Bethune v. City of Washougal

— 1 — — 2 — — 3 — — 4 — — 5 — — 6 — — 7 — UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT — 8 — WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA — 9 — — 10 — JEFFREY BETHUNE, CASE NO. 3:21-cv-05647-DGE — 11 — Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING PARTIAL 12 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DISMISSING STATE LAW 13 CITY OF WASHOUGAL; A POLITICAL CLAIMS (DKT. NO. 16) SUBDIVISION OF THE STATE OF 14 WASHINGTON, OFFICER FRANCIS REAGAN INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS 15 OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS POLICE OFFICER FOR CITY OF WASHOUGAL, — 16 — Defendants. — 17 — — 18 — I INTRODUCTION — 19 — This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. — 20 — No. 16). Having examined the briefing and the record, the Court GRANTS summary judgment — 21 — to Defendants on Plaintiff’s federal law claims and exercises its discretion to DISMISS — 22 — Plaintiff’s state law claims for the reasons articulated herein. — 23 — — 24 — 1 II BACKGROUND 2 This matter arises out of an alleged civil dispute between Plaintiff Jeffrey Bethune’s 3 daughter Jordan and her ex-boyfriend Jacob Treacy. Certain facts are uncontested. Both parties 4 acknowledge that Plaintiff took possession of multiple firearms of disputed provenance. (See 5 Dkt. Nos. 16 at 2; 23 at 2.) Mr. Treacy contacted the police to obtain possession of these 6 firearms. (Id.) Officer Reagan was the officer responsible for investigating Mr. Treacy’s claims. 7 (Id.) And Officer Reagan ultimately arrested Mr. Bethune for theft of firearms on October 20, 8 2019. (See Dkt. Nos. 16 at 2; 23 at 4.) Mr. Bethune was charged with three counts of theft of a 9 firearm. (See Dkt. No. 17 at 17.) The prosecutor subsequently dropped the charges against 10 Plaintiff. 11 On August 19, 2021, Plaintiff filed suit against the City of Washougal, Chief of Police 12 Wendi Steinbronn both individually and in her official capacity, and Officer Francis Reagan both 13 individually and his official capacity. (Dkt. No. 1-1 at 1). Plaintiff alleged numerous civil rights 14 violations pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as well as state law claims for negligence and 15 defamation and sought declaratory relief and monetary damages for his purported injuries. (See 16 generally Dkt. No. 1-1.) The Defendants removed this action to federal court on September 3, 17 2021. (Dkt. No. 1.) On January 18, 2022, the parties stipulated to, and the Court approved, the 18 dismissal of the claims against Chief Steinbronn. (See Dkt. No. 13.) On July 7, 2022, the 19 remaining Defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that there were no genuine 20 disputes of material fact as to any of Plaintiff’s claims and that they were entitled to judgment as 21 a matter of law. (Dkt. No. 16 at 1.) Plaintiff moved for an extension of time to respond to 22 Defendant’s motion (Dkt. No. 18), which Defendants opposed (Dkt. No. 20). The Court granted — 23 — — 24 — 1 Plaintiff’s motion for an extension (Dkt. No. 22) and Plaintiff filed his opposition to Defendants’ 2 motion on August 15, 2022 (Dkt. No. 23). Plaintiff filed a timely reply. (Dkt. No. 24.) 3 III DISCUSSION 4 A. Legal Standard 5 A court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine 6 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. 7 R. Civ. P. 56(a). “The deciding court must view the evidence, including all reasonable 8 inferences, in favor of the non-moving party.” Reed v. Lieurance, 863 F.3d 1196, 1204 (9th Cir. 9 2017). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing 10 law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes that are irrelevant or 11 unnecessary will not be counted.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 12 Additionally, the moving party may meet their summary judgment burden by establishing 13 through argument that the non-movant has failed to offer any evidence in support of their claims. 14 Garnica v. Washington Dep’t of Corr., 965 F. Supp. 2d 1250, 1263 (W.D. Wash. 2013), aff'd, — 15 — 639 F. App’x 484 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Fairbank v. Wunderman Cato Johnson, 212 F.3d 528 , 16 532 (9th Cir. 2000); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3). 