Edmonds v. Amazon.com Inc

[7] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON [8] AT SEATTLE [9] 10 BRADY EDMONDS, CASE NO. C19-1613JLR 11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING v. INTERVENOR’S MOTION TO 12 DISMISS OR TRANSFER AMAZON.COM, INC., et. al. [13] Defendants. [14] 15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 Before the court is Intervenor Andrea Thomas’s motion to dismiss, or in the 17 alternative, transfer. (Mot. (Dkt. # 68); see also Reply (Dkt. # 76).) Plaintiff Brady 18 Edmonds opposes the motion. (Resp. (Dkt. # 73).) Defendants Amazon.com, Inc., 19 Amazon Logistics, Inc., and Amazon.com Services, Inc. (collectively “Amazon”) do not 20 oppose the motion. (Notice of Non-Opposition (Dkt. # 72).) The court has considered 21 the motion, the parties’ submissions concerning the motion, the relevant portions of the [22] 1 record, and the applicable law. Being fully advised,1 the court DENIES Defendants’ 2 motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, transfer this matter. 3 II. BACKGROUND 4 A. Procedural Background 5 Mr. Edmonds filed this action (“the Edmonds action”) as a putative nationwide 6 collective action under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (“FSLA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201 7 et seq., on October 9, 2019. (See Compl. (Dkt. # 1).) On May 28, 2020, Ms. Thomas 8 filed a motion to intervene and for leave to file a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, 9 transfer. (Mot. to Intervene (Dkt. # 55).) The court granted Ms. Thomas’s motion to 10 intervene (see 7/22/20 Order (Dkt. #65)), and Ms. Thomas filed this motion to dismiss, or 11 in the alternative, transfer, on July 29, 2020 (see Mot.). Ms. Thomas’s motion is based 12 on the first-to-file rule and the alleged similarities between her case in the Middle District 13 of Florida, Thomas v. JSTC, LLC et al., No. 6:19-cv-01528-RBD-GJK (M.D. Fla.) (“the 14 Thomas action”), and the Edmonds action. (Mot. at 1.)2 [15] 1 Ms. Thomas and Mr. Edwards both request oral argument. (See Mot. at 1; Resp. at 1.) [16] Oral argument is not necessary where the non-moving party suffers no prejudice. See Houston v. Bryan, 725 F.2d 516, 517-18 (9th Cir. 1984); Mahon v. Credit Bureau of Placer Cty. Inc., 171 17 F.3d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that no oral argument was warranted where “[b]oth parties provided the district court with complete memoranda of the law and evidence in support 18 of their respective positions,” and “[t]he only prejudice [the defendants] contend they suffered was the district court’s adverse ruling on the motion.”). “When a party has an adequate 19 opportunity to provide the trial court with evidence and a memorandum of law, there is no prejudice [in refusing to grant oral argument].” Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 20 1998) (quoting Lake at Las Vegas Investors Grp., Inc. v. Pac. Malibu Dev. Corp., 933 F.2d 724 , 729 (9th Cir. 1991)) (alterations in Partridge). Here, the issues have been thoroughly briefed by the parties, and oral argument would not be of assistance to the court. See Local Rules W.D. [21] Wash. LCR 7(b)(4). Accordingly, the court DENIES the parties’ requests for oral argument. 2 Andrea Gaines joined Ms. Thomas’s motion to intervene and for leave to file a motion [22] to dismiss, or in the alternative, transfer (Mot. to Intervene), but she has not joined Ms. Thomas’s 1 B. Factual Background 2 As this motion is based on Ms. Thomas’s argument that her action was filed first 3 and is similar enough to the Edmonds action to warrant dismissal or transfer (Mot. at 1), 4 the court examines the timeline and nature of each action. 5 Plaintiff Mr. Edmonds’s Action 6 Mr. Edmonds filed the Edmonds action as a putative nationwide collective action 7 under the FLSA on October 9, 2019. (See Compl. (Dkt. # 1).) He brings one claim that 8 digital retailer Amazon violated the FLSA through Amazon’s alleged failure to pay 9 overtime wages to Mr. Edwards and similarly situated individuals. (FAC (Dkt. # 24) 10 ¶¶ 114-122.) 