Hardware Dealers Mutual Fire Insurance v. Glidden Co.

Me. Justice Stone delivered the opinion of the Court. This case is here on appeal, § 237a of the Judicial Code, from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, upholding the constitutionality of the arbitration provisions of the standard fire insurance policy prescribed by Minnesota statutes. 181 Minn. 518; 233 N. W. 310. Appellant, a Wisconsin corporation licensed to carry on the business of writing fire insurance' in Minnesota, issued, within the state, its policy insuring appellees’ assignor against loss, by fire, of personal property located there." The policy was in standard form, the use of which is enjoined by statutes of Minnesota on all fire insurance companies licensed to do business in the state. Mason’s Minn. Stat. 1927, §§ 3314, 3366, 3512, 3515, 3711. Failure to comply with the command of the statute is ground for revocation of the license to do business, § 3550, and wilful violation of it by any company or agent is made a criminal offense, punishable by fine or imprisonment. §§ 3515, 9923. A fire loss having.occurred, the insured appointed an arbitrator and demanded of appellant that the amount be determined by arbitration as provided by the policy. 1 *156 The appellant having refused to participate in the arbitration, the insured, in accordance with the arbitration clause, procured' the appointment of an umpire to act with the arbitrator designated by the insured. The arbitrator and umpire thus selected proceeded to determine the amount of the loss and made their award accordingly. In the present suit, brought to recover the amount of the award, the appellant set up by way of defense, the single point relied on here, that so much of the statutes of Minnesota as requires the use by appellant of the arbitration provisions of the standard policy infringes the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. In rejecting this contention and in sustaining a recovery of the amount of the award, the Supreme Court of Minnesota, consistently with its earlier decisions, ruled that the authority of the arbitrators did not extend to a determination of the liability under the policy, which *157 was a judicial question, reserved to the courts, but that their decision as to the amount of the loss is conclusive upon the parties unless grossly excessive or inadequate, or procured by fraud. See Glidden Co. v. Retail Hardware Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 181 Minn. 518, 521, 522; 233 N. W. 310; Abramowitz v. Continental Ins. Co., 170 Minn. 215; 212 N. W. 449; Harrington v. Agricultural Ins. Co., 179 Minn. 510; 229 N. W. 792. This type of arbitration clause has long been commonly used in fire insurance policies, both in Minnesota and elsewhere, and, when voluntarily placed in the insurance contract, compliance with its provisions has been held to be a condition precedent to. an action on the policy. Gasser v. Sun Fire Office, 42 Minn. 315; 44 N. W. 252; Hamilton v. Liverpool, London & Globe Ins. Co., 136 U. S. 242; Scott v. Avery, 5 House of Lords 811, 854; see Red Cross Line v. Atlantic Fruit Co., 264 U. S. 109, 121. Appellees insist that the use of the clause here was voluntary, since the appellant was not compelled to write the policy, and that in any case appellant, by long acquiescence in the statute, is estopped to challenge, after the loss, the right, of the insured to; rely upon it. Without stopping to examine these contentions, we assume that appellant’s freedom of contract was restricted by operation of the statute, and pass directly to the question decided by the, state court, whether the Fourteenth Amendment precludes the exercise of such compulsion by the legislative power. The right to make contracts embraced in the concept of liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment is not unlimited. Liberty implies only freedom from arbitrary restraint, not immunity from reasonable regulations and prohibitions imposed in the interests of the community. