Walker v. Microsoft Corporation

[5] 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE 8 JONATHAN JENNINGS WALKER, 9 Plaintiff, Case No. C22-482-TL-MLP 10 v. ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE 11 MICROSOFT CORPORATION, et al., AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A 12 Defendants. SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT [13] 14 I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY CONCLUSION 15 Plaintiff Jonathan Jennings Walker is currently confined in the State of Arkansas where 16 he is serving a 450-year prison term imposed following his conviction on charges which 17 apparently involve the possession of materials depicting child sexual abuse. (See dkt. # 9-2 (Am. 18 Compl.) at 9-12.) Plaintiff has submitted to the Court for filing what purports to be a class action 19 complaint brought under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 , 1985.1 (See id. at 1 .) Plaintiff alleges therein that [20] 1 Plaintiff submitted an application to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) and a proposed complaint to the 21 Court for filing on April 11, 2022. (See dkt. # 1.) Because of a deficiency involving Plaintiff’s IFP application, and delays in notifying Plaintiff of this deficiency because of Plaintiff’s failure to timely 22 update his address, Plaintiff’s original proposed complaint was never substantively reviewed by the Court. Plaintiff submitted a proposed amended complaint to the Court with his corrected IFP application [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 1 1 the Microsoft Corporation’s PhotoDNA system searches private data sent electronically through 2 internet service providers (“ISP”), electronic service providers (“ESP”), electronic 3 communication services (“ECS”), or wireless communication service providers (“WSP”), 4 without a warrant or any probable cause, and creates CyberTip Reports that are used to 5 investigate, arrest, prosecute, and incarcerate individuals. (See id. at 9-12 .) Plaintiff alleges that 6 use of the PhotoDNA system violates provisions of both federal and state law. (See id. at 21-36 .) 7 Plaintiff identifies the Microsoft Corporation and its PhotoDNA system as Defendants in this 8 action. (Id. at 1, 3-4.) Plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, and damages. (Id. at 9 37-38.) 10 The Court has now screened Plaintiff’s complaint in accordance with 28 U.S.C. 11 § 1915A(a) and concludes that Plaintiff has not adequately stated any cognizable claim for relief 12 in his pleading. Though it is not clear whether Plaintiff will be able to adequately state any claim 13 for relief if given an opportunity to amend his pleading, the Court nonetheless deems it 14 appropriate to grant Plaintiff leave to file a second amended complaint correcting, to the extent 15 possible, the deficiencies identified below. 16 II. BACKGROUND 17 At the heart of this civil rights action is the PhotoDNA system developed by the 18 Microsoft Corporation, a private company headquartered in Redmond, Washington. (Am. 19 Compl. at 4-5.) As Plaintiff describes it, the PhotoDNA system automatically scans the private 20 digital data of individuals as the data passes through Microsoft and other ESPs, ISPs, ECSs, and [21] on July 8, 2022. (See dkt. ## 9, 9-2.) Plaintiff’s amended complaint is the operative complaint in this 22 action at the present time. [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 2 1 WSPs, seeking to identify videos and images of possible illegal activity involving child sexual 2 abuse. (Id. at 5.) The PhotoDNA system does this by creating a unique hash value to represent 3 each image that is scanned, and by then comparing the created hash value against a hash value 4 database of known child sexual abuse materials (“CSAM”) which is hosted and maintained by 5 the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (“NCMEC”). (Id. at 5-6.) 6 When possible CSAMs are identified during these automated searches, the ISP, ESP, 7 ECS, or WSP that identifies the materials is required to submit a report to the NCMEC’s 8 CyberTipline. (Am. Compl. at 6.) The PhotoDNA system includes a reporting service that 9 creates the required report, and Microsoft routes the report to the NCMEC on behalf of the ISP, 10 ESP, ECS, or WSP. (Id.) According to Plaintiff, the Photo DNA system is widely used and most 11 private data passing through most ISPs, ESPs, ECSs, and WSPs in the United States is therefore 12 automatically seized and scanned without any warrant or good faith reason for doing so. (Id. at 13 6-7.) Plaintiff claims that the NCMEC and law enforcement agencies worldwide use the 14 PhotoDNA system free of charge to review video and images contained within what he 15 maintains are illegally seized private data and communications. (Id. at 7.) 