11 a. Mr. Edmonds’s FLSA Claim Against Amazon 12 Mr. Edmonds’s amended complaint alleges that Amazon, as a part of its “delivery 13 and logistics business,” contracts with delivery service providers (“DSPs”) all around the 14 United States. (FAC. ¶ 3). He further alleges that these DSPs hire drivers like Mr. 15 Edmonds to deliver Amazon packages within the DSPs’ specific service areas. (Id. ¶ 4). 16 Mr. Edmonds alleges that as a driver in the greater Jacksonville, Florida area, he 17 regularly worked more than 40 hours in a workweek, but “[n]either Amazon nor the DSP 18 // 19 // [20] motion to dismiss or, in the alternative transfer (Mot. at 3 (stating that Ms. Gaines “intervened to [21] request that her litigation be carved out of the scope of any notice that the Court authorizes” if this court chooses not to dismiss or transfer this case and this court also chooses to conditionally [22] certify a collective)). The court presently makes no ruling on these issues. 1 through whom Mr. Edmonds was paid” ever provided overtime compensation for hours 2 worked beyond 40 in a workweek. (Id. ¶¶ 21-26). 3 Mr. Edmonds does not bring his action against any DSPs,3 but only against 4 Amazon under a theory that Amazon qualifies as a joint employer for individuals like Mr. 5 Edmonds under FLSA. (See id. ¶¶ 61-63; Resp. at 3). 6 b. Mr. Edmonds’s Proposed Collective 7 Mr. Edmonds seeks to establish a collective of similarly situated drivers 8 nationwide, excepting drivers in the state of Washington. (FAC ¶ 86; Mot. for Issuance 9 of Notice (Dkt. # 40) at 2.) He defines the putative collective as: 10 All drivers or driver associates who were paid a “flat rate” and who delivered for Amazon anywhere in the United States other than the state of Washington 11 within the three-year period preceding the filing of this Complaint (the “Class”). [12] (FAC ¶ 86.) In Mr. Edmonds’s March 26, 2020, motion for issuance of notice to putative [13] collective members, however, he defines the putative collective as: [14] All individuals employed as Amazon local delivery drivers or Delivery 15 Associates (outside the state of Washington)—through a third‐party delivery company or Delivery Service Partner (“DSP”)—who were paid a day rate 16 since October 9, 2017 and were not paid overtime premiums when they worked over forty hours in one or more workweeks. [17] (Mot. for Issuance of Notice at 2.) The court has yet to rule on Mr. Edmond’s motion for [18] issuance of notice. (See generally Dkt.) [19] 20 // [21] 3 Indeed, Mr. Edmonds does not name the DSP through whom he was hired and paid. (See generally FAC.) As this court has already ruled, however, this does not disqualify his claim [22] at this stage. (See 4/15/20 Order (Dkt. # 42).) 1 Intervenor Ms. Thomas’s Action 2 Ms. Thomas filed the Thomas action on August 16, 2019, in the Middle District of 3 Florida. (Schalman-Bergen Decl. (Dkt. # 56) ¶ 15, Ex. 2, (“Thomas Compl.”).) Ms. 4 Thomas originally brought one claim that JSTC, LLC, a DSP for Amazon, violated the 5 FLSA by failing to pay overtime wages to Ms. Thomas and similarly situated individuals. 6 (Id. ¶¶ 63-74.) She later amended her complaint to add defendants Commercial Express, 7 Inc.; COEI, LLC; AG Plus Express, LLC; and Drop a Box, Inc., and she alleges that all 8 defendants in the Thomas action are DSPs for Amazon. (Schalman-Bergen Decl. ¶ 18, 9 Ex. 3 ¶ 1 (“Thomas FAC”).) 10 a. Ms. Thomas’s FLSA Claim Against DSPs 11 Ms. Thomas’s amended complaint alleges that she and similarly situated 12 individuals were hired as Delivery Associates (“DAs”) by different DSPs in the 13 Jacksonville, Florida, area to deliver of packages on behalf of Amazon. (Id. ¶¶ 8-11.) 14 She alleges that she and her fellow DAs regularly worked more than 40 hours per week. 15 (Id. ¶ 39.) She also alleges that the DSPs did not pay associates for all hours worked over 16 40 per workweek and regularly did not pay overtime premiums. (Id. ¶ 41). 17 At no point has Amazon been a defendant in the Thomas action. (See generally 18 Thomas Compl.; see also Thomas FAC.) Ms. Thomas represents that this is because she 19 engaged in pre-litigation discussions and entered into a tolling agreement with Amazon. 