Bronner v. Central Consulting & Contr., Inc.

Bronner v Central Consulting & Contr., Inc. 2024 NY Slip Op 33640(U) October 9, 2024 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: Index No. 150475/2022 Judge: Richard G. Latin Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip Op 30001(U), are republished from various New York State and local government sources, including the New York State Unified Court System's eCourts Service. This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official publication.

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SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK NEW YORK COUNTY PRESENT: HON. RICHARD G. LATIN PART 46M Justice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X INDEX NO. 150475/2022 ANNE BRONNER, 1/23/2024, Plaintiff, MOTION DATE 1/23/2024

-v- MOTION SEQ. NO. 001, 002

CENTRAL CONSULTING & CONTRACTING, INC. and LENOX HILL HOSPITAL, DECISION + ORDER ON MOTION Defendants. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X

The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 001) 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101 were read on this motion to/for JUDGMENT - SUMMARY .

The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 002) 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104 were read on this motion to/for JUDGMENT - SUMMARY .

In this personal injury action commenced by plaintiff Anne Bronner, defendant Central

Consulting & Contracting, Inc. (“Central”) moves for an order pursuant to CPLR 3212 granting it

summary judgment and dismissing plaintiff’s claims and the cross claims of defendant Lenox Hill

Hospital (“LHH”) against it. LHH moves for an order pursuant to CPLR 3212 granting it summary

judgment and dismissing plaintiff’s claims against it and pursuant to CPLR 3212 (e) and (g),

granting it partial summary judgment and dismissing all claims for which plaintiff is unable to

raise a triable issue of fact. For the foregoing reasons, Central’s motion is granted and LHH’s

motion is denied in its entirety.

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Standard for Summary Judgment

“ʻ[T]he proponent of a summary judgment motion must make prima facie showing of

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, tendering sufficient evidence to demonstrate the

absence of any material issues of fact’” (Ayotte v Gervasio, 81 NY2d 1062, 1063 [1993], quoting

Alvarez v Prospect Hosp., 68 NY2d 320, 324 [1986]). “[F]ailure to make such a showing requires

a denial of the motion, regardless of the sufficiency of the opposing papers” (Ayotte, 81 NY2d at

1063 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). “Once this showing has been made,

however, the burden shifts to the party opposing the motion for summary judgment to produce

evidentiary proof in admissible form sufficient to establish the existence of material issues of fact

which require a trial of the action” (Alvarez, 68 NY2d at 324; see also Zuckerman v City of New

York, 49 NY2d 557, 562 [1980]). “[M]ere conclusions, expressions of hope or unsubstantiated

allegations or assertions are insufficient” (Zuckerman, 49 NY2d at 562).

“Summary judgment should not be granted where there is any doubt as to the existence of

a factual issue or where the existence of a factual issue is arguable” (Forrest v Jewish Guild for

the Blind, 3 NY3d 295, 315 [2004]; see also American Home Assur. Co. v Amerford Intl. Corp.,

200 AD2d 472, 473 [1st Dept 1994]). “On a summary judgment motion, facts must be viewed in

the light most favorable to the non-moving party” (Vega v Restani Constr. Corp., 18 NY3d 499,

503 [2012] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]).

Central’s Duty of Care to Plaintiff (Mot Seq. 01)

Parties’ Contentions

Central contends that it did not owe a duty of care to plaintiff as none of the exceptions in

Espinal v Melville Snow Contrs., Inc., 98 NY2d 136 [2002] apply (NYSCEF Doc No. 45,

Affirmation in Support of Thomas A. Montiglio, Esq. (aff), at 3). First, plaintiff could not rely on

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the continued performance of Central’s duties as it did not begin to perform any construction

and/or physical work at the incident location prior to the date of plaintiff’s accident (id. at 4).

Second, on the date of the accident, LHH retained the duty to maintain the premises safely (id. at

5). LHH had a project manager, who was responsible for the job and to minimize pedestrian

hazards (id.). Lastly, the ramp was constructed and placed by LHH prior to Central’s work and

Central’s work did not exacerbate the condition of the ramp prior to the date of the accident (id.).

