Alexander v. Commissioner of Social Security

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 5 AT TACOMA [6] LAURA L. A., Case No. 3:21-cv-05697-TLF 7 Plaintiff, v. ORDER AFFIRMING 8 DEFENDANT’S DECISION TO COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL DENY BENEFITS 9 SECURITY, 10 Defendant. [11] 12 Plaintiff has brought this matter for judicial review of defendant’s denial of her 13 applications for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) and supplemental security income 14 (“SSI”). The parties have consented to have this matter heard by the undersigned 15 Magistrate Judge. 28 U.S.C. § 636 (c); Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 73; Local Rule 16 MJR 13. 17 I. ISSUES FOR REVIEW 18 1. Did the ALJ Properly Evaluate the Medical Opinion Evidence? 19 2. Did the ALJ Properly Evaluate Plaintiff’s Subjective Testimony? 20 3. Did the ALJ Properly Evaluate Lay Witness Testimony? 21 II. BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff applied for DIB and SSI, respectively, in November 2012 and January 23 2013, alleging in both applications a disability onset date of March 31, 2007. AR 120– 24 21, 265–76. Plaintiff’s claims were denied upon initial review and on reconsideration. 1 AR 171–87, 190–200. Plaintiff’s first requested hearing took place before Administrative 2 Law Judge (“ALJ”) Stephanie Martz on June 5, 2014. AR 41–47. At the hearing, Plaintiff 3 amended her alleged onset date to April 21, 2008. AR 44–45. 4 On August 11, 2014, ALJ Martz issued a decision in which she found Plaintiff 5 was not disabled. AR 18–33.1 The Appeals Council, after reviewing additional evidence, 6 denied Plaintiff’s request for review, leading Plaintiff to seek review in this Court. AR 1– 7 7, 1220. In an order dated March 7, 2017, this Court affirmed the ALJ’s decision. AR 8 1265. 9 Plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and 10 on August 10, 2020, the Court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded the 11 decision to the Commissioner for further proceedings. AR 1247. Following this decision, 12 the Social Security Appeals Council vacated ALJ Martz’s decision and remanded the 13 case for a new hearing. AR 1281–85. This new hearing took place before ALJ David 14 Johnson on March 24, 2021. AR 1163. In a decision dated May 24, 2021, ALJ Johnson 15 determined that Plaintiff was not disabled. AR 1127–52. Plaintiff seeks review in this 16 Court. See Dkt. 17. 17 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 18 Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405 (g), this Court may set aside the Commissioner’s denial 19 of Social Security benefits if the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or not supported 20 by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648 , 654 21 (9th Cir. 2017). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind [22] 23 1 Following ALJ Martz’s decision, Plaintiff filed a new claim for SSI benefits on October 7, 2014, and was found to be disabled as of January 13, 2015. Thus, the period at issue in this case is between April 1, 24 2008, and January 12, 2015. AR 1127, 1283. 1 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148 , 2 1154 (2019) (internal citations omitted). 3 IV. DISCUSSION 4 In this case, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the severe, medically determinable 5 impairments of degenerative changes of the lumbar spine, degenerative changes of the 6 cervical spine, seizure disorder, affective disorder, and anxiety disorder. AR 1130. 7 Based on the limitations stemming from these impairments, the ALJ found that Plaintiff 8 could perform a reduced range of light work. AR 1135. Relying on vocational expert 9 (“VE”) testimony, the ALJ found at step four that Plaintiff could not perform her past 10 relevant work, but could perform other light, unskilled jobs at step five of the sequential 11 evaluation; therefore, the ALJ determined at step five that Plaintiff was not disabled. AR 12 1149–50. 13 1. Whether the ALJ Properly Evaluated Medical Opinions from Frank Marinkovich, M.D. 14 and Christina Diamonti, Psy.D. 15 Plaintiff assigns error to the ALJ’s evaluation of opinions from treating physician 16 Frank Marinkovich, M.D., and from examining psychologist Christina Diamonti, Psy.D. 17 Dkt. 17, pp. 3–10. 