O'Neal v. James Hardie Building Products Inc

[5] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA [7] JEREMIAH O'NEAL and CINDY L. CASE NO. 3:20-cv-05168-BHS-MLP 8 BUCKLES, ORDER 9 Plaintiffs, v. [10] JAMES HARDIE BUILDING 11 PRODUCTS, INC., 12 Defendant. [13] This matter comes before the Court on the Report and Recommendation (“R&R”), [14] Dkt. 54, of the Honorable Michelle L. Peterson, United States Magistrate Judge, [15] recommending that the Court deny Defendant James Hardie Building Products, Inc.’s [16] Motion for Summary Judgment, Dkt. 42. James Hardie objects to the R&R. Dkt. 56. [17] // [18] // [19] // [20] // [21] // [22] 1 I. DISCUSSION 2 A. Standard of Review 3 A district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s 4 disposition to which a party has properly objected.1 The district judge may accept, reject, 5 or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to 6 the magistrate judge with instructions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). A proper objection 7 requires specific written objections to the findings and recommendations in the R&R. 8 United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). 9 Nevertheless, objections to an R&R are not an appropriate vehicle to rehash or re10 litigate the points considered and resolved by the magistrate judge. See, e.g., El Papel 11 LLC v. Inslee, No. 20-cv-01323 RAJ-JRC, 2021 WL 71678 , at *2 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 8, 12 2021) (“Because the Court finds that nearly all objections are merely a rehash of 13 arguments already raised and decided upon by the Magistrate Judge, the Court will not 14 address each objection here.”); Aslanyan v. Herzog, No. 14-cv-0511 JLR, 2014 WL 15 7272437, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 17, 2014) (rejecting a challenge to a magistrate judge’s 16 report and recommendation when “all of [plaintiff’s] objections simply rehash arguments 17 contained in his amended opening memorandum or in his reply memorandum”). As 18 courts in other districts have recognized and explained, such re-litigation is not an 19 efficient use of judicial resources. [21] 22 1 The facts are set forth in the R&R and need not be repeated. 1 There is no benefit to the judiciary “if the district court[] is required to review the 2 entire matter de novo because the objecting party merely repeats the arguments rejected 3 by the magistrate. In such situations, this Court follows other courts that have overruled 4 the objections without analysis.” Hagberg v. Astrue, No. CV-09-01-BLG-RFC-CSO, [5] 2009 WL 3386595 , at *1 (D. Mont. Oct. 14, 2009). In short, an objection to a magistrate 6 judge’s findings and recommendations “is not a vehicle for the losing party to relitigate 7 its case.” Id.; see also Conner v. Kirkegard, No. CV 15-81-H-DLC-JTJ, 2018 WL 8 830142, at *1 (D. Mont. Feb. 12, 2018); Fix v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., CV 16- 9 41-M-DLC-JCL, 2017 WL 2721168 , at *1 (D. Mont. June 23, 2017) (collecting cases); 10 Eagleman v. Shinn, No. CV-18-2708-PHX-RM (DTF), 2019 WL 7019414 , at *4 (D. 11 Ariz. Dec. 20, 2019) (“[O]bjections that merely repeat or rehash claims asserted in the 12 Petition, which the magistrate judge has already addressed in the R&R, are not sufficient 13 under Fed. R. Civ. P. 72.”). 14 B. Duty to Provide a Safe Workplace under the Common Law and WISHA 15 The R&R concludes that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether 16 James Hardie, as the jobsite owner, retained sufficient control over the manner in which 17 Casey Industrial, Inc.—Jeremiah O’Neal’s employer—performed its work to be liable for 18 O’Neal’s injuries. Dkt. 54 at 8. In so doing, the R&R reasons that there is evidence in the 19 record indicating that James Hardie’s knowledge of workplace safety, particularly about 20 the use of fall protection surrounding skylights, was superior to Casey’s. Id. James Hardie 21 objects, arguing that the R&R, by focusing on its knowledge of workplace safety 22 standards, applies the wrong test for determining whether it owed a duty of care to 1 O’Neal under either the common law or the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act 2 of 1973 (“WISHA”), RCW Ch. 49.17. Dkt. 56 at 3–5. 3 “At common law, a principal who hires an independent contractor is not liable for 4 harm resulting from the contractor’s work. In particular, the principal has no duty to 5 maintain a safe workplace for a contractor’s employees and is not liable for their 6 injuries.” Afoa v. Port of Seattle, 176 Wn.2d 460, 476 (2013) (internal citation omitted). 7 “An ‘independent contractor is a person who contracts with another to do something for 8 him but who is not controlled by the other nor subject to the other’s right to control with 9 respect to his physical conduct in the performance of the undertaking.’” Kamla v. Space 10 Needle Corp., 147 Wn.2d 114, 119 (2002) (en banc) (quoting Restatement (Second) of 11 Agency § 2(3) (Am. L. Inst. 1958)). 