In support of its motion, Central submits the affidavit Jeff Guagliardo, superintendent for

Central, who attested that the first date upon which employees of Central performed any physical

work at LHH was on August 23, 2021 (NYSCEF Doc No. 57, ¶ 4). Neither him nor any of

Central’s employees performed any construction work or any work to the ramp prior to August

23, 2021 (id. ¶¶ 6-7). The same was attested to by Nunziato Muccio, the project executive and

Tamika Pounds, the project manager (NYSCEF Doc Nos. 58 and 59).

In opposition, plaintiff argues there is a triable issue of fact as to whether Central took part

in the placement or decision to continue to use the LHH constructed homemade wood ramp as

Central provided an updated plan concerning the temporary oxygen trailer cabling and homemade

wood ramp prior to the incident (NYSCEF Doc No. 84, Affirmation in Opposition of Benjamin P.

Jacobs, Esq. [opp aff], at 10). Additionally, an email from Central to LHH shows that Central was

directing and instructing LHH in how to conduct the movement/reinstallation of the temporary

oxygen trailer and the ramp with an updated site plan (id. at 19). Plaintiff argues that Central was

aware of the nature of the ramp and did not instruct LHH to replace it with a safer one, making it

a party to the continued use of the ramp (id.).

In reply, Central argues that plaintiff failed to satisfy the first exception to the Espinal case,

which requires a showing that Central launched a force or instrument of harm which caused

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plaintiff’s accident (NYSCEF Doc No.100, Reply Affirmation of Thomas A. Montiglio, Esq.

(reply aff), at 2). Plaintiff’s argument that Central submitted drawings for the replacement of the

ramp and Central’s knowledge of the ramp are not sufficient to satisfy the Espinal exception (id.).

Furthermore, Central argues that plaintiff failed to argue Central’s action fall under the second or

third exception (id.).

Discussion

When the personal injury issue concerns a contractor hired to perform work at a property,

the contractor is liable to the entity that hired it, but generally does not owe a duty of care, and is

not liable in tort or for breach of contract for injuries sustained by a third party, unless one of three

exceptions apply (see Espinal, 98 NY2d at 138). The three exceptions are:

“(1) where the contracting party, in failing to exercise reasonable care in performance of its duties, launches a force or instrument of harm; (2) where the plaintiff detrimentally relies on the continued performance of the contracting party’s duties; and (3) where the contracting party has entirely displaced the other party’s duty to maintain the premises safely” (id. at 140 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]).

The court finds that Central has established entitlement to summary judgment as a matter

of law. Based upon Espinal, it is clear that Central did not owe a duty to plaintiff. Under the first

exception, the contractor who creates or exacerbates a dangerous condition is said to have launched

it (id. at 142-143). A contractor “while engaged affirmatively in discharging a contractual

obligation, creates an unreasonable risk of harm to others, or increases that risk (Church v Callanan

Indus., 99 NY2d 104, 111 [2002]). “Launch is an action verb, requiring by definition evidence that

the contractor affirmatively left the premises in a more dangerous condition than it was found”

(Santos v Deanco Servs., Inc., 142 AD3d 137, 141 [2d Dept 2016] [citations omitted]). There is

no evidence that Central negligently created or exacerbated any dangerous condition at the subject

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location such that they would be liable for plaintiff’s injuries. The record demonstrates that Central

did not perform any work on the sidewalk where plaintiff allegedly tripped and fell (see

Severinghaus v TUFCO, Inc., 208 AD3d 1119, 1120 [1st Dept 2022] [defendant contractor did not

perform any work on the sidewalk where plaintiff allegedly tripped and fell]). Gaur testified that

the wood ramp was installed by LHH. Simone testified that other than hiring H.F. Lenz, the

engineering company, and reviewing the drawings, plans and specifications, Central did not do

any work prior to the incident date (see NYSCEF Doc No. 50, tr at 27). Central did not physically

perform any work with regard to the ramp prior to August 23, 2021 (see NYSCEF Doc Nos. 57-

