Woolridge v. Greenwood Mills

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 239(d)(2), SCACR. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA In The Court of Appeals Brenda L. Wooldridge, Appellant, v. Greenwood Mills, Inc., Respondent. Appeal From Greenwood County Wyatt T. Saunders, Jr., Circuit Court Judge Unpublished Opinion No. 2005-UP-135 Submitted February 1, 2005 – Filed February 23, 2005 AFFIRMED Theo W. Mitchell, of Greenville, for Appellant. Joel S. Brandon and Melegia Lee Daniels, Jr., both of Greenville, for Respondent. PER CURIAM: Brenda Wooldridge appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Greenwood Mills, Inc. in her action for wrongful termination. We affirm.1 Facts Wooldridge worked for Greenwood Mills from 1994 until June 5, 2001. While Wooldridge was working in the early morning hours of June 4, she ran out of a material called roving. She asked her supervisor Linda Rush to obtain some for her. As she was accompanying Rush to obtain the roving, Wooldridge became involved in an altercation with Sarah Tate, a fellow employee, in the post alley between their jobs. Wooldridge testified in her deposition that Tate approached her, shaking her finger in Wooldridge’s face, and accusing Wooldridge of “hogging the roving.” Wooldridge told Tate, “[G]et your hand out of my face.” Tate continued pointing her finger at Wooldridge so Wooldridge again instructed her to get her hand out of Wooldridge’s face. Rush then told both employees to go home. Wooldridge gathered her purse, told her sister she was leaving, and left the plant. Wooldridge acknowledged that she was upset, Tate appeared angry, and they both had been speaking loudly. She stated she never heard Rush tell them to stop arguing or to return to their jobs. The next morning Wooldridge returned to the plant and spoke with Frankie Wells, the spinning room supervisor, and Pierce Sullivan, the human resources manager. They informed her Rush had told them that during the argument she had asked Wooldridge and Tate to return to their positions. Sullivan told her he was going to investigate the matter. He asked her to return the next day. She met with Wells and Sullivan again on June 5. Wells told her then she was being discharged for creating a disturbance in the workplace. She met with Warren Moore, the vice president of Human Resources, the following day. He affirmed that her employment was terminated for creating a disturbance in the workplace. Tate was also discharged for the same reason. Wooldridge applied for unemployment benefits and was initially disqualified. She appealed this decision and appeared at a hearing before a hearing officer of the Employment Security Commission. Rush, Sullivan, and Wells testified at the hearing for Greenwood Mills. The hearing officer held Wooldridge was disqualified from receiving benefits for thirteen weeks because she was discharged for cause. Wooldridge did not appeal this ruling. Wooldridge brought this action against Greenwood Mills for wrongful termination. She asserted Greenwood Mills acted wrongfully by terminating her for exercising a legal right and terminating her without adhering to its own policies and procedures. Greenwood Mills moved for summary judgment. After a hearing, which Wooldridge’s counsel failed to attend, the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed. Standard of Review “The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite the disposition of cases which do not require the services of a fact finder.” Dawkins v. Fields, 354 S.C. 58, 69, 580 S.E.2d 433, 438 (2003). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Osborne v. Adams, 346 S.C. 4, 7, 550 S.E.2d 319, 321 (2001). The evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. “It is well established that summary judgment should be granted ‘. . . in cases in which plain, palpable and indisputable facts exist on which reasonable minds cannot differ.’” Anders v. S.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 307 S.C. 371, 373, 415 S.E.2d 406, 407 (Ct. App. 1992) (quoting Main v. Corley, 281 S.C. 525, 526, 316 S.E.2d 406, 407 (1984)); see Bloom v. Ravoira, 339 S.C. 417, 425, 529 S.E.2d 710, 714 (2000) (finding where a verdict is not reasonably possible under the facts presented, summary judgment is proper). Discussion Wooldridge argues a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Greenwood Mills wrongfully discharged her. We disagree. South Carolina recognizes the doctrine of employment at will in wrongful termination actions. Prescott v. Farmers Tel. Coop., Inc., 335 S.C. 330, 334, 516 S.E.2d 923, 925 (1999). Although some exceptions have been recognized, the doctrine of employment at-will remains in South Carolina as a longstanding economic incentive that provides the marketplace its necessary flexibility. Id. at 335, 516 S.E.2d at 925. At-will employment may be terminated by either party at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all. Id. at 334, 516 S.E.2d at 925. The general rule is that termination of an at-will employee normally does not give rise to a cause of action for breach of contract. Conner v. City of Forest Acres, 348 S.C. 454, 463, 560 S.E.2d 606, 610 (2002). However, an employer and employee may choose to contractually alter the general rule of employment at-will. Prescott, 335 S.C. at 335, 442 S.E.2d at 925. A contract of employment may arise from oral or written words or by conduct. Id. at 335, 442 S.E.2d at 926. An employee handbook may create such a contract. Small v. Springs Indus., 292 S.C. 481, 485, 357 S.E.2d 452, 455 (1987). The court in Small explained, “It is patently unjust to allow an employer to couch a handbook, bulletin, or other similar material in mandatory terms and then allow him to ignore these very policies as ‘a gratuitous, nonbinding statement of general policy’ whenever it works to his disadvantage.” Id. Wooldridge contends that her status as more than an at-will employee is disputed. Greenwood Mills presented a copy of Wooldridge’s application. On this application a disclaimer is written in bold print: I UNDERSTAND THAT THIS APPLICATION AND ANY OTHER COMPANY DOCUMENTS ARE