12 Accordingly, under Washington common law, when jobsite owners “retain control 13 over a work site,” they “have a duty to maintain safe common work areas.” Afoa, 176 14 Wn.2d at 475 (citing Kelley v. Howard S. Wright Constr. Co., 90 Wn.2d 323 , 331–32 15 (1978); Kamla, 147 Wn.2d at 121–22). Put differently, “the relevant inquiry is whether 16 the principal retained control over the work site, not whether there was a direct 17 employment relationship between the parties.” Afoa, 176 Wn.2d at 477 . 18 Notably, a jobsite owner’s common law duty to provide a safe workplace is 19 limited in two significant ways. First, “[c]ommon law liability for injuries to independent 20 contractors and their employees exists where control is retained over the manner in which 21 the work is completed.” Kamla, 147 Wn.2d at 127 (emphasis added). This means that 22 liability does not exist when a jobsite owner “‘has merely a general right to order the 1 work stopped or resumed, to inspect its progress or to receive reports, to make 2 suggestions or recommendations which need not necessarily be followed, or to prescribe 3 alterations and deviations.’” Id. at 121 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. 4 c (Am. L. Inst. 1965)). Indeed, “‘[s]uch a general right is usually reserved to employers, 5 but it does not mean that the contractor is controlled as to his methods of work, or as to 6 operative detail.’” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c). 7 Second, when a principal retains control over the manner in which an independent 8 contractor performs its work, the principal has a duty merely “within the scope of that 9 control . . . to provide a safe place of work.” Kelley, 90 Wn.2d at 330 (emphasis added); 10 accord Farias v. Port Blakely Co., 22 Wn. App. 2d 467, 475 (2022). 11 A jobsite owner may also owe a duty to comply with WISHA regulations to the 12 employees of an independent contractor. The standard for determining whether a jobsite 13 owner owes such a duty under WISHA is the same standard that is applied for 14 determining whether a jobsite owner owes a duty to provide a safe workplace under 15 common law. Specifically, “when a jobsite owner retains control over the manner in 16 which an independent contractor performs its work, the jobsite owner owes a duty to 17 comply with WISHA regulations.” Farias, 22 Wn. App. 2d at 477–78 (emphasis in 18 original) (citing Kamla, 147 Wn.2d at 125 ; Afoa, 176 Wn.2d at 473 ). Furthermore, a 19 jobsite owner owes a duty under WISHA to the employees of an independent contractor 20 only to the extent that the work performed by the independent contractor falls within the 21 jobsite owner’s scope of control. See id. at 498–99. [22] 1 Having clarified when a jobsite owner owes both a common law duty to provide a 2 safe workplace and a statutory duty to comply with WISHA, the Court determines 3 whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether James Hardie owed either of 4 these duties to O’Neal. The R&R concludes that a genuine issue of material fact exists as 5 to whether James Hardie retained sufficient control over the manner in which Casey 6 performed its work to owe a duty to O’Neal under the common law and WISHA. Dkt. 54 7 at 8. In so doing, the R&R reasons that “a factfinder could conclude that Hardie was as 8 knowledgeable as a general contractor about safety standards, and that it held supervisory 9 authority over safety on its jobsite.” Id. at 7. 10 But the degree to which James Hardie’s knowledge of safety standards compared 11 to that of a general contractor has no bearing on whether it owed a duty to O’Neal under 12 either the common law or WISHA. It is true that the Washington Supreme Court has 13 addressed the disparity that may exist between general contractors and jobsite owners 14 with regard to their knowledge of WISHA compliant work conditions. See Kamla, 147 15 Wn.2d at 124–25. However, the Court has made clear that the test for determining a 16 jobsite owner’s liability under both the common law and WISHA is whether the jobsite 17 owner retains sufficient control over the manner in which the independent contractor 18 performs its work. Id. at 121–22, 125. Therefore, James Hardie is correct that evidence of 19 its knowledge about safety standards does not mean that it owed a duty to O’Neal under 20 the common law or WISHA. 21 The R&R also reasons that, “[t]he more a jobsite owner takes on a role analogous 22 to a general contractor, the more likely a factfinder will impose liability.” Dkt. 54 at 7. 1 However, the Washington Court of Appeals has declined to follow this reasoning. See 2 Neil v. NWCC Invs. V, LLC, 155 Wn. App. 119 , 131–32 (2010). In Neil, the guardian and 3 parents of an injured worker argued that a jobsite owner, “through its agent, [the injured 4 worker’s employer], acted in a manner similar enough to a general contractor to justify 5 imposing a nondelegable duty to ensure WISHA compliance.” Id. at 131 . The court 6 rejected this argument, explaining that “[t]he relevant distinction between an agent and an 7 independent contractor is whether the owner has the right to control the method or 8 manner in which the work was to be done.” Id. at 132 (cleaned up) (quoting Kelsey Lane 9 Homeowners Ass’n v. Kelsey Lane Co., 125 Wn. App. 227 , 236–37 (2005)). Therefore, 10 the extent to which a jobsite owner acts like a general contractor is immaterial to whether 11 the jobsite owner owes a duty to provide a safe workplace under the common law or 12 WISHA. 