G.G. v. Valve Corporation

[7] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON [8] AT SEATTLE [9] 10 G.G., et al., CASE NO. C16-1941JLR 11 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART v. AND DENYING IN PART 12 DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS VALVE CORPORATION, [13] Defendant. [14] 15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 Before the court is Defendant Valve Corporation’s (“Valve”) motion to dismiss 17 the first amended complaint (Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 58)) filed by Plaintiffs Grace 18 Galloway, Andy Lesko, and Brenda Shoss.1 (Mot. (Dkt. # 59); see also Reply (Dkt. [19] 20 1 In prior litigation in this court, in the parties’ arbitrations, and in the Ninth Circuit, Plaintiffs were referred to by their initials. Ms. Galloway was referred to as “G.G.,” Mr. Lesko as “A.L.,” and Ms. Schoss as “B.S.” (See, e.g., 3/26/19 Order (Dkt. # 44).) Because the claims [21] Plaintiffs brought on behalf of their minor children have been dismissed, Plaintiffs now use their full names, rather than their initials, in their amended complaint and briefing. The court follows [22] Plaintiffs’ practice and refers to Plaintiffs by their names in this order. 1 # 64).) Plaintiffs oppose the motion. (Resp. (Dkt. # 63).) Neither party has requested 2 oral argument. Having considered the motion, the parties’ submissions regarding the 3 motion, the relevant portions of the record, and the applicable law, the court GRANTS in 4 part and DENIES in part Valve’s motion to dismiss. 5 II. BACKGROUND 6 The dispute between the parties in this case has spanned several years and has 7 included proceedings in this court, in arbitration, and at the Ninth Circuit. The court 8 recounts this lengthy background below. 9 A. Plaintiffs’ Original Complaint 10 Plaintiffs originally filed their complaint in this proposed class action on 11 November 29, 2016, in King County Superior Court. (See Not. of Removal (Dkt. # 1) 12 Ex. 3 (“Compl.”).) Plaintiffs alleged on behalf of themselves, their minor children, and 13 all others similarly situated that Valve supported illegal gambling through its virtual 14 Steam Marketplace platform (“Steam”)2 and popular video games such as Counter Strike: 15 Global Offensive (“CS:GO”).3 (Id. ¶¶ 1-2.) Valve did so by “allowing millions of 16 Americans, including Plaintiffs, to link their individual Steam accounts to third-party 17 websites” and by “allowing third-party sites to operate their gambling transactions within 18 Valve’s Steam marketplace.” (Id. ¶ 3.) [19] 20 2 Steam “operates as a wholly enclosed ecosystem wherein players can play games, communicate with other players, initiate trades with other players, list items for sale, buy games, buy items, deposit money into their ‘Steam Wallet,’ participate in forum discussions, and [21] communicate with Valve directly.” (Id. ¶ 23.) 3 CS:GO is a “first-person shooter” game that involves “players who play either as [22] terrorists or counter-terrorists.” (Id. ¶ 18.) 1 Plaintiffs alleged that Valve set up this gambling system “by creating a virtual 2 currency called ‘Skins,’ which Valve sells for a fee” through the Steam marketplace. (Id. 3 ¶ 4.) “Skins” are virtual “guns and knives with a variety of different looks and textures 4 that players use during CS:GO gameplay.” (Id. ¶ 5.) Valve “control[s] the real world 5 value of [Skins] through its control over supply in the marketplace.” (Id. ¶ 6.) To obtain 6 Skins, CS:GO players pay Valve for a key to open a virtual weapons drop box during in7 game play.4 (Id. ¶¶ 21, 29.) Players can then sell or trade the Skins with other players 8 through Valve’s Steam Marketplace or through third-party sites. (Id. ¶¶ 23, 29.) 9 According to Plaintiffs, players can also link their Steam accounts to third-party websites 10 to gamble or cash-out their Skins. (Id. ¶ 42.) For example, players can use Skins to bet 11 on professional CS:GO matches. (Id. ¶ 41.) If they win their bets, they can convert the 12 Skins back into cash on the third-party sites. (Id. ¶¶ 41-42.) Plaintiffs further contended 13 that the third-party gambling websites “require permission and cooperation from Valve in 14 order to access a player’s account on Steam, and Valve specifically allows players to 15 transfer Skins to third-party accounts on the Steam Marketplace.” (Id. ¶ 44.) Thus, 16 “users deposit real money on Valve’s website, connect that real money account to 17 nominal third-party websites with direct connections to Valve where users can participate 18 in various forms of gambling, and then cash out their account balances, converting Skins 19 into real money.” (Id. ¶ 67.) [21] 4 Plaintiffs refer to this feature in their amended complaint as the “Lootbox.” (See Am. [22] Compl. at Nature of the Case ¶¶ 11-12.) 1 Each of the Plaintiffs alleged that their minor children purchased CS:GO from 2 Valve, purchased Skins, “gambled [the Skins] and lost money,” and knew that they could 3 “cash out the Skins for real money prior to losing them while gambling.” (Id. ¶¶ 13-15; 4 see also id. ¶¶ 99-101.) Based on these allegations, Plaintiffs alleged state-law claims for 5 violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act, RCW 19.86, et seq. (“CPA”); 6 recovery of money lost at gambling under RCW 4.24.070; violation of the Washington 7 Gambling Act of 1973, RCW 9.46, et seq. (“Gambling Act”); unjust enrichment; 8 negligence; and declaratory relief. (Compl. ¶¶ 118–72.) 9 On December 20, 2016, Valve removed the action to this court (Not. of Removal), 10 and on February 13, 2017, District Judge John C. Coughenour denied Plaintiffs’ motion 11 to remand (see 2/13/17 Order (Dkt. # 25)). 12 On April 3, 2017, the court granted Valve’s motion to compel arbitration of the 13 claims brought by Plaintiffs on behalf of themselves and their minor children and stayed 14 this case pending arbitration. (4/3/17 Order (Dkt. # 30) at 8.) The court upheld the 15 enforceability of the arbitration clause within the Steam Subscriber Agreement that the 16 Plaintiffs’ children agreed to when they registered their Steam accounts and found that 17 the claims of Plaintiffs and their children were within the scope of that arbitration clause. 