59). The testimonies establish that Central’s work “[did] not rise to the requisite standard of

creating a dangerous condition so as to be deemed to have launched a forced or instrument of

harm” (Davies v Ferentini, 79 AD3d 528, 530 [1st Dept 2010] [citations omitted]). In opposition,

plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact. Contrary to plaintiff’s contention, Central did not

launch a force or instrument of harm by revising the alignment of the ramp cable guard design,

since “a contractor launches a force or instrument of harm where its affirmative act creates a

dangerous condition” (Dibrino v Rockefeller Ctr. North, Inc., 215 NYS3d 13, 20-21 [1st Dept

2024], quoting Trawally v City of New York, 137 AD3d 492, 492 [1st Dept 2016]). Gaur testified

that the email from Central to LHH on August 9, 2021, referred to a revision of the diagram, and

not a physical action (see NYSCEF Doc No. 52, tr 141-142). Furthermore, plaintiff’s argument

that Central’s failure to instruct LHH to replace the ramp is meritless, as “failure to diagnose and

correct” does not constitute launching an instrument of harm under Espinal unless there is evidence

that the contractor “created or exacerbated a dangerous condition” (see Medinas v MILT Holdings

LLC, 131 AD3d 121, 128 [1st Dept 2015]). Based on the foregoing, plaintiff’s complaint is

dismissed against Central.

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LHH did not oppose Central’s motion seeking dismissal of LHH’s cross claims. As

discussed above, Central has demonstrated that its action did not cause or contribute to plaintiff’s

accident, and LHH did not oppose. Consequently, that branch of Central’s motion for summary

judgment dismissing the cross claims asserted against it is also granted.

A. Dangerous or Defective Condition (Mot Seq. 002)

Parties’ Contentions

LHH first contends that that there was no dangerous condition present at the site of which

it had notice to timely remedy (NYSCEF Doc No. 64, Affirmation in Support of Nicole Callahan,

Esq. (aff), at 10). It argues that New York City Administrative Code §§ 7-210 and 9-152 are

inapplicable as they are not related to pedestrian ramps or cable guards (id. at 8). The ramp at issue

was not a tripping hazard and did not present a dangerous condition (id. at 9). It is a common and

accepted practice to utilize a ramp to cover and protect pipes and avoid the tripping hazards (id.).

The plans for the temporary oxygen tank which were approved by the New York City Fire

Department, called for an ELASCO Mighty Guard cable guard or an equivalent to cover the

oxygen pipes, and the ramp was a proper equivalent (id.). Furthermore, the approved plans did not

call for additional/supplemental lighting and the photographs show there was a light right above

the ramp (id. at 10). Second, LHH argues that the ramp was an open and obvious condition and

was not inherently dangerous as it spans the entire length of the sidewalk, covering piping that

runs from a large oxygen tank surrounded by tall fencing (id. at 11). Lastly, LHH argues that it is

unclear where the dangerous condition is because plaintiff’s testimony shows that she assumed

that the ramp caused her to trip because she landed on it when she fell (id. at 12).

In support of its motion, LHH submits the affidavit of a professional engineer, Anthony M.

Dolhon (NYSCEF Doc No. 78, Dolhon Affidavit). Dolhon opined that although the approved

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designs specified an ELASCO product, the drawings also permitted an equivalent ramp (id. ¶ 22).

Additionally, even though the ramp was not a Mighty Guard, it met the design intent and is the

functional equivalent (id. ¶ 14). He further opined that there is no evidence that incident occurred

because of the condition of the ramp or the condition of the sidewalk flags, and therefore

Administrative Code § 7-210 (b) does not apply (id. ¶ 23). Additionally, he stated that there is no

evidence that plaintiff’s trip and fall incident occurred because of the condition of the sidewalk

flags and therefore Administrative Code § 19-152(a) is inapplicable (id. ¶ 24).

In opposition, plaintiff first argues that Administrative Code § 7-210 imposes liability on

property owners in connection with unsafe sidewalks abutting their property even when the

property owners did not themselves create the dangerous condition, and LHH admitted it built and

installed the ramp on the sidewalk (NYSCEF Doc No. 92, Affirmation in Opposition of Benjamin

P. Jacobs, Esq. (opp aff), 8-9). She further argues that a property owner is liable for dangerous

conditions when the owner created the dangerous condition, made negligent repairs that caused

the condition or created the dangerous condition through a special use of the sidewalk (id. at 9).