18 The ALJ must provide “clear and convincing” reasons for rejecting the 19 uncontradicted opinion of either a treating or examining physician. Trevizo v. Berryhill, [20] 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 21 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008)). When a treating or examining physician’s opinion is 22 contradicted, an ALJ must provide specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting it. Id. In 23 either case, substantial evidence must support the ALJ’s findings. Id. Under Ninth 24 Circuit law, opinions from non-examining medical sources that contradict a treating 1 physician’s opinion will trigger the “specific and legitimate reasons” standard of review. 2 See, e.g., Revels, 874 F.3d at 662 (requiring only specific and legitimate reasons where 3 treating doctor's opinion was “contradicted by the findings of Dr. Rowse and Dr. Blando, 4 the non-examining doctors from the state agency, and, to some extent, the opinion of 5 Dr. Ruggeri, the hand specialist”). 6 “Determining whether inconsistencies are material (or are in fact inconsistencies 7 at all) and whether certain factors are relevant to discount the opinions of [treating or 8 examining doctors] falls within this responsibility.” Morgan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. 9 Admin., 169 F.3d 595 , 603 (9th Cir. 1999); see also Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853 , 10 856 (9th Cir. 2001) (upholding ALJ’s rejection of internally inconsistent medical opinion). 11 An ALJ need not accept a medical opinion that is brief and conclusory when the ALJ 12 faces conflicting evidence regarding the claimant's condition. Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 13 F.3d 1144, 1149 (9th Cir. 2001). 14 A. Opinion of Dr. Marinkovich 15 Dr. Marinkovich, Plaintiff’s longtime treating physician, authored two opinions on 16 Plaintiff’s functional limitations. In the first opinion, dated May 17, 2013, Dr. Marinkovich 17 opined that Plaintiff could regularly lift less than three pounds, could only stand for a 18 total of one hour in an eight-hour workday, could walk for 15 minutes at a time, could 19 rarely reach and handle, and needed to lie down during the day due to spinal pain. AR 20 845–48. In a June 2014 opinion, Dr. Marinkovich assessed the same limitations and 21 stated that Plaintiff had experienced them since 2008. AR 1108–11. Finally, in a third 22 statement rendered on January 9, 2015, after the initial ALJ hearing decision, Dr. 23 Marinkovich further explained the basis for his previous assessed limitations and stated [24] 1 that they had been present since at least April 2010. AR 456–60. The ALJ did not rely 2 on Dr. Marinkovich’s opinions, reasoning that they were (1) inconsistent with Dr. 3 Marinkovich’s own benign examination findings; (2) inconsistent with Plaintiff’s 4 diagnostic studies; and (3) relied on Plaintiff’s subjective complaints, which the ALJ 5 determined to be unreliable. AR 1144–46. 6 In her prior appeal to this Court, Plaintiff also challenged the ALJ’s evaluation of 7 all three opinions. In a report and recommendation, Chief Magistrate Judge James P. 8 Donohue noted: 9 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s reasons for rejecting Dr. Marinkovich’s opinions amount to an attempt to “play doctor” and that Dr. 10 Marinkovich’s opinions were not, as suggested by the ALJ, rendered in reliance upon subjective reporting. [Citation omitted.] Plaintiff’s arguments 11 are not persuasive, because the ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial evidence. The ALJ cited to various treatment notes 12 documenting normal and unremarkable examination findings, which she construed to be inconsistent with Dr. Marinkovich’s opinion in certain 13 specified respects. AR at 29–30 (citing AR at 463–79, 484, 491–92, 568, 782–83, 808–09, 881). Plaintiff essentially argues that the ALJ is not 14 qualified to consider whether Dr. Marinkovich’s opinions are inconsistent with the objective medical evidence, but this is indeed within the ALJ’s 15 purview. See, e.g., Bayliss [v. Barnhart], 427 F.3d [1211,] 1216 [(9th Cir.2005)] (finding that an ALJ permissibly considered whether a doctor’s 16 opinion was supported by his or her clinical notes, and did not err in rejecting a medical opinion based on a contradiction between the notes 17 and the opinion). 