18 (Id. at 4-8.) 19 B. Plaintiffs’ Arbitrations 20 On June 5, 2017, Plaintiffs submitted a consolidated arbitration demand to the 21 American Arbitration Association (“AAA”). (See 3/26/19 Order (Dkt. # 44) at 2.) On 22 January 3, 2018, the arbitrator ruled that the Steam Subscriber Agreement’s arbitration 1 provisions required Plaintiffs to pursue arbitration individually in the county where each 2 Plaintiff lived, and the AAA closed the consolidated arbitration. (See id.) 3 On May 3, 2017, Ms. Schoss and Ms. Galloway submitted new arbitration 4 demands to the AAA. (See id.) Mr. Lesko elected to not file an individual arbitration 5 demand. (See id.) 6 On November 29, 2018, Arbitrator Thomas Laffey held an evidentiary hearing in 7 Ms. Schoss’s arbitration. (Schoss Arb. (Dkt. # 35-1) (sealed) at 1.) Ms. Schoss brought 8 the same Washington law claims that she asserted in Plaintiffs’ original federal court 9 complaint individually and on behalf of her minor child, E.B. (Id.; see also id. at 3 10 (noting that the “federal court complaint . . . was attached to E.B.’s [c]laim and . . . was 11 described as containing the substance of the dispute.”).) Ms. Schoss also renewed her 12 challenge to the arbitration clause in the Agreement. (Id. at 2.) 13 Arbitrator Laffey ruled in favor of Valve on all of E.B.’s5 claims, finding that E.B. 14 had “not carried his burden of proof to establish that Valve [was] responsible for his 15 gambling losses or should be required to make the practice changes sought by E.B. under 16 the applicable law.” (Id. at 2.) First, Arbitrator Laffey found no evidence to support that 17 E.B.’s gambling6 was the result of an unfair or deceptive act or practice by Valve in 18 violation of the CPA. (Id.) Rather, he found that E.B. was introduced to Skins gambling 19 by his friends and voluntarily engaged in gambling without any inducement by Valve. [20] 5 Arbitrator Laffey’s decision refers to E.B. throughout, rather than to Ms. Schoss. (See [21] generally id.) 6 Arbitrator Laffey did not make an express finding of whether Skins gambling met the [22] definition of “gambling” under Washington law. (See generally id.) 1 (Id.) Second, Arbitrator Laffey found that E.B. did not prove his claim for recovery of 2 gambling losses because he could not establish that Valve was the “proprietor” for whose 3 benefit the game was played, as required by RCW 4.24.070. (Id.) Third, Arbitrator 4 Laffey found that E.B.’s claims under the Gambling Act failed because the activities 5 alleged did not fall into the category of “authorized” gambling activities under 6 Washington law and because there was no evidence that Valve “controlled the operation 7 of the gambling activity,” as required by that statute. (Id.) Fourth, Arbitrator Laffey 8 found that E.B.’s negligence claim failed because the evidence did “not support the 9 proposition that Valve had a duty to prevent E.B. from gambling with [S]kins nor an 10 obligation to design its game and business in a way that would make it impossible for 11 subscribers to gamble using [S]kins on third party websites in which Valve had no 12 interest.” (Id.) He also found that any harm to E.B. occurred when he elected to gamble 13 on the third-party sites, that efforts Valve had taken to hinder the use of Skins in 14 gambling did not create a duty to insure that those steps were successful or effective, and 15 that E.B. rendered at least one of those steps ineffective by providing false information to 16 Valve. (Id. at 2-3.) Fifth, Arbitrator Laffey found that E.B.’s unjust enrichment claim 17 failed because there was “no evidence Valve was unjustly enriched by E.B.’s gambling 18 on third party websites[,] which was a voluntary act by E.B. and was, at least in part, 19 facilitated by E.B.’s misrepresentations to Valve about his transfers of skins.” (Id. at 3). 20 Arbitrator Laffey also rejected E.B.’s challenge to the Agreement’s arbitration clause and 21 declined to rule on a new claim, raised in E.B.’s closing brief, that Valve’s weapons case 22 opening system and sale of keys to open the cases constituted illegal gambling because 1 that claim “was not part of the claims presented and arbitrated.” (Id.) Finally, Arbitrator 2 Laffey found that even if E.B. had presented evidence to support his theories of recovery, 3 he had not provided sufficient proof of the alleged damages he suffered. (Id.) 4 On December 13, 2018, Arbitrator Mark Schiff held an evidentiary hearing in Ms. 5 Galloway’s arbitration. (Galloway Arb. (Dkt. # 35-2) (sealed) at 1.) Ms. Galloway, like 6 Ms. Schoss, brought the same Washington law claims that she asserted in the original 7 complaint individually and on behalf of her minor child J.P. (Id. at 1-2; see also Mot. at 8 6.) Ms. Galloway also sought to have the arbitration proceeding dismissed and the case 9 sent back to this court. (Galloway Arb. at 1-2.) 10 Arbitrator Schiff similarly found that Ms. Galloway did not prove her case, 11 although he found “evidence of unclean hands on both sides.” (Id. at 1.) He noted that 12 although Valve knew that gambling of Skins was occurring on third-party websites and 13 “may have turned a blind eye,” J.P. willfully engaged in conduct he knew was improper 14 by gambling on the third-party sites and by representing trades on Valve’s site as “gifts” 15 despite knowing that the trades were part of his gambling. (Id.) Arbitrator Schiff also 16 found that there was no proven connection between Valve’s website and the gambling 17 websites. (Id.) Arbitrator Schiff concluded that Ms. Galloway did not prove her case and 18 that her claimed damages were speculative. (Id.) Arbitrator Schiff ruled in Valve’s favor 19 and stated that his award fully settled all claims submitted to arbitration. (Id.) 20 C. Dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Case and Ninth Circuit Appeal 21 After the AAA closed Ms. Schoss’s and Ms. Galloway’s arbitrations, Valve 22 moved this court to lift the stay and dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. (Mot. to 1 Lift Stay & Dismiss (Dkt. # 33).) In response, Plaintiffs again challenged the arbitrability 2 of their claims and asked the court to set aside the arbitrators’ awards pursuant to Section 3 10 of the Federal Arbitration Act. (Mot. to Lift Stay & Dismiss Resp. (Dkt. # 35).) The 4 court granted Valve’s request to lift the stay, denied Plaintiffs’ renewed challenge to the 5 arbitrability of their claims, and denied Plaintiffs’ request to set aside the arbitrators’ 6 awards. (See generally 3/26/19 Order.) The court found that the arbitrators had 7 determined (1) that Ms. Schoss and E.B. “had not proven any connection between 8 [Valve] and third-party websites that rendered it liable for illegal gambling activities” and 9 (2) that Ms. Galloway and J.P. “had not established a connection between [Valve] and 10 third-party gambling websites.” (Id. at 8.) The court also declined to disturb the 11 arbitrators’ determinations that Ms. Galloway, Ms. Schoss, and their minor children did 12 not adequately prove their damages. (Id. at 9-10.) The court granted Valve’s request to 13 dismiss all of Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. (See id. at 10.) 14 Plaintiffs appealed the court’s order and judgment. (Not. of Appeal (Dkt. # 46).) 15 On April 3, 2020, the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and vacated in part the court’s order 16 and judgment. G.G. v. Valve Corp., 799 F. App’x 557 (9th Cir. 2020); (see also 9th Cir. 17 Memo. (Dkt. # 51)). The Ninth Circuit held that the court erred in compelling Plaintiffs, 18 in their individual capacities, to arbitrate their claims because Plaintiffs were not 19 signatories to the Steam Subscriber Agreement and were not bound to it by equitable 20 estoppel. G.G., 799 F. App’x at 558. The Ninth Circuit also held that the court erred 21 when it entered judgment on the claims that Plaintiffs brought in their individual 22 capacities because a district court can confirm an arbitral award only against parties who 1 “have agreed that a judgment of the court shall be entered upon the award made pursuant 2 to arbitration.” Id. Thus, the Ninth Circuit remanded the claims Plaintiffs brought in 3 their individual capacities, “to the extent they are viable.” Id. It affirmed, however, the 4 court’s judgment dismissing the claims that Plaintiffs brought on behalf of their children. 5 Id. at 558-59. 6 D. Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint 7 On August 31, 2020, Plaintiffs, with consent from Valve, moved to amend their 8 complaint to conform their claims to the Ninth Circuit’s decision and to discovery 9 obtained in their arbitrations. (See MTA (Dkt. # 54)). This case was then reassigned 10 from Judge Coughenour to the undersigned. (See Min. Order (Dkt. # 55).) The court 11 granted Plaintiffs’ agreed motion to amend their complaint (see 9/21/20 Order (Dkt. # 12 56)), and Plaintiffs filed their amended complaint on September 22, 2020 (Am. Compl.). 13 In their amended complaint, Plaintiffs contend that Valve’s “Lootbox” feature, 14 which allows CS:GO players to buy a “key” to a virtual “weapons case” or “crate” that 15 contains Skins, constitutes a form of gambling that is indistinguishable from playing a 16 slot machine, including in its look, feel, and sound.7 (Id. at Nature of the Case ¶¶ 11-12; 17 id. at Factual Background ¶¶ 16, 18.8) They allege that purchasing a key to open a crate 18 “gives players the chance to win virtual items that may be worth much more than the [19] 20 7 The arbitrators did not review this legal theory. (See, e.g., Schoss Arb. at 3 (declining to rule on this theory because Ms. Schoss did not raise it until her closing brief); see generally Galloway Arb.) [21] 8 Plaintiffs repeat paragraph numbers 1 through 25 in the Nature of the Case and Factual Background sections of their amended complaint. The court therefore cites to both the section [22] and paragraph where appropriate to avoid ambiguity. 1 value of the ‘key’, or to win virtual items with effectively de minimis value.” (Id. at 2 Nature of the Case ¶ 11; see also id. at Factual Background ¶¶ 18-22.) They assert that 3 Valve does not disclose “the true odds of a crate containing a given Skin, and cannot 4 disclose the value of the various Skins contained within a given crate because the market 5 values of said Skins are constantly fluctuating.” (Id. at Nature of the Case ¶ 12.) 6 Plaintiffs allege that although Valve has taken steps since this lawsuit was originally filed 7 to shut down Skins gambling in the United States, those efforts have been ineffective. 8 (Id. at Nature of the Case ¶ 15; see also id. at Factual Background ¶ 51.) 9 The amended complaint alleges claims based on both Skins gambling and Lootbox 10 gambling for violation of the CPA, violation of the Gambling Act, unjust enrichment, 11 negligence, and injunctive relief, on behalf of the parents of the minor children whose 12 claims were dismissed by the court in its March 26, 2019 Order.9 (Id. ¶¶ 99-163.) 13 On October 1, 2020, Valve filed the instant motion to dismiss the amended 14 complaint in its entirety. (See Mot.) 15 III. ANALYSIS 16 Valve argues that Plaintiffs’ amended complaint should be dismissed with 17 prejudice because (1) Judge Coughenour’s final judgment confirming the arbitrators’ 18 decisions regarding Plaintiffs’ children’s claims forecloses Plaintiffs’ individual claims 19 under the law of the case doctrine; (2) claim and issue preclusion bar Plaintiffs from 20 challenging the arbitrators’ findings regarding the children’s claims; and (3) regardless of [21] 9 Plaintiffs did not re-assert their claims for recovery of money lost at gambling under [22] RCW 4.24.070. (See generally Am. Compl.) 1 the preclusive effects of the arbitrators’ decisions, Plaintiffs cannot state a claim as to any 2 of their causes of action. (See Mot. at 4.) Plaintiffs respond that their claims survive 3 because (1) under the law of the case doctrine, the arbitrators’ findings actually work in 4 Plaintiffs’ favor, rather than Valve’s; (2) the arbitrators did not make any findings that 5 would preclude claims based on Plaintiffs’ new “Lootbox” theory; (3) the arbitrators did 6 not rule on Plaintiffs’ claims in their individual capacity; and (4) regardless of any 7 preclusive effects, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged their claims. (See Resp. at 8-25.) 