Second, plaintiff argues that LHH failed to make prima facie showing that the ramp was reasonably

safe because Dolhon did not establish that placing a uniformly black ramp across the sidewalk is

safe or reasonable, or that placing one with an elevated vertical lip is safe or reasonable (id. at 12).

Dolhon’s statement is conclusory as he did not provide any analysis as to the degree of difference

between the homemade ramp compared to the Mighty Guard ramp required by the plans, the

visibility of the ramp at night with or without supplemental lighting or warning signs, or the impact

of an elevated vertical lip on pedestrian safety (id.)

Third, plaintiff argues that LHH has provided no evidence that the ramp was open and

obvious to contradict plaintiff and her husband’s account that the area was dark on the night of the

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accident, making the black ramp difficult to see (id. at 16). Furthermore, plaintiff’s testimony of

not recalling whether she noticed the fencing and oxygen trailer on the street at her deposition a

year after the incident does not establish that she was not exercising ordinary prudence when

walking on the sidewalk (id.). Moreover, exercise of reasonable care only goes to the issue of

comparative negligence (id. at 17). Regarding LHH’s argument that the cause of plaintiff’s fall is

unknown, plaintiff argues that her testimony identifying her foot making contact with the ramp

cover, in addition to her husband’s testimony identifying the same is sufficient (id. at 17-18).

Additionally, photographs of the ramp show that it was not narrow and extended multiple feet

along the length of the sidewalk (id. at 18). Plaintiff estimates that the ramp was 18 inches across

and 3 inches wide, long enough for her to fall on (id.). Lastly, plaintiff contends that triable issues

of fact remain as to whether the ramp was unreasonably dangerous (id. at 19).

In support, plaintiff submitted the affidavit of a professional engineer, Steven Schneider

(NYSCEF Doc No. 97, Schneider Affidavit). Schneider stated that a ramp cover constitutes a

tripping hazard because it extends several inches above the sidewalk, and the industry standard is

to take certain safety precautions so that pedestrians can be expected to safely navigate (id. ¶ 10).

He further stated the ramp was not ADA compliant or equal as required by the plan (id.). He further

opines that the industry custom and practice requires applying high-visibility tape and reflectors

or installing supplemental lighting and signs to warn pedestrians of the upcoming tripping hazard

(id. ¶ 12). In his opinion, the installation of a uniformly black covered ramp, without safety

measures to increase the visibility of the ramp, substantially contributed to plaintiff’s trip and fall

(id. ¶ 16).

In reply, LHH argues that plaintiff has not raised a triable issue of fact to rebut the prima

facie showing that there was no dangerous or defective condition (NYSCEF Doc No. 102,

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Affirmation in Reply of Charles A. Franchini, Esq. [reply aff], 2). LLH contends that plaintiff in

opposition admitted that the issue is whether the ramp was equivalent to the ELASCO ramp which

was stated in the approved plan (id.). Dolhon attested that the ramp is functional equivalent to the

ESLASCO ramp and constructed per the design specifications (id.). Plaintiff’s expert only

attempts to highlight cosmetic differences between the two, which is insufficient to create a triable

issue of fact (id.). It further argues that plaintiff’s expert only speculated that the edge of the ramp

was not sloped enough, making it a tripping hazard, and failed to provide actual measurement of

the edge (id. at 3). Additionally, the expert’s statements that the wood ramp used is not ADA

compliant is conclusory (id. at 5). Lastly, LHH argues that plaintiff failed to rebut the prima facie

showing that the ramp was open and obvious as Dr. Bronner’s affidavit proves that the ramp was

visible to plaintiff (id.).