18 AR 1276. 19 The Court also noted that the 2015 opinion “comments and expands upon [Dr. 20 Marinkovich’s] earlier opinions, but is not based on updated treatment records[,]” and 21 “does not warrant remand, because it does not undermine the substantial evidence 22 supporting the ALJ’s decision.” Id. at 1276–77. In an order dated March 7th, 2017, 23 District Judge Richard A. Jones adopted Judge Donohue’s report and recommendation. [24] 1 In its dispositive order affirming the District Court in part and reversing in part, a 2 three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that 3 The ALJ offered “‘specific and legitimate reasons’ supported by substantial evidence in the record” for affording little weight to the opinions 4 of Dr. Frank F. Marinkovich, [Plaintiff]’s primary care physician. Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Murray v. Heckler, 722 5 F.2d 499 , 502 (9th Cir. 1983)). The ALJ properly identified a number of inconsistencies between the doctor’s opinions and his treatment notes, 6 see Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685 , 692–93 (9th Cir. 2009); Bayliss [], 427 F.3d [at] 1216[], and between the doctor’s 7 opinions and diagnostic studies, see Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008), regarding the degree of [Plaintiff]’s limitations. [8] AR 1256–57. [9] The Ninth Circuit held that the ALJ erred in finding that Dr. Marinkovich’s [10] opinions relied heavily on Plaintiff’s symptom complains, but also held that “the error [11] was harmless because the ALJ’s decision was based on other specific and legitimate [12] reasons that are supported by substantial evidence in the record.” AR 1257 (citing [13] Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1197 (9th Cir. 2004)). In the [14] decision that is now before the Court, the ALJ, citing this Court’s decision and the Ninth [15] Circuit’s order, reiterated that the opinion was inconsistent with objective evidence. AR [16] 1145. The Commissioner avers that the ALJ’s reasoning regarding the objective [17] evidence’s inconsistency with Dr. Marinkovich’s opinion became the law of the case [18] based on the opinion of the Ninth Circuit. Dkt. 18, p. 11. The Commissioner’s argument [19] is well-taken. [20] The law of the case doctrine generally prohibits a court from reconsidering an [21] issue that has already been decided by that same court, or by a higher court in the [22] same case. Stacy v. Colvin, 82 F.3d 563 , 567 (9th Cir. 2016). The doctrine should not [23] be applied “when the evidence on remand is substantially different, when the controlling [24] 1 law has changed, or when applying the doctrine would be unjust.” Id. at 567. 2 Plaintiff maintains that the law of the case doctrine is inapplicable here because 3 this Court’s decision “was reversed[,]” the Ninth Circuit decision “was dictum[,]” and 4 “neither decision considered Dr. Marinkovich’s January 2015 explanatory statement.” 5 Dkt. 17, p. 7 (italics in original). Yet the Ninth Circuit decision did not reverse but, rather, 6 affirmed the District Court’s decision with respect to the issue of Dr. Marinkovich’s 7 opinion. AR 1257. Both decisions also explicitly considered Dr. Marinkovich’s 2015 8 opinion. AR 1256–57, 1276. 9 In the reply brief, Plaintiff also notes that “the Appeals Council vacated the 10 previous ALJ decision.” Dkt. 23, p. 2 (italics in original). However, Plaintiff does not 11 provide any persuasive or controlling authority to support the proposition that the 12 Appeals Council order vacating the prior ALJ decision, issued in the wake of the Ninth 13 Circuit’s partial affirmance, rendered invalid this Court’s or the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning. 14 See id. Plaintiff does not effectively refute the Commissioner’s argument that the law of 15 the case doctrine applies here; thus, Plaintiff has failed to show error.2 16 B. Opinion of Dr. Diamonti 17 In June 2013, Dr. Diamonti evaluated Plaintiff, including a clinical interview and 18 mental status examination, and opined that Plaintiff had marked limitations in her ability 19 to complete a normal workday or work week without interruptions from psychologically 20 based symptoms; to maintain appropriate behavior in a work setting, or to communicate [21] 2 Plaintiff also notes that this Court and the Ninth Circuit panel “held that the ALJ’s analysis was 22 supported by substantial evidence; they did not hold that ALJ Martz’s analysis was supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” Dkt. 23, p. 2. Plaintiff does not, however, indicate why this is relevant. 