16 Plaintiff asserts that on April 28, 2020, Microsoft’s PhotoDNA system scanned a private 17 data file uploaded to a Microsoft OneDrive account from an IP address registered to him, and the 18 system identified this private data as possible child sexual abuse material. (Am. Compl. at 9.) 19 Plaintiff further asserts that Microsoft then utilized the PhotoDNA system to automatically create 20 a CyberTip Report which was sent to the NCMEC together with Plaintiff’s IP address, the name 21 of the suspect file, the OneDrive account number to which the file was uploaded, and a statement [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 3 1 indicating that it had not been confirmed by anyone at Microsoft whether or not the image file 2 contained child sexual abuse material. (Id. at 10.) 3 Plaintiff claims that on May 11, 2020, the NCMEC, without viewing the possible image 4 of child sexual abuse, sent the CyberTip it received from Microsoft to the Arkansas State Police. 5 (Am. Compl. at 10.) Plaintiff further claims that on August 6, 2020, the Arkansas State Police 6 arrested him and executed a search warrant on his apartment, all based upon the PhotoDNA 7 system’s automated search and unconfirmed CyberTip Report. (Id.) The prosecuting attorney for 8 Clark County, Arkansas, thereafter prosecuted Plaintiff based in part on what Plaintiff maintains 9 was an illegal search done by Microsoft’s PhotoDNA system. (Id. at 10-11.) Plaintiff was 10 convicted and was sentenced to 450-years in the Arkansas Department of Corrections. (Id. at 11.) 11 Plaintiff appears to identify 25 separate claims for relief in his amended complaint. 12 Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Microsoft, through its use of the PhotoDNA system, 13 automatically seizes and then searches the personal communications and/or data being sent from 14 his IP address, and the IP addresses of other class members, looking for possible criminal 15 activity without a warrant or any probable cause, and thereby violates his rights and the rights of 16 other class members under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States 17 Constitution, under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2523 , §§ 2701-2713, and § 3121, under 42 U.S.C. 18 § 2000aa, and under various provisions of Washington and Arkansas state law. (Am. Compl. at 19 21-27.) Plaintiff further alleges that the PhotoDNA system itself likewise violates federal and 20 state law by automatically seizing and searching private communications and/or data for possible 21 criminal activity without a warrant or any probable cause, and by then automatically creating a [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 4 1 CyberTip Report that is sent to law enforcement agencies and has resulted in the arrest and 2 prosecution of Plaintiff and other class members. (Id. at 27-35.) 3 Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Microsoft conspired with law enforcement, the NCMEC, the 4 International Center for Missing and Exploited Children (“ICMEC”), the Department of 5 Homeland Security (“DHS”), and unnamed other persons, institutions and agencies to violate the 6 rights guaranteed to him and to class members by the United States Constitution and federal 7 statutes when they created the PhotoDNA system and put it online. (Am. Compl at 35-36.) 8 Plaintiff, in his request for relief, requests declaratory and injunctive relief and damages 9 on behalf of himself and on behalf of the purported class members. (See Am. Compl. at 36-38.) 10 Plaintiff also makes a request for damages pertaining only to himself, asking that he be awarded 11 compensatory damages in the amount of $100,000 per year for every year of the 450-year 12 sentence imposed by the Arkansas courts, for a total of $45 million. (Id. at 7.) 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 A. Standards 15 Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that in order for a pleading to 16 state a claim for relief it must contain a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s 17 jurisdiction, a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, 18 and a demand for the relief sought. The statement of the claim must be sufficient to “give the 19 defendant fair notice of what the plaintiff’s claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Conley 20 v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957). The factual allegations of a complaint must be “enough to 21 raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 , [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 5 1 555 (2007). In addition, a complaint must allege facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible 2 on its face. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 3 To state a claim for relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 , a plaintiff must show (1) that he 4 suffered a violation of rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute, and (2) 5 that the violation was proximately caused by a person acting under color of state law. See 6 Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991). To satisfy the second prong, a plaintiff 7 must allege facts showing how individually named defendants caused, or personally participated 8 in causing, the harm alleged in the complaint. See Arnold v. IBM, 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 9 1981). 10 B. Deficiencies 11 As an initial matter, the Court notes that Mr. Walker is proceeding with this action pro se 12 and, though he designates his amended complaint as a “Class Action” complaint, and identifies 13 himself as the class representative, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that a pro se litigant has no 14 authority to appear as an attorney for others. See C.E. Pope Equity Trust v. United States, 818 15 F.2d 696, 697 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing Russell v. United States, 308 F.2d 78, 79 (9th Cir. 1962)); 16 McShane v. United States, 366 F.2d 286, 288 (9th Cir. 1966). Because Mr. Walker does not have 17 authority to appear on behalf of any other litigants, this action is not maintainable as a class 18 action. 19 Another issue of concern is that the two Defendants named in this action, Microsoft and 20 the PhotoDNA system, appear to be private actors.2 A claim under § 1983 requires that a person [21] 22 2 The Court questions Plaintiff’s decision to name both Microsoft and the PhotoDNA system as Defendants in this action. Assuming that a computer program such as PhotoDNA can ever be a proper [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 6 1 or entity be acting “under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any 2 State or Territory” when depriving a party of his rights, privileges or immunities. 42 U.S.C. 3 § 1983. “Only in rare circumstances” will a court view a private party as a state actor for § 1983 4 purposes. Sutton v. Providence St. Joseph Med. Ctr., 192 F.3d 826, 835 (9th Cir. 1999). For 5 private conduct to constitute governmental action, there must be such a “close nexus between the 6 State and the challenged action that seemingly private behavior may be treated as that of the 7 State itself.” Brentwood Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 295 (2001) 8 (internal quotations omitted). 9 In an apparent attempt to demonstrate that Microsoft, and the PhotoDNA system it 10 developed, are proper defendants in this civil rights action, Plaintiff asserts that Microsoft 11 “receives benefits” in the State of Washington, and that it receives funds from the State for law 12 enforcement purposes. (See Am. Compl. at 4-5, 9-11.) Plaintiff also asserts that the PhotoDNA 13 system is maintained through partnerships with the DHS, NCMEC, and ICMEC, and that 14 Microsoft receives federal grant money from the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”) 15 and DHS for law enforcement purposes, including the funding of the PhotoDNA system. (Id. at 16 8, 11-12.) These allegations are insufficient to demonstrate the “close nexus” necessary for 17 Microsoft and the PhotoDNA system to be deemed state actors for purposes of this action. 18 The Court begins by observing that, to the extent Plaintiff relies on Microsoft’s 19 relationships with federal entities or agencies, including DHS, DOJ, NCMEC, and ICMEC, he 20 has demonstrated no nexus between the Defendants and a state actor as required under § 1983. [21] defendant, the Court fails to discern how the Microsoft Corporation and a computer program/system it 22 created might plausibly be deemed separate entities for purposes of this action. [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 7 1 See Morse v. N. Coast Opportunities, Inc., 118 F.3d 1338, 1343 (9th Cir. 1997) (“[B]y its very 2 terms, § 1983 precludes liability in federal government actors.”) Moreover, merely receiving 3 funding from a government entity is not sufficient to create a “close nexus” between government 4 and private entities. See Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 841-42 (1982). In order to 5 establish the required nexus, the government must profit from the alleged unconstitutional 6 conduct of the private entity. See id. at 843 . Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to demonstrate 7 that the complained of actions of Microsoft and/or the PhotoDNA system constitute state action 8 for purposes of § 1983 and, thus, Plaintiff has not alleged any plausible ground for relief against 9 these entities under § 1983. 10 Plaintiff likewise fails to state a plausible conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 . 11 Plaintiff does not identify in his pleading the specific subsection of § 1985 that he intends to rely 12 on in this action, though § 1985(3) appears to be the only likely possibility. To state a cause of 13 action under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must show that (1) “some racial, or perhaps otherwise 14 class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus [lay] behind the conspirators’ action,” and (2) the 15 conspiracy was “aimed at interfering with rights that are protected against private, as well as 16 official encroachment.” Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 267-68 (1993) 17 (internal citations omitted). Plaintiff alleges no facts demonstrating that Microsoft’s actions were 18 motivated by racial or class-based discriminatory animus. 19 In addition, though Plaintiff does not directly challenge in this action the convictions 20 underlying his current confinement, the gravamen of his complaint appears to be that the 21 evidence upon which his convictions were based was unlawfully obtained through the use of 22 Microsoft’s PhotoDNA system. It thus appears that should Plaintiff obtain a ruling in his favor [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 8 1 on any of the federal claims asserted in this action, such a ruling would likely undermine the 2 validity of his convictions. In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), the United States 3 Supreme Court held that a § 1983 claim that calls into question the lawfulness of a prisoner’s 4 conviction or confinement does not accrue “unless and until the conviction or sentence is 5 reversed, expunged, invalidated, or impugned by the grant of a writ of habeas corpus.” Id. at 489. 6 Nothing in the record suggests that Plaintiff’s confinement has been invalidated in any way and, 7 thus, any claims relating to the fact or duration of his confinement are likely barred by Heck. 8 Finally, assuming Plaintiff can overcome the multiple deficiencies identified above, the 9 Court observes that Plaintiff’s federal statutory claims, as well as his state law claims, lack 10 sufficient specificity to state any plausible claim for relief. Plaintiff, in setting forth his claims, 11 by and large repeats the same body of facts and then separately alleges that those facts violate 12 various provisions of federal and state constitutional and statutory law. (See Am. Compl. at 13 21-34.) If Plaintiff wishes to pursue such claims, he must explain how his alleged set of facts 14 entitles him to relief in relation to the specific elements of the constitutional and/or statutory 15 provisions cited. Plaintiff will also need to demonstrate, with respect to his alleged statutory 16 claims, that the cited statutes provide for a private right of action. 17 IV. CONCLUSION 18 Because of the deficiencies identified above, the Court declines to direct that Plaintiff’s 19 amended complaint be served on Defendants. However, Plaintiff is granted leave to file a second 20 amended complaint curing the noted deficiencies within thirty (30) days of the date on which 21 this Order is signed. Plaintiff must ensure that the amended complaint carries the same case 22 number as his original complaint. If no amended complaint is timely filed, or if Plaintiff fails to [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 9 1 correct the deficiencies identified above, the Court will recommend that this action be dismissed 2 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2)(B). Plaintiff is advised that an 3 amended pleading operates as a complete substitute for an original pleading. See Ferdik v. 4 Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner 5 & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1990) (as amended)). Thus, any second amended 6 complaint must clearly identify each intended Defendant, all intended claims, the specific facts 7 which Plaintiff believes support each claim, and the specific relief requested. 8 The Clerk is directed to send Plaintiff the appropriate forms so that he may file a second 9 amended complaint. The Clerk is further directed to send copies of this Order to Plaintiff and to 10 the Honorable Tana Lin. 11 DATED this 3rd day of August, 2022. [12] A [13] MICHELLE L. PETERSON 14 United States Magistrate Judge [23] ORDER DECLINING TO SERVE AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE A SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT - 10