17 B. Substantive Due Process Claims 18 The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to offer any evidence that he was deprived of 19 substantive due process after his arrest and as such grants Defendants’ motion for summary 20 judgment on Plaintiff’s due process claims. 21 Plaintiff fails to articulate in his complaint precisely how the Defendants denied him due 22 process of law, but the Court construes his claim as alleging that the circumstances of his arrest 23 violated his substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. To prevail on a — 24 — 1 claim that Plaintiff’s substantive due process rights were violated, he must show that “the 2 behavior of the governmental officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to 3 shock the contemporary conscience.” Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 , 847 n.8 4 (1998). However, claims alleging substantive due process violations before or during an arrest 5 must be analyzed under the Fourth, not Fourteenth, Amendment. See Fontana v. Haskin, 262 6 F.3d 871, 881 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff presents no evidence of other facts that would give rise 7 to a substantive due process violation outside of the context of his arrest. As such, the Court 8 grants summary judgment to the Defendants as to Plaintiffs’ substantive due process claims. 9 C. Equal Protection Clause Claims 10 The Court similarly grants summary judgment to Defendants on Plaintiff’s Equal 11 Protection Clause claims. 12 “To succeed on a § 1983 equal protection claim, the plaintiff[ ] must prove that the 13 defendants acted in a discriminatory manner and that the discrimination was intentional.” 14 Appling v. City of Los Angeles, 701 F. App’x 622, 626 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Reese v. 15 Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d 736 , 740 (9th Cir. 2000)) (alteration in original). Plaintiff 16 has offered no evidence indicating that he is a member of a protected class or that the Defendants 17 intentionally discriminated against him based on his membership in that class. There is no 18 evidence in the record supporting an allegation that the Defendants possessed an “impermissible 19 motive.” Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d at 740. “[C]onclusory statements of bias do not 20 carry the nonmoving party's burden in opposition to a motion for summary judgment.” Thornton 21 v. City of St. Helens, 425 F.3d 1158, 1167 (9th Cir. 2005). As such, the Court grants Defendants’ 22 motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s equal protection clause claims. 23 D. Municipal Liability — 24 — 1 Plaintiff has also failed to provide any evidence to support his claims for municipal 2 liability against the City of Washougal. 3 Defendants correctly note that a municipality may not be held liable pursuant to 42 4 U.S.C. § 1983 on a theory of respondeat superior. (See Dkt. No. 16 at 4); see also Monell v. 5 Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978) ( “[A] municipality cannot be 6 held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.”). A claim for municipal liability will 7 only lie where “execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers 8 or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury 9 that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694 . To 10 establish that a municipality had a “policy or custom” pursuant to Monell, a plaintiff must offer 11 evidence that 1) the municipality acted according to an ‘“expressly adopted official policy,’” 2) 12 the entity maintained a longstanding practice or custom that gave rise to plaintiff’s injury, or 3) 13 that an official with final policy-making authority ratified the allegedly unconstitutional actions. 14 Gordon v. Cnty. of Orange, 6 F.4th 961 , 973–74 (9th Cir. 2021). Plaintiff has failed to offer any 15 such evidence and his Monell claims rest on mere conclusory allegations. 16 a. Express Official Policy 17 First, Plaintiff has put forward no evidence that the municipality had an expressly 18 adopted official policy that was unconstitutional. 