23 As stated above, supra Section III, this Court reviews an ALJ’s findings for the support of substantial evidence. Revels, 874 F.3d at 654 . Plaintiff cites no authority to support the implied proposition that an 24 ALJ’s findings must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. 1 and perform effectively in a work setting. AR 864. The ALJ gave little weight to this 2 opinion, reasoning that it was (1) inconsistent with Dr. Diamonti’s unremarkable 3 examination findings; (2) inconsistent with Plaintiff’s overall performance in mental 4 status examinations; and (3) overly reliant on Plaintiff’s subjective complaints. AR 1148. 5 With respect to the ALJ’s first reason, an ALJ may discount a medical opinion on 6 the basis of contrast between the medical source’s recorded observations and 7 assessed limitations. Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1216. Here, as the ALJ noted, Dr. Diamonti 8 noted that Plaintiff showed an unhappy and dysphoric affect, but also showed 9 cooperative behavior, good attitude, good eye contact, appropriate facial expressions, 10 logical speech, normal thought processes, normal memory, normal concentration, and a 11 normal fund of knowledge. AR 1148 (citing AR 865–66). The ALJ, having accounted for 12 the lone abnormal finding, was entitled to rely on these normal examination results to 13 hold that Plaintiff’s limitations were less severe than Dr. Diamonti found. Plaintiff does 14 not refute this reasoning. Dkt. 17, pp. 9–10; Dkt. 23, pp. 4–5. 15 Although the ALJ provided additional reasons for discounting Dr. Diamonti’s 16 opinion, the Court need not assess whether these reasons were proper, as any error 17 would be harmless. See Presley-Carrillo v. Berryhill, 692 Fed. Appx. 941, 944-45 (9th 18 Cir. 2017) (citing Carmickle v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162 (9th 19 Cir. 2008)) (although an ALJ erred on one reason he gave to discount a medical 20 opinion, “this error was harmless because the ALJ gave a reason supported by the 21 record” to discount the opinion). [24] 1 2. Whether the ALJ Properly Considered Plaintiff’s Symptom Testimony 2 Next, Plaintiff assigns error to the ALJ’s evaluation of her symptom testimony. 3 Dkt. 17, p. 10. 4 In weighing a plaintiff’s testimony, an ALJ must use a two-step process. Trevizo, [5] 871 F.3d at 678 . First, the ALJ must determine whether there is objective medical 6 evidence of an underlying impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce 7 some degree of the alleged symptoms. Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 8 2014). If the first step is satisfied, and provided there is no evidence of malingering, the 9 second step allows the ALJ to reject the claimant’s testimony of the severity of 10 symptoms if the ALJ can provide specific findings and clear and convincing reasons for 11 rejecting the claimant’s testimony. Id. See Verduzco v. Apfel, 188 F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th 12 Cir. 1999) (inconsistent testimony about symptoms is clear and convincing reason to 13 discount subjective allegations). 14 The ALJ is required to state what testimony he or she determined to be not 15 credible and point to the evidence that undermines the plaintiff’s credibility. Dodrill v. 16 Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 918 (9th Cir. 1993). 17 At her first hearing, Plaintiff testified that her pain symptoms interfered with 18 concentration, sleep, ability to sit or stay in one position for more than a few minutes, 19 and sometimes left her bedridden for a whole day. AR 54–56. Plaintiff estimated that on 20 an average day, she had to spend about 30 percent of the time lying down. AR 56. 