8 The court begins by analyzing the preclusive effects of the prior proceedings before 9 considering whether Plaintiffs have sufficiently stated their claims. 10 A. Preclusive Effect of Arbitrations 11 Valve argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are foreclosed under three doctrines: the law of 12 the case, claim preclusion, and issue preclusion. (Mot. at 4.) Plaintiffs contend that only 13 the law of the case doctrine applies here. (Resp. at 8-11.) The court agrees with 14 Plaintiffs. 15 Under the law of the case doctrine, “a court is generally precluded from 16 reconsidering an issue previously decided by the same court, or a higher court in the 17 identical case.” Ingle v. Circuit City, 408 F.3d 592, 594 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting United 18 States v. Lummi Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d 443, 452 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation 19 marks omitted). The parties have not directed the court to any Ninth Circuit authority 20 regarding the preclusive effect of compelled arbitration on claims brought within the 21 same case, nor has the court identified any such authority in its own research. District 22 courts in other circuits, however, have determined that the law of the case doctrine 1 applies to determine the preclusive effect of arbitration in the same case. In Barker v. 2 Halliburton Co., No. CIV.A H-07-2677, 2010 WL 3339207 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 23, 2010), 3 aff'd, 645 F.3d 297 (5th Cir. 2011), for example, a husband and wife sued the wife’s 4 former employer. Id. at *1. The district court compelled arbitration of the wife’s claims 5 pursuant to an arbitration agreement and stayed the husband’s claims pending arbitration. 6 Id. After the arbitrator dismissed the wife’s tort claims with prejudice, the court applied 7 the law of the case doctrine to foreclose the husband’s loss of consortium claim. Id. at 8 *2. Int’l Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftworkers, Local 5 v. Banta Tile & Marble, 9 No. 4:07-CV-1245, 2009 WL 4906525 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 15, 2009) reached a similar 10 conclusion. There, the district court had confirmed the arbitrator’s decision, and the 11 Third Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court on appeal. Id. at *14. On 12 remand, the district court declined to reopen the arbitrator’s decision regarding the 13 amount of damages to be awarded to the plaintiff because relitigating that calculation 14 would depart from the law of the case. Id. at *3. 15 Here, the court originally compelled arbitration of the claims brought by the three 16 Plaintiffs and their minor children. (4/3/17 Order at 8.) Ms. Galloway and Ms. Schoss 17 proceeded to arbitrate their claims on behalf of themselves and their minor children; Mr. 18 Lesko chose not to pursue arbitration. (See 3/26/19 Order at 2.) The arbitrators found 19 against Ms. Galloway, Ms. Schoss, and their children on all of their claims. (See 20 generally Galloway Arb. & Schoss Arb.) This court then confirmed the arbitration 21 awards and dismissed the claims brought by Plaintiffs and their children. (3/26/19 Order 22 at 10.) The Ninth Circuit vacated the court’s judgment as to the Plaintiffs in their 1 individual capacities, affirmed the court’s judgment of dismissal of the Plaintiffs’ 2 children’s claims, and remanded the case back to this court for further proceedings. 3 G.G., 799 F. App’x at 558. Under this procedural posture, the court concludes that the 4 arbitrations constitute a prior stage of the proceedings in this lawsuit, and, as a result, the 5 law of the case doctrine governs the preclusive effect of the arbitrations.10 Therefore, the 6 court proceeds to evaluate whether and to what extent the law of the case doctrine 7 precludes the relitigation of the issues underlying Plaintiffs’ claims. 8 The law of the case doctrine developed to “maintain consistency and avoid 9 reconsideration of matters once decided during the course of a single continuing lawsuit.” 10 Id. (quoting 18B Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure: Jurisdiction 11 2d § 4478, at 637–38 (2002)). The “law of the case acts as a bar only when the issue in 12 question was actually considered and decided by the first court.” United States v. Cote, [13] 51 F.3d 178, 181 (9th Cir. 1995). Under the law of the case doctrine, courts generally do 14 not reconsider an issue that has already been decided in the case unless one or more of 15 the following factors are present: “(1) the first decision was clearly erroneous; (2) an 16 intervening change in the law has occurred; (3) the evidence on remand is substantially [17] 10 Claim preclusion prohibits the same parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the 18 same claim or any other claim that could have been, but was not, raised in a prior lawsuit. Roberson v. Perez, 123 P.3d 844 , 848 n.7 (Wash. 2005). Issue preclusion bars relitigation of 19 issues in a second lawsuit involving the same parties. Christensen v. Grant County Hosp. Dist. No. 1, 96 P.3d 957, 960-61 (Wash. 2004). Because the arbitrations of the children’s claims are 20 part of the proceedings in this case rather than part of a separate lawsuit, neither claim preclusion nor issue preclusion applies here. This case is thus unlike MedChoice Risk Retention Grp., Inc. v. Katz, No. C17-0387TSZ, 2017 WL 3970867 , at *10-12 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 8, 2017). There, [21] MedChoice arbitrated its claims against another party before filing its lawsuit against Dr. Katz in this court. Id. at *2-5. The court held that claim preclusion barred MedChoice’s claims against [22] Dr. Katz because he was in privity with the defendant in the prior arbitration. Id. at *12. 