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. Co. v. McGuire, 219 U. S. 549, 567. Hence, legislation otherwise within ihe scope of acknowledged state power, not unreasonably *158 or arbitrarily exercised, cannot be condemned because it curtails-the power of the individual to contract. McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539; Schmidinger v. Chicago, 226 U. S. 578; German Alliance Insurance Co. v. Lewis, 233 U. S. 389; Erie R. Co. v. Williams, 233 U. S. 685; Keokee Cons. Coke Co. v. Taylor, 234 U. S. 224. The-present statute substitútes a determination by ar-. bitration for trial in court of the single issue of the •amount of loss suffered under a fire insurance policy. As appellant’s objection to it is directed specifically to the power of the state to substitute the one remedy for the other, rather than to the constitutionality of the particular procedure prescribed or followed before the arbitrators, it suffices to say that the procedure by which rights may be enforced and wrongs remedied is peculiarly a' subject of state regulation and control. The Fourteenth Amendment neither jmplies that all trials must be by jury, nor guarantees any particular form or method of state procedure. See Missouri ex rel. Hurwitz v. North, 271 U. S. 40. In' the exercise of that power and to satisfy a public need, a state-may .choose the remedy best adapted, in the legislative judgment, to protect the interests 'concerned, provided its choice is not unreasonable or arbitrary, and the procedure it adopts satisfies the constitutional require-’ ments of reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard. The record and briefs present no facts disclosing the reasons for the enactment of the present legislation or the effects of its operation, but as it deals with a subject within the scope of the legislative power, the presumption of constitutionality is to be indulged. O’Gorman & Young, Inc., v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 282 U. S. 251; see Standard Oil Co. v. Marysville, 279 U. S. 582, 584; Ohio ex rel. Clarke v. Deckebach, 274 U. S. 392, 397. We cannot assume that the Minnesota legislature did not have knowledge of conditions supporting its judgment that the legislation was in, the public interest, and it is enough that, *159 when the statute is read in the light ot circumstances generally known to attend the recovery of fire insurance losses, the possibility of a rational basis for the legislative judgment is not excluded. •Without the aid of the presumption, we know that.the arbitration clause has long been voluntarily inserted by insurers in fire policies, and we share in the common knowledge that the amount of loss is a fruitful and often the only subject of controversy between insured and insurer; that speedy determination, of the policy liability such as may be secured by arbitration of this issue is a matter of wide concern, see Fidelity Mut. Life Assn. v. Mettler, 185 U. S. 308; Farmers’ & Merchants’ Ins. Co. v. Dobney, 189 U. S. 301; that in the appraisal of the loss by arbitration, expert knowledge and prompt inspection of the damaged property may be availed of to an extent not ordinarily possible in the course of the more deliberate processes of a judicial proceeding. These considerations are sufficient to support the exercise of the legislative judgment in requiring a more summary method of determining the amount of the loss than that afforded by traditional forms. Hence the requirement that disputes of this type arising under this special class of insurance contracts be submitted to arbitrators, cannot be deemed to be a denial of either due process or equal protection of the laws. Granted, as we now hold, that the state, in the present circumstances, has power to prescribe a summary method of ascertaining the amount of loss, the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment, so far as now invoked, are satisfied if the substitute remedy is substantial and efficient. See Crane v. Hahlo, 258 U. S. 142, 147. We cannot say ■that the determination by arbitrators, chosen as provided by the present statute, of the single issue of the amount of loss under a fire insurance policy, reserving all other issues for trial in court, does not afford such a remedy, or *160 that in this respect it falls short of due process, more than the provisions of state workmen’s compensation laws for establishing the amount of compensation by a commission, New York Central R. Co. v. White, 243 U. S. 188, 207-208; Mountain Timber Co. v. Washington, 243 U. S. 219, 235; or the appraisal by a commissioner of the value of property taken or destroyed by the public, made controlling by condemnation statutes, Dohany v. Rogers, 281 U. S. 362, 369; Long Island Water Supply Co. v. Brooklyn, 166 U. S. 685, 695; Crane v. Hahlo, supra, p. 147; or findings of fact' by boards or commissions which, by various statutes, are made conclusive upon the courts if supported by evidence, Tagg Bros. & Moorhead v. United States, 280 U. S. 420; Interstate Commerce Comm. v. Union Pacific R. Co., 222 U. S. 541; Virginian Ry. Co. v. United States, 272 U. S. 658, 663; Silberschein v. United States, 266 U. S. 221; Ma-King Products Co. v. Blair, 271 U. S. 479. Affirmed..