19 b. Ratification 20 Second, Plaintiff offers no evidence that an official with final policy-making authority 21 ratified his allegedly unconstitutional arrest. Plaintiff appears to argue that the fact that the City 22 of Washougal, through Chief of Police Steinbronn, failed to train or discipline Officer Reagan 23 after the dismissal of Plaintiff’s arrest is sufficient to ratify his allegedly unconstitutional actions. — 24 — 1 (Dkt. No. 23 at 8.) Plaintiff cites to Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469 (1986) to 2 support this proposition, but Pembaur is clearly distinguishable based on the facts. In Pembaur, 3 a local county prosecutor in Ohio affirmatively ordered local sheriffs to arrest witnesses who 4 failed to respond to grand jury subpoenas and the prosecutor subsequently charged the petitioner 5 with obstructing the execution of the arrest warrants. Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 472–73. Chief 6 Steinbronn, by contrast, is alleged to have ratified Officer Reagan’s actions by failing to 7 discipline him. Additionally, lower state appellate courts in Pembaur had determined that 8 county prosecutors in Ohio could, depending on the circumstances, establish county policy in 9 certain circumstances. Id. at 484 . 10 “Whether a particular official has final policy-making authority is a question of state 11 law.” Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346 (9th Cir. 1992). “[T]he identification of 12 policymaking officials is not a question of federal law, and it is not a question of fact in the usual 13 sense.” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 124 (1988). Final policy making authority 14 may either be “granted directly by a legislative enactment or may be delegated by an official who 15 possesses such authority.” Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 483 . “[U]nconstitutional discretionary actions 16 of municipal employees generally are not chargeable to the municipality under section 1983.” 17 Gillette, 979 F.2d at 1347 . Plaintiff must demonstrate that “a policymaker approve[d] a 18 subordinate’s decision and the basis for it before the policymaker will be deemed to have ratified 19 the subordinate's discretionary decision.” Gillette, 979 F.2d at 1348 (emphasis in original). 20 Here, Plaintiff offers no evidence to support a finding that Chief Steinbronn is invested 21 with final policy-making authority or that the Chief of Police approved Officer Reagan’s 22 decisions and the basis for it. — 23 — — 24 — 1 Plaintiff does not provide evidence indicating that the Chief of Police in the City of 2 Washougal has final policymaking authority. The City of Washougal is a non-charter code city. 3 See WMC 1.16.010. Under state law, the city council has the power to “power to organize and 4 regulate its internal affairs . . . and to define the functions, powers, and duties of its officers and 5 employees.” Wash. Rev. Code § 35A.11.020. The City of Washougal’s municipal code also 6 provides that the Chief of Police is “subject to the direction of the city manager.” WMC 7 2.64.010. The City Manager ultimately has “general supervision over the administrative affairs 8 of the city . . . [And the power to] appoint and remove, at any time, all department heads, officers 9 and employees of the city.” WMC 2.05.030. The code vests the Chief of Police with the “power 10 to act as granted by the state for noncharter, incorporated cities.” WMC 2.64.040. Given the 11 supervisory powers of the city council and city manager, we find that the Chief of Police does 12 not have final policymaking authority on behalf of the city. See Bondurant v. City of 13 Battleground, No. 3:15-CV-05719-KLS, 2016 WL 6973267 , at *7 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 28, 2016) 14 (finding that the Chief of Police in a non-charter code city did not have final policymaking 15 authority to ratify the allegedly unconstitutional conduct of their officers), aff’d sub nom. 16 Bondurant v. City of Battle Ground, 698 F. App’x 361 (9th Cir. 2017). 17 Even were the Court to find that the Chief of Police had such authority, Plaintiff has 18 asserted no material facts that establish that Chief Steinbronn affirmatively approved Officer 19 Reagan’s arrest of Plaintiff and the basis for it. At most, Plaintiff has offered evidence that 20 Officer Reagan was subject to an internal investigation by a patrol sergeant and that the 21 investigation found no evidence of wrongdoing. (See Dkt. 23-1 at 24–25.) Contrary to 22 Plaintiff’s assertions, Officer Reagan’s deposition testimony clearly indicates that Officer 23 Reagan did not regularly work with the patrol sergeant and the patrol sergeant was not a member — 24 — 1 of the response team that Officer Reagan was on.1 Failure to discipline an officer does not 2 establish that Chief Steinbronn affirmatively approved Officer Reagan’s decision to arrest Mr. 3 Bethune and the basis for it. 4 Defendants have adequately shown the absence of evidence in support of Plaintiff’s 5 ratification claims and Plaintiff has not rebutted this burden through affidavit or other evidence. 