1 different; (4) other changed circumstances exist; or (5) a manifest injustice would 2 otherwise result.” United States v. Alexander, 106 F.3d 874, 876 (9th Cir. 1997). Neither 3 party contends that any of the above factors exist here. (See Mot. at 9-11; Resp. at 8-11.) 4 Valve argues that the law of the case doctrine “bars the parents from retrying the 5 issue of whether Valve facilitated gambling by their children, which was tried to, and 6 decided by, two arbitrators.” (Mot. at 10.) It contends that the arbitrators ruled that 7 Valve did not “facilitate gambling or act wrongfully or illegally toward” the minor 8 children E.B. and J.P. and, as a result, the Plaintiff parents cannot now raise claims on 9 their own behalf based on Valve’s conduct. (Id. at 10-11.) Plaintiffs maintain that the 10 arbitrators’ decisions do not reach Plaintiffs’ claims under their “Lootbox” theory; that 11 the arbitrators actually found wrongdoing by Valve; and that the arbitrators found in 12 Plaintiffs’ favor on two issues: whether wagering Skins is illegal gambling and whether 13 Skins are a “thing of value” under Washington’s gambling laws. (Resp. at 3, 11.) 14 The court concludes that both parties overstate the arbitrators’ findings and their 15 effects on the litigation of Plaintiffs’ individual claims. The court agrees with Plaintiffs 16 that the law of the case does not bar their claims based on their “Lootbox gambling” 17 theory because that theory was not litigated in the arbitrations. Indeed, Arbitrator Laffey 18 expressly declined to address the Lootbox theory because it was not properly before him. 19 (Schoss Arb. at 3.) But the court disagrees with Plaintiffs’ assertion that the arbitrators 20 determined that Skins are “things of value” or that Skins gambling is in fact “gambling” 21 under Washington’s gambling statutes. Although the arbitrators refer to the conduct by 22 E.B. and J.P. as “gambling,” neither arbitrator analyzed the legal definition of 1 “gambling,” nor did either make an express finding that the teenagers’ conduct 2 constituted “gambling” under Washington law. (See Schoss Arb.; Galloway Arb.) 3 The court further disagrees with both Valve’s broad assertion that the arbitrators 4 found that “Valve did not act wrongfully or illegally toward” Plaintiffs’ children (see 5 Mot. at 10-11) and Plaintiffs’ broad assertion that the arbitrators found actionable 6 wrongful conduct by Valve (see Resp. at 3, 11). The issues that the arbitrators 7 necessarily decided were narrower than the parties assert. Rather, the court concludes, 8 under the law of the case doctrine, that the arbitrators’ decisions regarding the children’s 9 claims preclude Plaintiffs’ individual claims only to the extent they rely on allegations 10 that Valve (1) was responsible for Skins gambling losses by the minor children; (2) 11 facilitated or had a connection to third-party Skins gambling websites; and (3) had a duty 12 to Plaintiffs’ children to prevent them from gambling with Skins on third-party websites. 13 (See generally Galloway Arb.; Schoss Arb.) 14 Finally, Plaintiffs assert that the law of the case doctrine does not preclude any of 15 Mr. Lesko’s claims because Mr. Lesko chose not to arbitrate his child’s claims. (Resp. at 16 14.) The court disagrees. The law of the case doctrine precludes relitigation of issues as 17 well as claims. See Ingle, 408 F.3d at 594 . There is no dispute that all three Plaintiffs 18 raised the same issues on behalf of themselves and their minor children in their original 19 complaint and in the consolidated arbitration demand. The court concludes, therefore, 20 that the law of the case doctrine precludes Mr. Lesko from retrying the issues decided in 21 Ms. Galloway’s and Ms. Schoss’s arbitrations. [22] 1 B. Motion to Dismiss 2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for dismissal for “failure to 3 state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). When 4 considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court construes the complaint in 5 the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Livid Holdings Ltd. v. Salomon Smith 6 Barney, Inc., 416 F.3d 940, 946 (9th Cir. 2005). The court must accept all well-pleaded 7 facts as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Wyler Summit 8 P’ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658 , 661 (9th Cir. 1998). The court, 9 however, is not required “to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, 10 unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Sprewell v. Golden State 11 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 12 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 13 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 14 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see also Telesaurus VPC, LLC v. 15 Power, 623 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 2010). “A claim has facial plausibility when the 16 plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that 17 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-78 . The court 18 now applies this standard to each of Plaintiffs’ claims. 19 1. Count I: CPA Claim 20 To prevail on a CPA claim, a plaintiff must show (1) an unfair or deceptive act or 21 practice, (2) occurring in trade or commerce, (3) impacting the public interest, (4) injury 22 to the plaintiff’s business or property, and (5) causation. Hangman Ridge Training 1 Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 719 P.2d 531, 533 (Wash. 1986); RCW 19.86.020. 2 Valve challenges only whether Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged that Valve engaged in an 3 unfair or deceptive act or practice. (See Mot. at 16-18.) 