Discussion

“[D]espite [Administrative Code] § 7-210, owners remain liable for injuries caused by

defective sidewalks if they caused or created a dangerous condition thereon or derived a special

use from the public sidewalk” (Davidson v Shubert Org., Inc., 2023 NY Slip Op 30229(U)**6

[Sup Ct, NY County 2023], quoting Meyer v City of New York, 114 AD3d 734, 734-735 [2d Dept

2014]; see also Mule v Invite Health at New Hyde Park, Inc., 180 AD3d 693, 694 [2d Dept 2020]

[“An abutting owner or lessee will be liable to a pedestrian injured by a dangerous condition on a

public sidewalk only when the owner or lessee created the condition to occur because of a special

use . . .”]. A special use has been characterized as involving “[t]he installation of some object in

the sidewalk or street or some variance in the construction thereof” (Granville v City of New York,

211 AD2d 195, 197 [1st Dept 1995]). Here, the record demonstrates that the plywood ramp

belonged to LHH and was installed on the sidewalk at its behest (see NYSCEF Doc No. 73, tr 85-

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86). Therefore, LHH, as a special user of the public sidewalk is duty-bound to maintain the special

use area of the sidewalk in a reasonably safe condition (see Robles v Time Warner Cable Inc., 167

AD3d 411, 411 [1st Dept 2018]).

“An owner or tenant in possession of realty owes a duty to maintain the property in a

reasonably safe condition . . . and must warn of any dangerous or defective condition of which it

has actual or constructive notice” (Fishelson v Kramer Props., LLC, 133 AD3d 706, 707 [2d Dept

2015]). “However, there is no duty to protect or warn against an open and obvious condition that,

as a matter of law, is not inherently dangerous” (Torres v LaBorinquena HDFC, Inc., 229 AD3d

830, 831 [2d Dept 2024] [citations omitted]). An open and obvious hazardous condition is one

which would be apparent to any observer reasonably using his or her senses (see Tagle v Jakob,

97 NY2d 165 at 170 [2001]).

Here, the Court finds that LHH failed to establish its prima facie entitlement to summary

judgment, as it has not established that the condition of the ramp was open and obvious. Plaintiff

testified that it was dark when she was traversing the sidewalk, the ramp was dark, and there were

no yellow or fluorescent markings on the ramp (see NYSCEF 69, tr at 37, 39, 82). Additionally,

plaintiff’s husband also testified it was dark and his wife’s foot hit the “black portion of the ramp”

(see NYSCEF Doc No. 74, tr at 39, 47). Given the location of the ramp, the black color of the

ramp, and the time of the incident, it cannot be said that, as a matter of law, the condition was one

that could not have been overlooked by an observer reasonably using her senses. “While the issue

of whether a hazard is latent or open and obvious is generally fact-specific and thus usually a jury

question, a court may determine that a risk was open and obvious as a matter of law when the

established facts compel that conclusion and may do so on the basis of clear and undisputed

evidence” (Tagle, 97 NY2d 165 at 169 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see also

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Butler v NYU Winthrop Hosp., 225 AD3d 658, 659 [2d Dept 2024] [“The question of whether a

condition is open and obvious is usually a question of fact properly resolved by a jury”] [citation

omitted]).

Lastly, LHH is not entitled to summary judgment because plaintiff consistently testified

that she tripped when her foot made contact on the ramp which was placed on the sidewalk and

she identified the general location of the incident (see Martinez v City of New York, 190 AD3d

561, 561 [1st Dept 2021] [denial of summary judgment to defendant affirmed where plaintiff

identified cause and general location of the alleged incident]).

Since defendant did not meet its prima facie burden of proof, its motion for summary

judgment dismissing the complaint is denied without the need to consider the adequacy of

plaintiff’s opposition (see Winegrad v New York Univ. Med. Ctr., 64 NY2d 851, 853 [1985]

[citations omitted]).

Conclusion

Accordingly, it is

ORDERED that defendant Central Consulting & Contracting, Inc.'s motion for summary

judgment pursuant to CPLR 3212 is granted and plaintiff’s complaint and defendant Lenox Hill

Hospital’s cross claims are dismissed; and it is further

ORDERED that defendant Lenox Hill Hospital’s motion for summary judgment pursuant

to CPLR 3212 is denied it in its entirety.

10/9/2024 $SIG$ DATE RICHARD G. LATIN, J.S.C. CHECK ONE: CASE DISPOSED X NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

□ GRANTED DENIED X GRANTED IN PART OTHER

APPLICATION: SETTLE ORDER SUBMIT ORDER

□ CHECK IF APPROPRIATE: INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT REFERENCE

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Footnotes

[1] of 13 [* 1] Factual Background The alleged incident occurred on August 13, 2021, at approximately 9:00 p.m., on the sidewalk abutting 100 East 77th Street, New York, New York, between Lexington Avenue and Park Avenue, particularly between the main entrance of LHH and Park Ave (NYSCEF Doc No.