13 Nevertheless, the R&R correctly concludes that a genuine issue of material fact 14 exists as to whether James Hardie owed a duty to O’Neal under both the common law 15 and WISHA. In April 2018—which was prior to O’Neal’s injuries—James Hardie’s 16 safety representative, Kevin Johnson, informed Casey through an e-mail that its 17 employees will be expected to follow a James Hardie safety policy regarding the use of 18 fall protection gear when there is a fall hazard of more than six feet: [19] All [20] On April 24 the Tacoma 2 site will be “going live” as we’ll be turning on power. At that point, the site will officially switch hands and become a [21] James Hardie managed site. Although construction will continue, the James [22] 1 Hardie safety policies will become the site expectations. Both Casey and James Hardie employees will be expected to follow these basic rules. [2] . . . . [3] • Fall protection required above 6 feet using self-retracting lifelines only [4] (JH)[2] Dkt. 48-7 at 129 (emphasis added). [5] Viewed in the light most favorable to O’Neal, this e-mail indicates that James [6] Hardie retained or exercised some control over the manner in which Casey employees [7] performed any work that exposed them to a fall hazard of six feet or more by requiring [8] them to be properly equipped to fall protection under such circumstances. As such, it [9] indicates that James Hardie retained or exercised control over the manner in which [10] O’Neal performed his work near the skylight through which he fell. [11] Indeed, O’Neal’s father, Mitchell O’Neal, testified that, on the morning of the [12] incident, he was working at the “Tac 2” site when “the Hardie people” asked Casey to [13] send workers onto the roof to put a “boot” around a duct penetration to fix a leak. Dkt. [14] 48-10 at 8–10. Mitchell then directed O’Neal and another Casey employee, Joshua [15] Hernandez, to install the boot. Dkt. 49-2 at 7. The duct penetration was approximately 18 [16] inches from a skylight. Id. at 5. The skylight was “unguarded,” meaning that there were [17] no rails or guardrails surrounding it or covers or screens on it. Id. at 10, 13. The skylight [18] also posed a fall hazard of at least 30 feet. See id. at 8. And although O’Neal wore a [20] 2 The meaning of the “(JH)” in this e-mail is not apparent from the record. In any event, viewing [21] this e-mail in the light most favorable to O’Neal, it indicates that James Hardie required Casey employees to use fall protection gear whenever they worked in an area where they were presented with a fall hazard 22 of more than six feet. 1 safety harness, he testified that there was “no rat line installed or anything like that” to 2 which he could tie off. Dkt. 48-11 at 5. Because O’Neal was exposed to a fall hazard of at 3 least 30 feet when working to fix the leak, Johnson’s e-mail raises a genuine issue of 4 material fact as to whether James Hardie, under these circumstances, owed O’Neal a 5 common law duty to provide a safe workplace and a statutory duty to comply with 6 WISHA regulations. 7 Therefore, the R&R is ADOPTED insofar as it concludes that a genuine issue of 8 material exists as to whether James Hardie owed to O’Neal both a common law duty to 9 provide a safe workplace and a statutory duty to comply with WISHA. The Court 10 DECLINES to adopt the R&R insofar as it reasons that James Hardie owed these duties 11 to O’Neal because of evidence indicating both that it was as knowledgeable as a general 12 contractor about safety standards and that it took on a role analogous to a general 13 contractor. These are not the correct tests for determining whether a jobsite owner owes 14 such duties to an independent contractor’s employees. James Hardie’s motion for 15 summary judgment on this issue is DENIED. 16 C. Premises Liability 17 The R&R concludes that genuine issues of material fact exist regarding O’Neal’s 18 premises liability claim. Dkt. 54 at 12. James Hardie objects, arguing that, because Casey 19 created the dangers at issue, it is not liable for O’Neal’s injuries. Dkt. 56 at 9. James 20 Hardie also asserts that O’Neal’s premises liability claim fails because he does not raise a 21 genuine issue of material fact as to whether James Hardie should have expected him to 22 fail to identify the skylight as a fall hazard. Id. at 10–11. 