [2] The parties do not appear to dispute that the causes of action against Robert Skelton, with the exception of wrongful discharge, come within the purview of the Act if an employee-employer relationship exists. See Loges v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 308 S.C. 134, 136, 417 S.E.2d 538, 540 (1992) (“Recovery under the Act is the exclusive means of settling personal injury claims which come under the Act.”).