20 (Schalman-Bergen Decl. ¶¶ 16-17; Mot. at 9.) Despite Amazon not being a defendant, 21 Ms. Thomas represents that Amazon is currently participating in an alternative dispute 22 resolution (“ADR”) process and that a mediation has been scheduled for October 15, 1 2020, that Amazon will attend. (Schalman-Bergen Decl. ¶¶ 19-21.) Ms. Thomas 2 contends that if the Thomas action does not reach a settlement through the court-directed 3 ADR process, Ms. Thomas will seek leave to amend the complaint and add Amazon. 4 (Reply at 11.) 5 b. Ms. Thomas’s Proposed Collective 6 Ms. Thomas seeks to establish a collective of DAs that were paid by the DSPs 7 named as defendants in the Thomas action: 8 All current and former [DAs] who were paid by Defendants Commercial Express, COEI, LLC, or any one of its subcontractors, including AG Plus 9 Express, LLC, JSTC, LLC, and/or Drop a Box, Inc. to deliver packages for Amazon in the United States during the applicable limitations period (the 10 “FLSA Collective”). 11 (Thomas FAC ¶ 13.)4 12 III. ANALYSIS 13 A. Legal Standard 14 The first-to-file rule is a “generally recognized doctrine of federal comity” that 15 allows a district court to transfer, stay, or dismiss an action if a case with substantially 16 similar issues and parties was previously filed in another district court. Pacesetter Sys., 17 Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 94 (9th Cir. 1982); Kohn Law Grp., Inc. v. Auto 18 Parts Mfg. Miss., Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 1239-40 (9th Cir. 2015). “The rule is primarily 19 meant to alleviate the burden placed on the federal judiciary by duplicative litigation and 20 to prevent the possibility of conflicting judgments.” Wallerstein v. Dole Fresh [21] 4 In her initial complaint, Ms. Thomas only references Defendant JSTC, LLC, in her [22] proposed collective. (Thomas Compl. ¶ 3.) 1 Vegetables, Inc., 967 F. Supp. 2d 1289, 1292 (N.D. Cal. 2013). Accordingly, the 2 first-to-file rule “should not be disregarded lightly.” Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prods., 3 Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 625 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting Church of Scientology v. United States 4 Dep’t of the Army, 611 F.2d 738, 750 (9th Cir. 1979)). 5 When deciding whether to transfer, stay, or dismiss a case under the first-to-file 6 rule, a district court analyzes three factors: (1) the chronology of the actions; (2) the 7 similarity of the parties; and (3) the similarity of the issues. Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240 ; see 8 also Bewley v. CVS Health Corp., No. C17-0803RSL, 2017 WL 5158443 , at *2 (W.D. 9 Wash. Nov. 7, 2017). Notwithstanding these specific factors, the first-to-file rule “is not 10 a rigid or inflexible rule to be mechanically applied, but rather is to be applied with a 11 view to the dictates of sound judicial administration.” Decker Coal Co. v. 12 Commonwealth Edison Co., 805 F.2d 834, 844 (9th Cir. 1986); see also Kohn, 787 F.3d 13 at 1240 (quoting Cradle Co. v. Whataburger of Alice, Inc., 174 F.3d 599, 604 (5th Cir. 14 1999)) (“When applying the first-to-file rule, courts should be driven to maximize 15 ‘economy, consistency, and comity.’”). As a result, “[t]he most basic aspect of the 16 first-to-file rule is that it is discretionary.” Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 628 .5 17 // 18 // 19 // [20] 5 A court may decline to apply the first-to-file rule “for reasons of equity,” such as “when the filing of the first suit evidences bad faith, anticipatory suit, or forum shopping.” [21] Inherent.com v. Martindale-Hubbell, 420 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1097 (N.D. Cal. 2006); see also Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 628 . As the court is declining to exercise the first-to-file rule, no such [22] analysis is necessary here. 1 B. First-to-File Factors 2 Chronology 3 The chronology-of-actions factor is straightforward. The court looks to the dates 4 the complaints are filed. See, e.g., Ward v. Follett Corp., 158 F.R.D. 645, 648 (N.D. Cal. 5 1994) (“In determining when a party filed an action for purposes of the first to file rule, 6 courts focus on the date upon which the party filed its original, rather than its amended 7 complaint.”). 