1 As the R&R explains, “[t]he Washington Supreme Court has ‘adopted sections 2 343 and 343A of the Restatement Second of Torts to define a landowner’s duty to 3 invitees.’” Dkt. 54 at 9 (quoting Kamla, 147 Wn.2d at 125 ). Section 343 provides: [4] A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his 5 invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the [6] condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and [7] (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will [8] fail to protect themselves against it, and 9 (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger. 10 Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343. 11 Next, section 343A states, in part: [12] (1) A possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused 13 to them by any activity or condition on the land whose danger is known or obvious to them, unless the possessor should anticipate the harm 14 despite such knowledge or obviousness. Id. § 343A. [15] James Hardie first asserts that it is not liable for O’Neal’s injuries under a [16] premises liability theory because Casey “created the dangers at issue.” Dkt. 56 at 9 (citing [17] Hymas v. UAP Distrib., Inc., 167 Wn. App. 136 (2012)). In Hymas, the court explained [18] that a landowner’s responsibility for the condition of his or her land does not make the [19] landowner liable for any “defects [that] are due to the imperfect and negligent work of [20] the contractor himself.” 167 Wn. App. at 161 (quoting Phillips v. Kaiser Aluminum & [21] Chem. Corp., 74 Wn. App. 741, 748 (1994)). According to James Hardie, Casey “created [22] 1 the danger to Plaintiff by failing to adhere to its own Safety Plan, to identify the fall2 hazard via required work Job Safety Analysis, and to follow its own fall prevention 3 training.” Dkt. 56 at 9. However, whether there exists “a defective or dangerous condition 4 in the premises” is a separate inquiry from whether there is “work being performed on the 5 premises in a negligent or dangerous way.” Phillips, 74 Wn. App. at 748–49. As the R&R 6 correctly reasons, the defect or dangerous condition in question was the unguarded 7 skylight, which existed before Casey began working at the jobsite. See Dkt. 54 at 11–12. 8 Accordingly, Hymas is of no aid to James Hardie. 9 James Hardie also contends that the R&R improperly concludes that a fact issue 10 exists with regard to whether it should have expected that O’Neal would fail to identify 11 the skylight as a fall hazard. Dkt. 56 at 10–11. James Hardie contends that “Casey 12 Industrial’s own employees testified in their depositions that they failed to complete the 13 Job Safety Analysis report.” Dkt. 56 at 10. According to the deposition testimony of 14 Robert Saunders, a Casey employee, such reports are designed to “take[] you through the 15 steps to get you to the end result, so what are you about to do, what are the hazards, how 16 are you going to mitigate those hazards, and you always have to make sure that everyone 17 understands that is part of that task.” Dkt. 43 at 111. Saunders also agreed that these 18 reports are “supposed to be done before any construction task is started by Casey 19 personnel.” Id. 20 Assuming O’Neal and Hernandez were required, and failed, to conduct a job 21 safety analysis report before fixing the leak in question, it is not clear from the record 22 whether James Hardie should have expected such a report to identify the skylight as a fall 1 hazard. As the R&R explains, Hernandez testified that he and O’Neal, in fact, noticed the 2 ||skylights on the roof, but that he “‘thought [the skylights] were stronger than what they 3 and that he and O’Neal “‘didn’t really think [they were] going to fall through it.’” 4 || Dkt 54 at 10 (quoting Dkt. 43 at 131, 133). It is not apparent from the record whether a 5 || job safety analysis report would have changed their conclusion regarding the strength of 6 || the skylights. Indeed, a report generated by William Martin, a registered architect and 7 || certified workplace safety expert, described the skylight as “an acrylic skylight that was 8 ||intended to melt and provide a smoke vent in the event of a fire.” Dkt. 49-2 at 9. This 9 || indicates that the material used on the skylights may have appeared stronger than it 10 || actually was. Furthermore, images of the skylights on the roof from a safety alert issued 11 || by Casey following the incident do not clearly demonstrate that the skylights did not 12 || appear strong enough to hold the weight of a person: 13 F nen —_ ea i 14 poe = 15 == a ————— 16 cs = U7 ~ ' . a : " 18 : 19 ee aS Se eee 20 43 at 140. [22] 1 Viewed in the light most favorable to O’Neal, this evidence indicates that the 2 hazard posed by the skylight was not so apparent that James Hardie should have expected 3 O’Neal to recognize it. 4 Therefore, the R&R is ADOPTED insofar as it concludes that genuine issues of 5 material fact exist regarding O’Neal’s premises liability claim. James Hardie’s motion for 6 summary judgment on this claim is DENIED. 7 II. ORDER 8 (1) The R&R, Dkt. 56, is ADOPTED in part and DECLINED in part; 9 (2) James Hardie’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 42, is DENIED. 10 Dated this 16th day of December, 2022. A [12] BENJAMIN H. SETTLE 13 United States District Judge