6 Fairbank, 212 F.3d at 532 . 7 c. Long-Standing Practice or Custom 8 Third, Plaintiff fails to offer material evidence to establish that the City had a long9 standing practice or custom that gave rise to their injuries. 10 Long-standing practices or customs may be adduced when a municipality “fails to train 11 its employees adequately.” Gordon, 6 F.4th at 973. Plaintiffs seeking to establish that a 12 municipality should be held liable for failure to train “‘must demonstrate a conscious or 13 deliberate choice on the part of a municipality in order to prevail on a failure to train claim.’” 14 Flores v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 758 F.3d 1154, 1158 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Price v. Sery, 513 15 F.3d 962, 973 (9th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs must also establish 16 “deliberate indifference” to prevail on a failure to supervise claim. Dougherty v. City of Covina, — 17 — 654 F.3d 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011). Negligence is not sufficient to establish failure to train or to 18 supervise. Id. 19 Plaintiff makes several arguments as to why the City was deliberately indifferent, but 20 each is unconvincing. Plaintiff argues 1) that the City’s “inefficient implementation of — 21 — 1 The brief asserts that “[t]he police Department chose [Officer Reagan’s] supervisor to conduct — 22 — the internal investigation against Officer Reagan, who not surprisingly found he had done nothing wrong.” (Dkt. No. 23 at 8.) As noted, this is unsupported by the actual deposition testimony — 23 — presented to the Court. In the future, Plaintiff’s counsel should be careful to review the factual assertions levied in their brief for error. — 24 — 1 administrative policies” to discipline Officer Reagan for prior complaints of misconduct evinces 2 a policy of deliberate indifference, 2) that the City was on notice that their failure to train or 3 supervise was leading to the violation of constitutional rights, and 3) that the City’s failure to 4 properly investigate and discipline Officer Reagan after the arrest of Mr. Bethune is sufficient in 5 itself to establish that the City was deliberately indifferent to Officer Reagan’s allegedly 6 unconstitutional actions. (Dkt. No. 7–8.) However, once again Plaintiff offers no substantive 7 evidence to support these claims. 8 Plaintiff points to Officer Reagan’s deposition testimony to assert that the city failed to 9 properly investigate him, but the testimony merely establishes that Officer Reagan had been 10 investigated for complaints, not that he was found guilty of or investigated for prior 11 constitutional violations. (See Dkt. No. 23-1 at 24); (see also Dkt No. 25-1 at 2.) Plaintiff offers 12 no evidence as to whether these prior investigations were based on alleged constitutional 13 violations. Cf. Hunter v. Cnty. of Sacramento, 652 F.3d 1225, 1234 (9th Cir. 2011) (noting that 14 deliberate indifference could be determined where evidence shows officers repeatedly committed 15 constitutional violations but were not disciplined or reprimanded). 16 Evidence that Officer Reagan was previously investigated, absent more, is also not 17 sufficient to establish that the city was on actual or constructive notice that it failed to adequately 18 train or supervise its officers. Plaintiff offers no evidence to establish that other officers had 19 violated citizens’ constitutional rights by intervening in landlord-tenant disputes. See Gordon, 6 20 F.4th at 974 (“[A] single incident of unconstitutional activity is [typically] not sufficient to 21 impose liability under Monell.”). Plaintiff’s current lawsuit alleging that Officer Reagan violated 22 his constitutional rights is not sufficient to put the City on notice. Plaintiff cites to no authority, 23 nor is the Court aware of any such authority, that would establish actual or constructive notice — 24 — 1 based on the instant litigation. Nor is the City’s failure to discipline Officer Reagan sufficient to 2 establish deliberate indifference. As previously discussed, Plaintiff’s evidence only shows that 3 Officer Reagan was investigated by an officer with whom he had little working relationship and 4 that the investigation found no evidence of wrongdoing. (Dkt. 23-1 at 24–25.) 