8 The Thomas action was filed on August 16, 2019. (See Thomas Compl.) Plaintiff 9 filed the Edmonds action on October 1, 2019. (See Compl.) Plaintiff argues that the 10 Thomas action was not first-filed because “there was no similarity in the identity of the 11 parties” and “Thomas’ case does not raise all the substantial issues between the 12 ‘parties’.” (Resp. at 7 (emphasis in original).) This improperly conflates the chronology 13 factor with the similarity of parties and similarity of issues factors in a first-to-file 14 analysis. These issues are addressed below. For the purposes of this factor, the Thomas 15 action was filed first. 16 Similarity of Parties 17 The first-to-file rule “does not require exact identity of the parties.” Kohn, 787 18 F.3d at 1240. Rather, the rule may apply where a court concludes that two actions 19 present “substantial similarity of parties.” Id.; see also Music Grp. Servs. US, Inc. v. 20 inMusic Brands, Inc., No. C13-0183MJP, 2013 WL 1499564 , at *2 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 21 11, 2013) (“The requirement of similar parties is satisfied if the parties are substantially 22 similar, although nonidentical.”). 1 a. Similarity of the Plaintiffs 2 In the context of class actions, a court should compare the putative classes, rather 3 than the named plaintiffs, to determine whether the classes encompass at least some of 4 the same individuals. Bewley, 2017 WL 5158443 , at *2; see also Hilton v. Apple, Inc., 5 No. C-13-2167 EMC, 2013 WL 5487317 , at *7 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2013) (collecting 6 cases).6 Although multi-plaintiff actions under the FLSA are governed by 29 U.S.C. 7 § 216(b) and are termed collective or representative actions rather than class actions, they 8 address similar situations, and are analogous for first-to-file purposes. See, e.g., Wilkie v. 9 Gentiva Health Servs., Inc., No. CIV. 10-1451 FCD/GGH, 2010 WL 3703060 , at *3 10 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2010). 11 Here, plaintiffs seek to represent individuals in very similar situations. Mr. 12 Edmonds refers to his proposed collective as “Amazon local delivery drivers” who are 13 employed “through a third-party delivery company” and were not paid overtime 14 premiums. (Mot. for Issuance of Notice at 2). Ms. Thomas refers to her proposed 15 collective as “Delivery Associates” who were paid by the defendant DSPs “to deliver 16 packages for Amazon in the United States.” (Thomas FAC ¶ 18). It is clear from the two 17 complaints that “local delivery drivers” and “Delivery Associates” encompass employees 18 // [19] 6 As various courts have observed, if the first-to-file rule were to require a strict identity 20 of the named plaintiffs, the rule would rarely apply in class actions. See, e.g., Hilton, 2013 WL 5487317 , at *7; Baatz v. Columbia Gas Transmission, LLC, 814 F.3d 785, 791 (6th Cir. 2016). “This result would be in direct conflict to the purposes of the first-to-file rule because class [21] actions are frequently complex affairs which tax judicial resources—the very cases in which the principles of avoiding duplicative proceedings and inconsistent holdings are at their zenith.” [22] Hilton, 2013 WL 5487317 , at *7. 1 with largely the same job duties. (Compare FAC ¶¶ 21-29 with Thomas FAC ¶¶ 28-38). 2 Indeed, Mr. Edmonds concedes that “it appears that the proposed class in Thomas is a 3 subset of the Edmonds class.” (Resp. at 13.) 4 Mr. Edmonds contends that the nationwide nature of his putative class should 5 “doom[] the application of the first to file rule” because Ms. Thomas seeks to represent “a 6 tiny fraction of the same workers.” (Resp. at 13.) But this factor does not ask the court if 7 Mr. Edmonds’s proposed collective is larger than Ms. Thomas’s, but if it there is 8 “substantial similarity” between the two. Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240 ; see also, e.g., Red v. 9 Unilever United States, Inc., No. 09-cv-07855, 2010 WL 11515197 , at *5 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 10 25, 2010) (applying the first-to-file rule even though “[second-filed plaintiffs] asserts a 11 nationwide class, whereas [first-filed plaintiffs] asserts a California class”). 12 Mr. Edmonds argues that Wilkie and Lloyd counsel against the application of the 13 first-to-file rule where the second-filed action purports to represent a nation-wide class. 