4 At the outset, the court rejects Plaintiffs’ argument that Valve’s alleged conduct 5 constituted a per se unfair trade practice under the CPA. (See Resp. at 16.) For a 6 violation of a statute to constitute a per se unfair trade practice, the legislature must 7 specifically declare that a violation constitutes an unfair trade practice or an unfair or 8 deceptive act in trade or commerce. Hangman Ridge, 719 P.2d at 535 . Plaintiffs allege 9 that Valve engaged in per se unfair trade practices under WAC 230-06-010 by permitting 10 underage gambling and under the Gambling Act by engaging in professional gambling 11 without a license. (Am. Compl. ¶ 106.) Neither WAC 230-06-010 nor the Gambling 12 Act, however, includes a specific declaration that a violation constitutes an unfair trade 13 practice or an unfair or deceptive act in trade or commerce. See generally WAC 14 230-06-010 & ch. 9.46 RCW. Although Plaintiffs point to declarations of public interest 15 in RCW 9.46.010, those declarations serve only to establish that a violation of the statute 16 has a public interest impact; they do not establish a per se unfair trade practice. See 17 Hangman Ridge, 719 P.2d at 538 . Plaintiffs must, therefore, plead that Valve’s actions 18 constituted an unfair or deceptive act or practice. 19 An act or practice is “unfair” under the CPA if it causes substantial injury to 20 consumers, is not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or competitors, 21 and is not reasonably avoidable by consumers. Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co., 204 P.3d 885 , 22 896 (Wash. 2009). An act or practice is “deceptive” if the alleged act had “the capacity 1 to deceive a substantial portion of the public.” Hangman Ridge, 719 P.2d at 534 2 (emphasis in original). Whether a practice has the capacity to deceive a substantial 3 portion of the public is a question of fact. Behnke v. Ahrens, 294 P.3d 729, 735 (Wash. 4 Ct. App. 2012). 5 Plaintiffs assert that Valve’s unfair or deceptive acts arise from its support of 6 Lootbox gambling and Skins gambling. (Resp. at 17.) They allege that Valve 7 intentionally designed its Lootboxes to replicate the look, feel and sound of a slot 8 machine; incorporated this system into CS:GO without a gaming license; and failed to 9 disclose the odds of obtaining the most valuable items in the Lootboxes or that that the 10 value of the items in the Lootboxes were subject to change. (See Am. Compl. at Factual 11 Background ¶¶ 16-22.) With respect to Skins gambling, they allege that Valve actively 12 encouraged and facilitated third-party Skins gambling websites. (See, e.g., id. at Nature 13 of the Case ¶ 13; id. at Factual Background ¶¶ 71-73.) Plaintiffs allege that Valve’s acts 14 are deceptive because they “created a false impression of fair play, legality, and safety” 15 which induced Plaintiffs to unwittingly provide money to their children to purchase Skins 16 and Lootbox keys. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 110-11.) 17 Because the arbitrators found no connection between Valve and the third-party 18 Skins gambling websites, the court finds that the law of the case doctrine precludes 19 Plaintiffs’ CPA claim based on the alleged unfair and deceptive practice of encouraging 20 and facilitating third-party Skins gambling websites. (See supra Section III.A; see also 21 3/26/19 Order at 8 (noting the arbitrators found that Ms. Galloway and Ms. Schoss did 22 not prove a connection between Valve and the third-party gambling websites).) The law 1 of the case doctrine, however, does not preclude Plaintiffs’ CPA claim based on alleged 2 unfair or deceptive practices arising out of Valve’s Lootbox feature. (See supra Section 3 III.A.) With respect to the Lootbox theory, the court finds that Plaintiffs have plausibly 4 alleged that Valve’s conduct is an unfair or deceptive act or practice under the CPA. 5 Valve argues that Plaintiffs cannot allege an unfair or deceptive act or practice 6 because they are bound by the arbitrators’ findings that the children intentionally and 7 knowingly gambled online and because the minors knew they could lose money 8 gambling Skins on third-party websites. (Mot. at 18-19.) These arguments, however, go 9 only to Plaintiffs’ claims based on alleged Skins gambling on third-party sites; they do 10 not address Plaintiffs’ claims based on alleged Lootbox gambling. Valve also argues that 11 Plaintiffs cannot allege an unfair practice because their injuries could have been avoided 12 if the minor children had refrained from gambling. (Id. (citing Esch. v. Legacy Salmon 13 Creek Hosp., 738 F. App’x. 430, 431 (9th Cir. 2018)).) Plaintiffs, however, plead that 14 their injuries were not avoidable because Valve obscured the true nature of their 15 children’s conduct on its platform. (Am. Compl. ¶ 116.) Moreover, whether a particular 16 injury could have been avoided goes only to whether the practice was unfair under the 17 CPA; it is not a factor in determining whether an act is deceptive. Panag, 204 P.3d at 18 996 (“[T]he ‘reasonably avoided’ test does not apply to ‘deceptive,’ as opposed to 19 ‘unfair,’ acts or practices.”). 20 Accordingly, the court DENIES Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CPA claims 21 based on Valve’s alleged support of Lootbox gambling. The court, however, GRANTS 22 Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CPA claims based on Valve’s alleged support of 1 Skins gambling and alleged per se violations of WAC 230-06-010 and the Gambling Act 2 and DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 , 1127 3 (9th Cir. 2000) (a court “should grant leave to amend . . . unless it determines that the 4 pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts”). 5 2. Count II: Violations of the Gambling Act of 1973, RCW 9.46 et seq. 6 The Gambling Act creates a private cause of action against persons who directly 7 or indirectly control the operation of “any gambling operation authorized by” the statute. 8 RCW 9.46.200 (emphasis added). The fundamental theory of Plaintiffs’ case, however, 9 is that any alleged gambling activities by Valve are illegal—that is, that they are not 10 authorized by Washington law. (See Am. Compl. at Nature of the Case ¶¶ 2-3.) As such, 11 Plaintiffs cannot state a claim under RCW 9.46.200. The court declines Plaintiffs’ 12 invitation to read into the plain language of RCW 9.46.200 a cause of action for damages 13 arising from unauthorized gambling, particularly where the Legislature has separately 14 provided a cause of action to recover losses from illegal gambling. See RCW 4.24.070. 