5 In sum, Defendants have convincingly shown that Plaintiff has offered no relevant 6 evidence establishing Monell liability for the City of Washougal for any of Plaintiff’s 7 constitutional claims. Plaintiff fails to rebut this showing, and as such the Court GRANTS 8 summary judgment in favor of the Defendants as to all of Plaintiff’s Monell claims. 9 E. Fourth Amendment Claims2 10 Plaintiff asserts that Officer Reagan unconstitutionally searched and seized, falsely 11 arrested, and unlawfully imprisoned him, in violation of his constitutionally protected rights. 12 (See Dkt. No. 1-1 at 5.) As discussed above, the constitutionality of Plaintiff’s arrest must be 13 analyzed under the Fourth Amendment. See Fontana, 262 F.3d at 881. Arrests are seizures 14 under the Fourth Amendment “and must be supported by probable cause.” Morgan v. Woessner, — 15 — — 16 — — 17 — 2 Plaintiff’s complaint alleges violations of his right to be free from false arrest and false imprisonment pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 . (See Dkt. No. 1-1 at 4–5.) The Court construes these — 18 — claims as being brought pursuant to Plaintiff’s rights under the Fourth Amendment rather than pursuant to Washington state law as § 1983 only provides a cause of action for violations of the — 19 — U.S. Constitution or federal law. See Lopez v. Dep’t of Health Servs., 939 F.2d 881, 883 (9th Cir. 1991) (“To state a section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege facts which show a deprivation of a — 20 — right, privilege or immunity secured by the Constitution or federal law by a person acting under color of state law.”). Plaintiff cites to Washington state legal standards for false arrest and — 21 — imprisonment in their briefing but does not assert that these claims are brought pursuant to state law. (See Dkt. No. 23 at 12.) To the extent that these claims are brought pursuant to state law, we — 22 — would dismiss them as we find that we no longer have jurisdiction over the underlying action. See Kandi v. Mgmt. & Training Corp., 778 F. App’x 462 , 463 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[A] federal court may — 23 — decline supplemental jurisdiction over related state law claims once it has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.”). — 24 — — 1 — 997 F.2d 1244, 1252 (9th Cir. 1993); see also Rosenbaum v. Washoe Cnty., 663 F.3d 1071 , 1076 2 (9th Cir. 2011). 3 Defendants argue that Officer Reagan is entitled to qualified immunity related to 4 Plaintiff’s arrest. (Dkt. No. 16 at 6.) To assess whether an official is entitled to qualified 5 immunity, a court must determine “(1) whether the facts alleged show that the officer violated a 6 constitutional right; and (2) if so, whether that right was clearly established at the time of the 7 event.” Rosenbaum, 663 F.3d at 1075 . These factors may be assessed in either order. Id.; see 8 also Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). Whether an officer violated a constitutional 9 right is a question of fact, while the determination as to whether the right was “clearly 10 established” is a question of law. Tortu v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 556 F.3d 1075 , 1085 11 (9th Cir. 2009). Where a party claims that they were subject to an unlawful arrest or detention, 12 the qualified immunity analysis focuses on “(1) whether there was probable cause for the arrest; 13 and (2) whether it is reasonably arguable that there was probable cause for arrest—that is, 14 whether reasonable officers could disagree as to the legality of the arrest such that the arresting 15 officer is entitled to qualified immunity.” Rosenbaum, 663 F.3d at 1076 . 16 Officer Reagan is entitled to qualified immunity “if a reasonable officer could have 17 believed that probable cause existed to arrest” Mr. Bethune. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224 , 228 18 (1991). Probable cause exists where “officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy 19 information sufficient to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been 20 or is being committed by the person being arrested.” United States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067 , 21 1072 (9th Cir. 2007) This is an objective inquiry. Id. Additionally, officers “may not disregard 22 facts tending to dissipate probable cause.” Sialoi v. City of San Diego, 823 F.3d 1223, 1232 (9th 23 Cir. 2016) (quoting Lopez, 482 F.3d at 1073 ). — 24 — 1 The Court finds that a reasonable officer could disagree as to the legality of Plaintiff’s 2 arrest and as such find that Officer Reagan is entitled to qualified immunity.3 Defendants argue 3 that Plaintiff told Officer Reagan that he refused to return the guns and that he was aware that 4 these guns were claimed by his daughter’s ex-boyfriend. (See Dkt. No. 24 at 7.) They also argue 5 that Plaintiff had no right himself to hold the ex-boyfriend’s guns. (Id.) This, they argue, is 6 sufficient to establish that Officer Reagan could reasonably believe that an offense had been 7 committed since the law under which Plaintiff was charged, theft of a firearm, defines theft as 8 “wrongfully obtain[ing] or exert[ing] unauthorized control over the property or services of 9 another or the value thereof, with intent to deprive him or her of such property or services.” 10 Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.56.020. Plaintiff, by contrast, asserts that it was objectively unreasonable 11 for Officer Reagan to rely on Mr. Treacy’s testimony that the guns belonged to him and to ignore 12 contrary evidence that there was a dispute over the nature of the ownership of the property. 13 (Dkt. No. 23 at 11.) 14 The record contains conflicting assertions as to what Plaintiff informed Officer Reagan 15 about the guns in his possession and what evidence he relied on in making his arrest. In 16 Plaintiff’s deposition testimony, Plaintiff asserts that he told Officer Reagan that the guns were 17 not stolen, that his daughter and her ex-boyfriend “bought a lot of their properties, all their stuff 18 together. I don't know who’s what. I just told him they’re safe, they’re secure.” (See Dkt. No. 19 17 at 10.) Plaintiff also asserts that he informed Officer Reagan that there was a civil dispute 20 over the rightful possession of those guns. (See, e.g., Dkt. No. 23-1 at 15.) It is clearly 21 established that a civil dispute cannot give rise to probable cause for a criminal arrest. See, e.g., — 22 — 3 Because reasonable officers could disagree as to whether there was probable cause in this — 23 — instance, the Court need not reach the issue of whether Officer Reagan had probable cause to arrest Mr. Bethune. — 24 — 1 Stevens v. Rose, 298 F.3d 880, 883 (9th Cir. 2002). It is undisputed that Officer Reagan was 2 informed, in some capacity, that the guns at issue were subject to a civil dispute between 3 Plaintiff’s daughter and his daughter’s ex-boyfriend. Officer Reagan’s police report 4 acknowledges such. (See Dkt. No. 23-1 at 39–40). What is disputed is the extent to which 5 Officer Reagan was aware of the nature of the civil dispute between Plaintiff’s daughter and his 6 daughter’s ex-boyfriend. 7 However, even if the Court assumes that Officer Reagan was aware that there was a civil 8 dispute over property ownership, taking the facts as presented in Plaintiff’s favor, reasonable 9 officers could still disagree as to whether Officer Reagan had probable cause to arrest Plaintiff. 10 The parties agree or the facts unambiguously indicate that: 1) Plaintiff refused to return the guns 11 at issue (see Dkt. Nos. 16 at 9; 23 at 11); 2) Plaintiff was aware that there was a dispute over 12 ownership of the guns (see, e.g., Dkt. No. 23-1 at 7); 3) Plaintiff did not own or have any legal 13 claim to the guns; and 4) Plaintiff was not a party to the civil dispute, (see Dkt. No. 17 at 11) 14 (noting that the attorney who advised Plaintiff to retain the firearms was his daughter’s not his). 15 These facts, in themselves, would appear to meet the elements required to charge a party under 16 Washington Revised Code § 9A.56.300. 