21 Plaintiff also testified to experiencing numbness in her hands, which interfered with her 22 ability to work at a desk or to perform self-care activities. AR 64–66. According to [24] 1 Plaintiff, she lived alone and had to rely on visitors to help clean the house or change 2 her bedsheets. AR 66. 3 In discounting the weight given to Plaintiff’s testimony, the ALJ reasoned that it 4 was inconsistent with (1) evidence of Plaintiff’s poor effort on physical examinations and 5 magnification of her symptoms; (2) other objective medical evidence in the record; (3) 6 evidence that Plaintiff’s symptoms improved with conservative treatment; and (4) 7 Plaintiff’s activities of daily living. AR 1136–41. 8 With respect to the ALJ’s first reason, evidence of a claimant’s poor effort in 9 physical examinations can undermine the reliability of the claimant’s subjective 10 complaints. See Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 959 (9th Cir. 2002). Observations 11 of “histrionic exaggeration” of symptoms may also justify discounting a claimant’s 12 complaints. Id. at 960 . Here, the ALJ noted that in a December 2010 visit with her 13 treating provider, despite rating her bilateral lower back and thigh pain as 9 on a 1014 point scale and stating that it was worse when sitting, standing, or performing any 15 activity for even minutes, Plaintiff showed no apparent distress in her examination. AR 16 1140 (citing AR 675). The ALJ also found that in a psychiatric consultative examination, 17 Plaintiff was noted to have “demonstrated pain behavior with histrionics,” as well as a 18 “vague historian[,]” who “was very difficult to pin down due to excessive elaboration and 19 emotional lability[.]” AR 1140 (citing AR 787). 20 The ALJ also discussed records from one day, May 15, 2013, when Plaintiff 21 completed two physical examinations—one with a treating provider and one with an 22 examining physician. AR 1140–41 (citing AR 774–75, 783). Upon examination with her 23 treating provider, Plaintiff showed normal gait, intact sensation in all extremities, and full [24] 1 range of motion in the lumbar spine and shoulders. AR 1140 (citing AR 783). However, 2 in the consultative physical examination, Plaintiff exhibited abnormal gait, decreased 3 sensation, and limited range of motion in her shoulders and lumbar spine. AR 1140 4 (citing AR 773–74). In addition, the examiner wrote that it was “unclear if [Plaintiff] is 5 giving adequate effort” and showed a positive result on a Hoover’s sign test.3 6 On appeal, Plaintiff avers that “none of the examples cited by the ALJ actually 7 establish” symptom magnification, and that “the ALJ is once again improperly 8 attempting to act as his own medical expert. Dkt. 17, p. 12. Plaintiff provides no further 9 detail to support this argument beyond this bare assertion. Id. Plaintiff does not 10 effectively refute the ALJ’s reasoning and cannot show harmful error. 11 “The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in the 12 medical testimony, and for resolving ambiguities. We must uphold the ALJ’s decision 13 where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Andrews v. 14 Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035 , 1039–40 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Such is the case 15 here. Plaintiff does not show any error in the ALJ’s reliance on evidence of symptom 16 magnification. 17 Because the ALJ provided at least one clear and convincing reason to discount 18 Plaintiff’s testimony regarding her symptoms, the Court need not evaluate the ALJ’s 19 other reasons, as any error would be harmless. See Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1162 . 20 Plaintiff does not establish harmful error in the ALJ’s evaluation of her subjective 21 testimony. [22] 3 The Hoover’s sign test “is performed to identify instances of feigned lower limb weakness[.]” § 71:8. 23 Diagnostic techniques—History and physical examination—Physical signs, 7 ATTORNEYS MEDICAL ADVISOR § 71:8 (2022). “The test is positive, indicating malingering, if the patient is unable to lift the 24 involved leg, yet exerts no downward pressure with the opposite leg.” Id. 1 3. Whether the ALJ Properly Evaluated Lay Witness Statements 2 Finally, Plaintiff assigns error to the ALJ’s evaluation of statements from David 3 Graves, Plaintiff’s friend; Hessam Salehi, Plaintiff’s former caretaker; and Laurie 4 Cassille, Plaintiff’s neighbor. Dkt. 17, p. 15. 