15 Accordingly, the court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for 16 violations of the Gambling Act and DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. 17 3. Count III: Unjust Enrichment 18 “Unjust enrichment is the method of recovery for the value of the benefit retained 19 absent any contractual relationship because notions of fairness and justice require it.” 20 Young v. Young, 191 P.3d 1258, 1262 (Wash. 2008). A person has been unjustly 21 enriched when he has profited or enriched himself at the expense of another contrary to 22 equity. Pierce Cty. v. State, 185 P.3d 594, 619 (Wash. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Dragt v. 1 Dragt/DeTray, LLC, 161 P.3d 473, 482 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007)). Unjust enrichment has 2 three elements: (1) there must be a benefit conferred on one party by another; (2) the 3 party receiving the benefit must have an appreciation or knowledge of the benefit; and (3) 4 the receiving party must accept or retain the benefit under circumstances that make it 5 inequitable for the receiving party to retain the benefit without paying its value. Id. 6 (citing Dragt, 161 P.3d at 482 ). 7 Plaintiffs allege that they conferred a benefit on Valve, at their expense and 8 detriment, by providing their children funds that were used for purchasing “keys used for 9 the gambling through the slot machine [L]ootbox process” or “Skins that were ultimately 10 used in playing games of chance on various websites with which Valve had a financial 11 relationship.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 129-31.) They allege that Valve’s retention of the funds 12 that Plaintiffs provided their children is unjust because “Valve created an illegal and 13 unconscionable gambling ecosystem while creating false impressions of safety and fair 14 play on its Steam platform . . . and has created an illegal international gambling economy 15 operating in the United States and targeted at teenagers.” (Id. ¶ 133.) 16 Valve argues that Plaintiffs have not pleaded facts that plausibly support the first 17 and second elements of their unjust enrichment claim. (Reply at 11.) The court agrees. 18 First, Plaintiffs do not plausibly allege that they provided a benefit to Valve. Rather, they 19 allege that they provided funds to their children, who then spent those funds on Skins and 20 Lootbox keys. Plaintiffs cite no case to support that their act of providing funds to their 21 children was equivalent to conferring a benefit to Valve. Second, even if the funds 22 Plaintiffs gave to their children could constitute a benefit to Valve, Plaintiffs have not 1 made any allegation that Valve had an appreciation or knowledge of any benefit 2 bestowed on it by the parents, rather than by their children. See Pierce Cty., 185 P.3d at 3 619. Finally, as discussed above, the law of the case doctrine bars Plaintiffs’ claims to 4 the extent they rely on allegations that Valve facilitated or controlled Skins gambling on 5 third-party websites. Therefore, the court (1) GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss 6 Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claims based on Valve’s alleged support for Lootbox 7 gambling and DISMISSES those claims without prejudice and with leave to amend, and 8 (2) GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claims based on 9 Valve’s alleged support of Skins gambling and DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. 10 4. Count IV: Negligence 11 The elements of a negligence claim are (1) a duty, owed by the defendant to the 12 plaintiff, to conform to a certain standard of conduct; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a 13 resulting injury; and (4) proximate cause between the breach and the injury. Folsom v. 14 Burger King, 958 P.2d 301, 308 (Wash. 1998). The existence of a duty is a question of 15 law. Id. “Since a negligence action will not lie if a defendant owed a plaintiff no duty of 16 care, the primary question is whether a duty of care existed.” Id. 17 A duty of care is “an obligation, to which the law will give recognition and effect, 18 to conform to a particular standard of conduct toward another.” Affil. FM Ins. Co. v. LTK 19 Consulting Servs., Inc., 243 P.3d 521, 526 (Wash. 2010) (internal quotation marks 20 omitted). To sustain a negligence action, the duty must be one owed to the injured 21 plaintiff. Burg v. Shannon & Wilson, Inc., 43 P.3d 526, 531 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002). [22] 1 Plaintiffs allege that Valve owed them “a duty to use reasonable care to provide a 2 reliable and safe videogaming experience, and to ensure that its Steam platform was used 3 in a manner that comported with applicable law, including but not limited to” the CPA 4 and the Gambling Act, as well as “a duty of reasonable care to stop Skins gambling.” 5 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 139, 141.) Plaintiffs further allege that Valve breached its duties to them 6 by “creating, allowing and maintaining a system of Skins gambling that resulted in 7 unregulated, third-party websites harming Plaintiffs . . . through rigged gambling 8 websites” and by “creating a process for obtaining Skins that required purchasing keys 9 from Valve to open crates/Lootboxes, [that] closely resembled slot machine play, and 10 constituted illegal gambling.” (Id. ¶ 140.) Valve argues that Plaintiffs have not plausibly 11 alleged that Valve owes them, as the parents of Valve customers, any duty of care that 12 would give rise to a negligence claim. (Mot. at 21-23.) The court agrees. 