17 Furthermore, the statute itself is ambiguous as to certain third-party conduct. Washington 18 Revised Code § 9A.56.300 prohibits the “theft of a firearm” and provides that the definition of 19 theft in Washington Revised Code § 9A.56.020, and specified defenses in that statute, shall be 20 applicable to the statute. As discussed, Washington Revised Code § 9A.56.020 defines theft as 21 wrongfully obtaining or exerting unauthorized controlling over the property of another with the 22 intent to deprive the other person of the property. Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.56.020. Washington — 23 — — 24 — 1 Revised Code § 9A.56.010 further defines the terms “wrongfully obtain or exert unauthorized 2 control” as follows: 3 (a) To take the property or services of another; (b) Having any property or services in one's possession, custody or control as bailee, 4 factor, lessee, pledgee, renter, servant, attorney, agent, employee, trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, or officer of any person, estate, association, or corporation, 5 or as a public officer, or person authorized by agreement or competent authority to take or hold such possession, custody, or control, to secrete, withhold, or 6 appropriate the same to his or her own use or to the use of any person other than the true owner or person entitled thereto; or 7 (c) Having any property or services in one's possession, custody, or control as partner, to secrete, withhold, or appropriate the same to his or her use or to the use 8 of any person other than the true owner or person entitled thereto, where the use is unauthorized by the partnership agreement. — 9 — Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.56.010. Washington courts have similarly interpreted Washington — 10 — Revised Code § 9A.56.020 as requiring either a “trespass in the taking” or “a violation of trust.” — 11 — See State v. Greathouse, 56 P.3d 569 , 583 n.3 (Wash. Ct. App. 2002). These definitions do not — 12 — clarify whether a person may lawfully possess and refuse to return property of another that they — 13 — themselves have no claim to where ownership of the property is in dispute. The clear terms of — 14 — the statute, as Defendants have argued, would appear to apply to Mr. Bethune at the time of his — 15 — arrest and Officer Reagan was under no duty to investigate Mr. Bethune’s potential defenses. — 16 — See Diop v. City of New York, 50 F. Supp. 3d 411, 419 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“An arresting officer — 17 — thus does not have a ‘duty . . . to investigate exculpatory defenses offered by the person being — 18 — arrested or to assess the credibility of unverified claims of justification before making an — 19 — arrest.’”). — 20 — Given the statutory ambiguity, reasonable officers could have disagreed as to whether — 21 — Officer Reagan had probable cause and the Court finds that Officer Reagan is entitled to — 22 — qualified immunity for Mr. Bethune’s arrest. The Court grants summary judgment for the — 23 — — 24 — 1 Defendants as to Plaintiff’s claims Fourth Amendment claim for unlawful search and seizure, 2 false arrest, and unlawful imprisonment. 3 F. Malicious Abuse of Process 4 Plaintiff has failed to provide evidence indicating that a material issue of fact exists as to 5 his malicious abuse of process claim. 6 To prevail on his malicious abuse of process claim, Plaintiff must establish both the state 7 law elements of malicious prosecution and that the party being charged with malicious 8 prosecution ‘“did so for the purpose of denying [him] equal protection or another specific 9 constitutional right.”’ See Lassiter v. City of Bremerton, 556 F.3d 1049, 1054 (9th Cir. 2009) 10 (quoting Freeman v. City of Santa Ana, 68 F.3d 1180, 1189 (9th Cir. 1995)). “Malicious 11 prosecution has five elements under Washington law: 1) the defendant began or continued a 12 prosecution; 2) without probable cause; 3) with malice; 4) in a proceeding terminated in the 13 plaintiff's favor; 5) to plaintiff's injury.” Lassiter, 556 F.3d at 1054 (9th Cir. 2009). “A police 14 officer who maliciously or recklessly makes false reports to the prosecutor may be held liable for 15 damages incurred as a proximate result of those reports.” Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 16 F.3d 463 , 482 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Hill v. Wallin, No. C 15-5663 KLS, 2016 WL 7387093 , 17 at *4 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 21, 2016). 