14 (See Resp. at 13-14 (citing Wilkie, 2010 WL 3703060 , and Lloyd v. J.P. Morgan & Chase 15 Co., No. 11 CIV. 9305 LTS, 2012 WL 3339045 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2012)).) But neither 16 case is applicable here. Both involved subclasses with distinct state-law claims that were 17 not shared among all plaintiffs. Wilkie, 2010 WL 3703060 at *3-4; Lloyd, 2012 WL 18 3339045 at *2 (finding Wilkie “particularly instructive” because “the California law 19 claims in the second-filed action were ‘dissimilar from both the [first-filed] action’s 20 FLSA claim and the North Carolina and New York state law claims.’”) (quoting Wilkie, [21] 2010 WL 3703060 at *4). Here, both proposed collectives bring one claim under the 22 FLSA for unpaid overtime related to their delivery of Amazon packages, and neither 1 involve subclasses with state law claims that would distinguish the proposed collectives 2 from each other. (Compare FAC ¶¶ 114-22 with Thomas FAC ¶¶ 64-75). 3 The first-to-file rule is concerned with judicial economy and preventing 4 inconsistent results. Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240 (“When applying the first-to-file rule, courts 5 should be driven to maximize economy, consistency, and comity.”) (citation omitted). If 6 conflicting results are reached in one case where the plaintiff represents a large class, and 7 another where the plaintiff represents a small subset of that large class, they are no less 8 inconsistent because of the sizes of the represented groups. Similarly, if a factual or legal 9 question is presented in both actions, judicial economy is still served by having one court 10 answer that question. Here, plaintiffs are similar enough that these ends would be served 11 by transfer or dismissal, if the other factors also weigh in favor of applying the 12 first-to-file rule. 13 b. Similarity of the Defendants 14 Mr. Edmonds contends that the defendants cannot be viewed as similar because he 15 only pursues a case against Amazon, while Ms. Thomas only pursues a case against 16 various DSPs. (Resp. at 9.) Ms. Thomas responds that she has entered into a tolling 17 agreement with Amazon and that Amazon is participating in the ADR/mediation process 18 that is occurring as a result of the Thomas action. (Mot. at 4.) She further represents that 19 she will to “seek leave to formally add Amazon as a defendant” should mediation fail. 20 (Reply at 4.) The court declines to consider Amazon a party in the Thomas action based 21 on these representations. In evaluating the similarities of the parties, the court looks at 22 the state of the lawsuits as filed, not to parties’ representations of what their litigation 1 strategies will be if certain events do or do not occur. See Walker v. Progressive Cas. 2 Ins. Co., No. C03-0656BJR, 2003 WL 21056704 , at *2 (W.D. Wash. May 9, 2003) 3 (finding that for similarity of the parties, it is plaintiffs’ actions as shown through their 4 filings, “not plaintiffs’ future plans, that the court finds controlling.”). 5 The fact that Amazon is not a party in the Thomas action is not dispositive. See, 6 e.g., Hart v. Donostia LLC, 290 F. Supp. 3d 627, 632 (W.D. Tex. 2018) (“the first-to-file 7 rule may still be applicable even where different defendants are involved in each action,”) 8 (citing Save Power Ltd. v. Syntek Fin. Corp., 121 F.3d 947, 951 (5th Cir. 1997)). 9 However, when courts have found non-identical defendants to be substantially similar, 10 the actions have generally involved multiple defendants with at least some overlapping 11 defendants in each suit, see, e.g., Bewley 2017 WL 5158443 , at *2 (nine out of ten 12 defendants overlapped in the suits), a subsidiary or affiliate relationship between 13 non-dentical defendants, see, e.g., Persepolis Enter. v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. 14 C-0702379 SC, 2007 WL 2669901 , at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2007 (non-identical 15 defendants were subsidiaries of the same parent corporation), or defendants who have 16 become successors in interests, see, e.g., Music Grp. Servs. US, Inc., 2013 WL 1499564 , 17 at *2 (non-identical defendants had undergone a merger). Ms. Thomas has not pointed 18 to, nor is this court aware of, any suits where defendants were wholly different entities 19 and the first-to-file rule was applied as Ms. Thomas proposes in this motion. (See 20 generally Mot.; Reply). As such, the defendants in this suit are not substantially similar 21 for the purposes of this analysis. 