5 Lay testimony regarding a claimant’s symptoms “is competent evidence that an 6 ALJ must take into account,” unless the ALJ “expressly determines to disregard such 7 testimony and gives reasons germane to each witness for doing so.” Lewis v. Apfel, 236 8 F.3d 503, 511 (9th Cir. 2001). In rejecting lay testimony, the ALJ need not cite the 9 specific record as long as “arguably germane reasons” for dismissing the testimony are 10 noted, even though the ALJ does “not clearly link his determination to those reasons,” 11 and substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision. Id. at 512 . The ALJ also may 12 “draw inferences logically flowing from the evidence.” Sample v. Schweiker, 694 F.2d 13 639, 642 (9th Cir. 1982). 14 In a statement dated April 1, 2013, Mr. Graves wrote that Plaintiff was unable to 15 sit or stand for long periods of time, needs to lay down frequently, has interrupted sleep 16 due to radicular pain, cannot do household chores, and cannot lift, bend, reach, or 17 stretch. AR 311–13, 316. On October 16, 2013, Mr. Salehi authored a statement in 18 which he indicated that Plaintiff could not stand for more than 15 to 20 minutes at a 19 time, could lift and carry less than five pounds, could walk for only 15 minutes with 20 constant pain, and could not reach out or hold on to objects. AR 404–05, 409. In an 21 additional statement, Mr. Salehi also indicated that Plaintiff was unable to concentrate 22 or sleep well, due to radicular pain symptoms, and needed to stop to lay down every 30 23 minutes when riding or driving in a car. AR 434. [24] 1 In a statement dated June 16, 2014, Ms. Cassille wrote a statement echoing 2 those of Mr. Salehi and Mr. Graves, and adding that whenever Plaintiff had to stand for 3 any period of time, “such as [while] rinsing vegetable[s] in the sink, she needs to lie 4 down for about 20 minutes.” AR 435. 5 The ALJ discounted these statements due to (1) inconsistency with the medical 6 evidence of record; (2) Plaintiff’s activities of daily living; and (3) evidence of Plaintiff’s 7 symptom exaggeration. AR 1142–43. 8 With respect to the ALJ’s first reason, inconsistency with the medical evidence is 9 a germane reason for discrediting lay witness statements. Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503 , 10 511 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, the ALJ noted that the lay witnesses’ reports of often11 incapacitating radicular spinal and leg pain were inconsistent with electromyogram 12 findings indicating no radicular neuropathy. AR 1142–43; see AR 558. The ALJ also 13 found that their descriptions of Plaintiff’s activities were inconsistent with physical 14 examination findings indicating normal strength, sensation, gait, and range of motion in 15 her limbs, as well as a lack of muscle atrophy that might otherwise be present in an 16 incapacitated patient. AR 1142–43; see also AR 463–79, 484, 491–92, 568, 782–83, 17 808–09, 881. Finally, the ALJ noted that the witnesses’ statements regarding Plaintiff’s 18 mental dysfunction were inconsistent with normal mental status examinations and a 19 history of minimal, conservative, and effective mental health treatment. AR 1142–43; 20 see also AR 663, 727, 740, 787–91, 866, 1139. 21 In citing this objective evidence, the ALJ provided a germane reason for 22 discounting the testimony of each of the three lay witnesses. Lewis, at 511. The Court is 23 satisfied that substantial evidence supported this reasoning and therefore, will not [24] 1 evaluate the ALJ’s other reasons; any error is harmless. See Carmickle v. Comm'r of 2 Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162 (9th Cir. 2008). 3 CONCLUSION 4 Based on the foregoing discussion, the Court finds the ALJ properly determined 5 plaintiff to be not disabled. Defendant’s decision to deny benefits therefore is 6 AFFIRMED. 7 Dated this 19th day of July, 2022. [9] A [10] Theresa L. Fricke 11 United States Magistrate Judge