18 Plaintiff has failed to establish all the elements required to prevail on a claim of malicious 19 abuse of process. Plaintiff’s brief is rife with unsupported assertions that cannot be credited on 20 summary judgment. “A trial court can only consider admissible evidence in ruling on a motion 21 for summary judgment.” Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002). 22 Unsworn allegations in a party’s briefing are not admissible evidence for purposes of summary 23 judgment. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the — 24 — 1 assertion by . . . citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, 2 documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 3 (emphasis added). For example, Plaintiff asserts that “[o]nce the prosecutor’s office learned that 4 there was civil litigation pending involving the parties, it dismissed all charges.” (Dkt. No. 23 at 5 13.) But Plaintiff does not cite to anything in the record to support this claim.4 Defendants, by 6 contrast, have put forward creditable evidence indicating that the prosecutor would reinstate the 7 charges as against Plaintiff if Plaintiff reinvolved himself in the civil dispute between his 8 daughter and Mr. Treacy. (See Dkt. No. 25 at 7.) Similarly, Plaintiff argues that Officer Reagan 9 was “reckless in his complete disregard of the facts” and “deliberately” left material out of his 10 police report to mislead prosecutors. (See Dkt. No. 23 at 14.) Plaintiff does not cite to the record 11 to support this argument, nor do other record citations in his brief support this claim, and instead 12 argues that his case is similar to Lanuza v. Love, 134 F. Supp. 3d 1290, 1294 (W.D. Wash. 13 2015). However, the district court in Lanuza credited Plaintiff’s unsupported assertions of 14 malice because the defendant had moved for judgment on the pleadings and in such a context a 15 court must accept factual allegations in the complaint as true, see 134 F. Supp. 3d at 1293 . 16 At summary judgment a court may not accept unsupported allegations in a party’s 17 briefing as valid evidence. Plaintiff’s failure to cite to the record is ultimately fatal to their 18 malicious prosecution claim. See Offley v. Activision, Inc., 273 F. App'x 610, 611 (9th Cir. 19 2008) (“Having failed to cite to the record, plaintiffs have not pointed to any factual dispute that 20 requires trial and precludes summary judgment.”); see also Oracle Am., Inc. v. Hewlett Packard — 21 — — 22 — 4 Note that while Plaintiff’s counsel’s declaration (Dkt. No. 23-1 at 1) purports to offer as Exhibit C a “true and correct copy of the dismissal order of the criminal information filed against the — 23 — Plaintiff,” Exhibit C in fact appears to be a dismissal of a related civil case filed by Plaintiff as against Jacob Treacy. (See id. at 35.) — 24 — 1 Enter. Co., 971 F.3d 1042, 1049 (9th Cir. 2020) (affirming summary judgment where a party 2 failed to cite evidence or authority to support is suppositions); Angel v. Seattle-First Nat. Bank, — 3 — 653 F.2d 1293, 1299 (9th Cir. 1981) (affirming summary judgment because a party failed to cite 4 to evidence in the record and instead relied on conclusory allegations). The Court therefore finds 5 that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s malicious abuse of process claim. 6 G. State Law Claims 7 Given that there are no other federal claims remaining, the Court declines to exercise 8 jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s supplemental state law claims. See Ove v. Gwinn, 264 F.3d 817 , 826 9 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over related state-law 10 claims once it has ‘dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.’”); see also 28 11 U.S.C. § 1367 (c)(3). 12 IV CONCLUSION 13 Accordingly, and having considered Defendants’ motion, the briefing of the parties, and 14 the remainder of the record, the Court finds and ORDERS that Defendants’ motion for summary 15 judgment as to Plaintiff’s federal claims is GRANTED and such claims are DISMISSED with 16 prejudice. The Court also declines to exercise jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state law claims 17 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (c)(3) and as such these claims are DISMISSED without prejudice. 18 Dated this 22nd day of November, 2022. — 19 — A — 20 — David G. Estudillo 21 United States District Judge — 22 — — 23 — — 24 —