22 // 1 Similarity of Issues 2 “The first-to-file rule is satisfied by a sufficient similarity of issues.” Intersearch 3 Worldwide, Ltd. v. Intersearch Grp., Inc., 544 F. Supp. 2d 949, 959 (N.D. Cal. 2008) 4 (emphasis in original). District courts in the Ninth Circuit have held that the issues 5 presented in the actions must be “substantially similar,” rather than identical, to warrant 6 transfer. Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, Inc., 711 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1147 (E.D. Cal. 2010) 7 (quoting Inherent.com v. Martindale-Hubbell, 420 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1097 (N.D. Cal. 8 2006)); see also Hill v. Robert’s Am. Gourmet Food, LLC, No. 13-cv-00696-YGR, 2013 9 WL 3476801 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jul. 10, 2013). 10 Mr. Edmonds and Ms. Thomas agree that they have “similar claims in that they 11 both raise wage and hour claims for unpaid overtime while making local deliveries for 12 Amazon.” (Resp. at 2; Reply at 9.) However, a key question in Mr. Edmonds’s suit is 13 the issue of whether Amazon can be viewed as a joint employer of his putative class 14 under the FLSA. (FAC ¶¶ 90, 114-122). Since Amazon is not a party in the Thomas 15 action, the joint employer issue is not present in that suit. (See generally Thomas FAC). 16 Hart is instructive on this point. There, the first-filed case involved a consolidated 17 nationwide collective action under the FLSA against franchisor Jimmy John’s. Hart, 290 18 F. Supp. 3d at 629. The second-filed action was brought by an opt-in plaintiff to the 19 first-filed matter, but only brought a FLSA claim against a New Mexico corporation that 20 owned various Jimmy John’s franchises in that state. Id. Despite the similarity in the 21 claims, the court found that the “core issue” in the first-filed action was whether the 22 franchisor entities were liable for FLSA violations as a joint employer, while the “core 1 issue” for the second-filed action was whether the franchisee was liable for FLSA 2 violations as a direct employer. Id. at 631. The court also found there was little risk of 3 inconsistent results with separate suits because the FLSA allows for employees to have 4 more than one employer and for multiple employers to be “individually and jointly” 5 liable. Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 791.2 ). Under this regime, if a plaintiff prevails against a 6 joint employer such as franchisor, that plaintiff can still recover from a franchisee direct 7 employer if liability is established on the part of the franchisee. See Hart 290 F. Supp. 8 3d. at 631. Similarly, if a plaintiff is not able to demonstrate that a party is a joint 9 employer, that ruling says nothing about the liability of a potential direct employer. See [10] id. The same holds true for the Thomas action and the Edmonds action—there is little 11 risk of an inconsistent result because neither plaintiff currently seeks to prove a theory of 12 liability that is legally dependent on the other. 13 The distinction between establishing liability for a direct employer versus a joint 14 employer weighs against a determination that the issues are sufficiently similar to warrant 15 application of the first-to-file rule. This is especially true when coupled with the lack of 16 overlap between defendants in the Thomas and Edmonds action. As such, the court finds 17 that these actions are not sufficiently similar for the court to exercise the discretion 18 afforded to it by first-to-file rule. Neither dismissal nor transfer of the Edmonds action is 19 warranted at this time. 20 // 21 // 22 // 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons set forth above, the court DENIES Intervenor’s motion to dismiss 3 or, in the alternative, transfer this matter (Dkt. # 68). 4 Dated this 30th day of September, 2020. [5] A [6] 7 JAMES L. ROBART United States District Judge