[48] ¶ 1, Verified Bill of Particulars). There was an oxygen pipe on the sidewalk from a portable oxygen trailer to the planter box covered with a two-way ramp (NYSCEF Doc No. 52, tr at 33- 34). This was a wood ramp installed by LHH (id. at 85-86). The ramp had a black cover with a wood base (id. at 115). The purpose of the wood ramp was for pedestrian safety, to protect the oxygen piping beneath, and to ensure people could cross over the pipping without tripping on it (id. at 77, 79). There was no lighting installed to shine on the area of the wood ramp prior to August 13, 2021 (id. at 121). At her deposition, plaintiff testified that on the date of the incident, she was walking on the sidewalk abutting LHH’s building from Lexington Avenue to Park Avenue with her husband (NYSCEF Doc No. 49, tr at 34, 73-74). It was dark (id. at 37). She was wearing open toe sandals (id. at 75). She was not listening to music or talking on the phone (id. at 76-77). She testified that as she was walking, her foot made contact with a cord cover, and she fell down (id. at 79). She stood up after her fall and she was standing on the cord cover (id. at 82). Plaintiff described the cord cover as “[a] black raised with a slope from the sidewalk to the horizontal surface” (id. at 38). She testified that there was no colored fluorescent tape or yellow top on the surface (id. at 38-39). She did not recall seeing any orange construction cones near the cord cover (id. at 39). She fell on her left side and hurt her left arm and left hip (id. at 79-80). Plaintiff’s husband, Abraham Jay Bronner, M.D. (“Dr. Bronner”) testified that he saw plaintiff’s front part of her foot come into contact with the ramp, and she fell towards her left (NYSCEF Doc No. 74, tr at 21). He confirmed 150475/2022 ANNE BRONNER vs. CENTRAL CONSULTING & CONTRACTING, INC. ET AL Page 2 of 13 Motion No. 001 002 2 of 13 [* 2] it was dark (id.). He described the ramp as black in color, slanted from both sides, and occupying the entire walkable surface of the street (id. at 23-25). He further testified that plaintiff’s left side and lower abdomen were in the center of the ramp (id. at 41). At his deposition, Agosh Gaur, the Design and Construction Project Manager at Northwell Health, owner of LHH, testified that he had a discussion with Central about replacing the wood ramp prior to August 13, 2021 (NYSCEF Doc No. 52, tr at 61). He further testified that Central was on site prior to August 13, 2021 to secure the site of the trailer, fencing, and cones (id. at 84). Richard Simone, the founder, president and CEO of Central was contracted by LHH to perform renovations for LHH including an infrastructure oxygen system upgrade (NYSCEF Doc No. 50, tr at 21-23). It was contracted as a design-builder1 (id. at 25). He testified that Central employees were scheduled to first arrive at the job site on August 23, 2021 (NYSCEF Doc No. 51, tr at 128). When Central arrived on the job site on August 23, 2021, there was a “plywood ramp” already on the sidewalk (NYSCEF Doc No. 50, tr at 73). The temporary ramp was not a part of the planning process (NYSCEF Doc No. 51, tr at 145). Central removed the plywood ramp and replaced it with the cable ramp specified in the drawings (id. at 127). The cable guard (“cable cover”) was not selected by Central but was selected by H.F. Lenz, the engineering company, prior to August 6, 2021 (NYSCEF Doc No. 50 and 51, tr at 65, 156). He described the color of the wood ramp in a photograph dated August 12, 2021, as a dark color, either dark brown or black (NYSCEF Doc No. 51, tr at 171). There was no visibility tape or paint illuminating reflectors in and around the area of the wood ramp (id.). 1 Design-builder hires the engineering firm that would design the system and drawings. 150475/2022 ANNE BRONNER vs. CENTRAL CONSULTING & CONTRACTING, INC. ET AL Page 3 of 13 Motion No. 001 002 3 of 13 [* 3]