13 Plaintiffs have not directed the court to any cases that found a duty of care owed 14 by a video game company to parents of the players of that game. Instead, Plaintiffs rely 15 on Parilla v. King County, 157 P.3d 879 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007). In Parilla, a King 16 County Metro bus driver who was dealing with an altercation among passengers exited 17 his bus, leaving the engine running. Id. at 881 . One of the passengers, who had been 18 exhibiting “bizarre behavior,” moved into the driver’s seat and drove the bus, crashing it 19 into several cars and injuring the plaintiffs. Id. The passenger was later found to be 20 under the influence of illegal recreational drugs. Id. The Washington Court of Appeals 21 held that King County owed the plaintiffs a duty to guard against the passenger’s criminal 22 conduct because “the driver’s actions exposed the plaintiffs to a recognizable high degree 1 of risk of harm through [the passenger’s] misconduct, which a reasonable person would 2 have taken into account.” Id. at 882 . In determining King County owed a duty of care to 3 the plaintiffs, the court observed that “an instrumentality uniquely capable of causing 4 severe injuries”—a 14-ton bus—“was left idling and unguarded within easy reach of a 5 severely impaired individual,” and the “driver was aware of these circumstances.” Id. at 6 886. As a result, the bus driver’s act of leaving the bus created a high degree risk of harm 7 through the passenger’s misconduct, which, the Court of Appeals held, a reasonable 8 person would have taken into account. Id. 9 Here, the court finds that Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that Valve owed a 10 duty of care to them, as the parents of CS:GO players. First, as discussed above, the law 11 of the case doctrine bars Plaintiffs’ claims to the extent they rely on allegations that 12 Valve facilitated or controlled Skins gambling on third-party websites. (See supra 13 Section III.A.) Second, with respect to Lootbox gambling, Plaintiffs argue that this case 14 is analogous to Parilla because Valve’s actions and failures to act exposed Plaintiffs to a 15 high degree risk of harm by creating a high probability that their minor children would 16 illegally gamble online and lose money that the parents gave them. (Resp. at 24.) They 17 allege that this harm was foreseeable because Valve knew or should have known that 18 minor children were using their parents’ money to buy Lootbox keys. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 19 142.) At most, however, these allegations might plausibly support a duty of care owed by 20 Valve to the minor children. They do not establish an unusual or high risk of foreseeable 21 harm to the parents. See Kim v. Budget Rent A Car Sys., Inc., 15 P.3d 1283 , 1285 (Wash. 22 2001) (noting that an “unusual or high degree risk of harm” is required to show a duty of 1 care to prevent the acts of third parties). Because Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged 2 that Valve owed a duty of care to them as parents of the minor children who played 3 CS:GO, the court (1) GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligence claims 4 based on Valve’s alleged support for Lootbox gambling and DISMISSES those claims 5 without prejudice and with leave to amend, and (2) GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss 6 Plaintiffs’ negligence claims based on Valve’s alleged support of Skins gambling and 7 DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. 8 5. Count V: Injunctive Relief 9 In the fifth count of their amended complaint, Plaintiffs allege that they are 10 entitled to various forms of injunctive relief. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 145-63.) Valve argues 11 that there is no separate and distinct cause of action for “injunctive relief.” (Mot. at 2412 25.) Instead, the types of injunctive relief listed in Count V are merely types of remedies 13 that Plaintiffs might seek if they prevail on their substantive clams. Valve also argues 14 that injunctive relief under the CPA is not available to Plaintiffs because they did not 15 serve a copy of their complaint on the Washington Attorney General in compliance with 16 RCW 19.86.095. (Id. at 25.) The court agrees with Valve. The court GRANTS Valve’s 17 motion to dismiss Count V of Plaintiffs’ complaint, without prejudice to Plaintiffs 18 amending their Prayer for Relief to include the types of injunctive relief they seek by 19 their complaint and serving the complaint on the Washington Attorney General. 20 IV. CONCLUSION 21 For the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Valve’s 22 motion to dismiss: 1 (1) The court DENIES Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CPA claims 2 (Count I) based on Valve’s alleged support of Lootbox gambling. 3 (2) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CPA claims 4 (Count I) based on Valve’s alleged support of Skins gambling and on alleged per se 5 violations of WAC 230-06-010 and the Gambling Act of 1973. These claims are 6 DISMISSED with prejudice. 7 (3) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for 8 violations of the Gambling Act (Count II) and DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. 9 (4) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ unjust 10 enrichment claims (Count III) based on Valve’s alleged support for Lootbox gambling 11 and DISMISSES those claims without prejudice and with leave to amend. 12 (5) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ unjust 13 enrichment claims (Count III) based on Valve’s alleged support of Skins gambling and 14 DISMISSES those claims with prejudice. 15 (6) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligence 16 claims (Count IV) based on Valve’s alleged support for Lootbox gambling and 17 DISMISSES those claims without prejudice and with leave to amend. 18 (7) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligence 19 claims (Count IV) based on Valve’s alleged support of Skins gambling and DISMISSES 20 those claims with prejudice. 21 (8) The court GRANTS Valve’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claim for 22 injunctive relief (Count V), without prejudice to Plaintiffs amending their Prayer for 1 Relief to include the types of injunctive relief they seek by their complaint and serving 2 the complaint on the Washington Attorney General. 3 Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint, if any, alleging facts that resolve the 4 issues stated herein, by no later than twenty (20) days from the filing date of this order. [5] 6 Dated this 16th day of December, 2020. [7] A [8] 9 JAMES L. ROBART United States District Judge