NOT CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT, AND ANYONE WHO IS HIRED MAY VOLUNTARILY LEAVE EMPLOYMENT, AND MAY BE TERMINATED BY THE EMPLOYER AT ANY TIME FOR ANY REASON. I UNDERSTAND THAT ANY ORAL OR WRITTEN STATEMENTS TO THE CONTRARY ARE EXPRESSLY DISAVOWED AND SHOULD NOT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY PROSPECTIVE OR EXISTING ASSOCIATE. Wooldridge testified that she understood this provision when she signed her application. She acknowledged that after she was hired, no one told her anything different from the provision. However, she also testified that when she was hired, a secretary told her that employees received one write-up and then would be fired if they did not follow the rules. She could not recall the secretary’s name. When asked if anyone else had told her about the write-up, she stated, “Your supervisor tell you on the job.” She failed to identify the supervisor who gave her this information. The trial court did not address whether these statements could be construed as an oral contract of employment. Wooldridge failed to request the trial court rule on this issue in a Rule 59, SCRCP motion. Accordingly, this issue is not properly before this court. See Summer v. Carpenter, 328 S.C. 36, 43, 492 S.E.2d 55, 58 (1997) (where trial judge did not rule on issue at trial and party did not make a Rule 59, SCRCP, motion for a ruling, issue is not preserved for appellate review). Furthermore, Wooldridge failed to present any evidence that the unnamed secretary and supervisor had authority to alter the stated policy of at-will employment found on the application. The disclaimer in Wooldridge’s application clearly provided that any statements contradictory to employment at will were disavowed. When opposing a summary judgment motion, the nonmoving party must do more than “simply show that there is a metaphysical doubt as to the material facts but must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Baughman v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 306 S.C. 101, 115, 410 S.E.2d 537, 545 (1991). We find Wooldridge failed to meet this burden. Wooldridge claims the handbook she received when she came to work for Greenwood Mills creates a genuine issue of material fact concerning her employment status. However, she failed to produce this handbook. In an affidavit, Warren Moore, the Vice President of Human Resources for Greenwood Mills stated that when Wooldridge was hired in 1994, the company did not have any type of employee handbook in place. He explained the company had withdrawn a prior handbook in 1988 and that handbook was no longer used by the company. Wooldridge furthermore failed to recall any provisions of the alleged handbook that would alter her status as an at-will employee. The mere existence of a handbook does not automatically create a contract of employment. See Horton v. Darby Elec. Co., 360 S.C. 58, 67, 599 S.E.2d 456, 460-61 (2004) (stating employer’s manual exemplified the appropriate manner in which to give employees a guide regarding their employment without altering the at-will employment relationship where the manual contained conspicuous disclaimers, which the employee understood and the disciplinary procedure contained permissive language and did not provide for mandatory progressive discipline). In fact, Wooldridge admitted her understanding of the handbook was that “if you do anything wrong, you know, you’ll get fired.” Thus, she admitted her own understanding of the handbook was that employees could be discharged without any special procedures. Thus, even if we assume Wooldridge was given an employee handbook, she has failed to present any evidence to support her assertion that this handbook altered her at-will status. See Baughman, 306 S.C. at 115, 410 S.E.2d at 545 (stating party opposing summary judgment must present specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial). Wooldridge next argues that even if her employment was at-will, Greenwood Mills wrongfully discharged her in violation of public policy. She relies on Ludwick v. This Minute of Carolina, Inc., 287 S.C. 219, 337 S.E.2d 213 (1985). In Ludwick, the supreme court adopted a public policy exception to the employment at-will doctrine and held: “Where the retaliatory discharge of an at-will employee constitutes violation of a clear mandate of public policy, a cause of action in tort for wrongful discharge arises.” Id. at 225, 337 S.E.2d at 216. This exception “clearly applies in cases when an employer requires an employee to violate the law or the reason for the employee’s termination was itself a violation of criminal law.” Lawson v. S.C. Dep’t of Corr., 340 S.C. 346, 350, 532 S.E.2d 259, 260-61 (2000). In addition, an at-will employee may not be terminated for exercising a constitutional right. Moshtaghi v. The Citadel, 314 S.C. 316, 322, 443 S.E.2d 915, 919 (Ct. App. 1994). Wooldridge asserts the legal right Greenwood Mills interfered with was “her right to tell Tate to get her hand out of her face, and her right to work in an environment without getting offended, hurt, or threatened by a co-worker.” Wooldridge acknowledged Tate never physically harmed her or threatened her with a violent act. She also admitted her own voice was loud during the altercation. Wooldridge failed to present any law to the trial court or this court that she had a “right to tell Tate to get her hand out of her face” so that Greenwood Mills’ discharge of her based on her participation in the altercation with Tate was a violation of public policy. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in granting Greenwood Mills summary judgment on this issue. Conclusion We hold Wooldridge has failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact that her employment with Greenwood Mills was other than at-will. We furthermore hold she has failed to establish her discharge was in violation of public policy. Accordingly, the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on her claim for wrongful discharge is AFFIRMED. GOOLSBY, HUFF, and STILWELL, JJ., concur. 1 We decide this case without oral argument pursuant to Rule 215, SCACR.