Contreraz v. City of Tacoma

[8] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT [9] WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA [10] 11 ZIMMERI CONTRERAZ, individually, CASE NO. 3:22-cv-5106 12 Plaintiff, ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS FOR PROTECTIVE ORDERS 13 v. 14 CITY OF TACOMA, a municipal corporation; SOUTH SOUND 911, an 15 interlocal agreement agency; CHRISTOPHER BAIN, in his individual 16 capacity, 17 Defendants. [18] This matter comes before the Court on Defendants City of Tacoma and Christopher Bain’s [19] (“Defendants”) motions for protective orders. Dkt. Nos. 47, 52. In their first motion, Defendants [20] seek a protective order and in camera review for materials they produced to Plaintiff, they now [21] claim, inadvertently; they argue the attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine shield the [22] materials from discovery. Dkt. No. 47. In their second motion, Defendants seek a protective order [24] 1 blocking Plaintiff from deposing Tacoma Mayor Victoria Woodards and Tacoma Police Chief 2 Avery Moore. Dkt. No. 52. 3 BACKGROUND 4 I. Plaintiff Sued Defendants following an encounter with Tacoma Police. 5 In February 2022, Plaintiff Zimmeri Contreraz filed a lawsuit against South Sound 911, 6 City of Tacoma, and Christopher Bain, stemming from his encounter with Tacoma Police 7 officers two years earlier. Dkt. No. 1. Specifically, defendant Bain and other Tacoma officers 8 approached Plaintiff in Tacoma’s Wright Park following a call that two armed men—one white, 9 one black—threatened a person in the park. The officers handcuffed Plaintiff and questioned him 10 in response to the call. Plaintiff alleges that Bain then, unprovoked and without justification, 11 “violently slammed Plaintiff down” onto a picnic table. The officers eventually released him, but 12 Plaintiff alleges Bain caused him injury. Plaintiff sued Bain for the unconstitutional use of force 13 and battery; City of Tacoma for negligence and violating Washington’s Law Against 14 Discrimination, RCW 46.90; and City of Tacoma and South Sound 911 for violating 15 Washington’s Public Records Act (PRA), RCW 42.56. Plaintiff seeks special and general 16 damages for Defendants’ alleged conduct. 17 II. Defendants produce many documents during discovery, including the disputed documents, and Plaintiff seeks depositions of the Mayor and Police Chief. [18] In response to Plaintiff’s discovery requests, Defendants produced a “significant,” [19] “voluminous” number of documents, exceeding “well over a thousand pages.” Dkt. No. 48 ¶ 5; [20] Dkt. No. 61 ¶ 2. Defendants “endeavored to identify and redact any documents that were [21] privileged before producing the documents.” Dkt. No. 48 ¶ 7. Defendants produced “redacted [22] emails between the Legal Department staff and [Tacoma Police Department] personnel related to [23] the litigation and the claim for damages field by the plaintiff as a precursor to the litigation, and [24] 1 the [sic] produced a corresponding privilege log.” Id. ¶ 7. Defendants also produced redacted 2 emails between the Tacoma City Attorney’s Office and the Tacoma Police Department’s Internal 3 Affairs from April 2021, bearing Bates Nos. CONTRERAZ 000223-000245. Id. ¶ 8. 4 On October 27, 2022, Plaintiff deposed Tacoma Police Department Sergeant Kevin 5 Jepson. Dkt. No. 58. During the deposition, Plaintiff marked several documents as an exhibit that 6 Defendants had previously produced during discovery; including Bates No. CONTRERAZ 7 000228-000234. Id., Ex. 1; Dkt. No. 61 ¶ 2. Plaintiff questioned Sgt. Jepson about these 8 documents without any objection from Defendants. See Dkt. No. 58 ¶ 3; Dkt. No. 61. 9 Nearly six months later, on April 16, 2023, Plaintiff sent Defendants an email requesting 10 a discovery conference about a document produced by the City, including an attachment titled 11 “CONTRERAZ 000223-000245 RFP 1 emails from TPD IA_Redacted.pdf.” See Dkt. No. 48 at 12 66. Subsumed within the attachment were CONTRERAZ 000228-000235, which are the 13 documents now in dispute (the “Disputed Documents”). The parties convened the next day for a 14 deposition, but Defendants had not reviewed Plaintiff’s email and attachment from the prior day. 15 Dkt. No. 48 ¶ 10. 16 On April 18, 2023, Plaintiff sent Defendants’ counsel notices of videotaped depositions 17 for Tacoma Police Chief Avery Moore and Mayor Victoria Woodards. Dkt. No. 48 ¶ 11. The 18 parties emailed back and forth about Plaintiff’s proposed depositions, but the Disputed 19 Documents did not come up. Id. ¶ 11-12. 20 It was not until April 20, 2023, that Defendants claimed for the first time that “the City 21 had mistakenly failed to apply the appropriate redactions” to the Disputed Documents. See Dkt. 22 No. 48 ¶ 13. Defendants’ clawback letter to Plaintiff states, among other things, that the Disputed 23 Documents “should have been redacted and included on the privilege log produced by the City in [24] 1 its response to Plaintiff’s Request for Production No. 1.” Id., Ex. 7. Defendants’ privilege log 2 provided to Plaintiff does not include the Disputed Documents. See id., Ex. 3. 3 As for the origin of the Disputed Documents, they stem from Defendant South Sound 4 911’s Computer Aided Dispatch (“CAD”) logs, which record dispatch activity and 5 communications between South Sound 911 dispatchers and law enforcement officers. See Dkt. 6 No. 50. When Plaintiff submitted his pre-suit claim for damages against the City, the City 7 Attorney’s Office requested information about Plaintiff’s allegations from various departments in 8 order to evaluate his claim and to render legal advice. Dkt. No. 49 ¶ 2-3. The City Attorney’s 9 Office contacted Lt. Still, who worked within the Tacoma Police Department. Dkt. No. 50 ¶ 6. In 10 response, Lt. Still sent the City Attorney information from the CAD logs, a process he described 11 as follows: “I did not download or print the CADs from South Sound 911. I cut and pasted the 12 information on the screen into separate Word documents that I then provided to our attorney at 13 her request during our communications relating to the claim for damages.” Dkt. No. 50 ¶ 6. The 14 City Attorney’s Office contends that the documents provided by Lt. Still “are reflective of 15 privileged communications and my legal analysis, and are therefore also subject to protection 16 under the attorney work product doctrine.” Dkt. No. 49 ¶ 3. 17 The parties conferred about the Disputed Documents and the deposition notices, but 18 couldn’t reach any agreements. Id. ¶ 14. These motions followed. [24] 1 DISCUSSION 2 I. Defendants’ motion for protective order for produced documents and request for in camera review. [3] Defendants move for a protective order regarding the Disputed Documents.1 A district [4] court has broad discretion to control discovery. Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. [5] 2002). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 provides that “[p]arties may obtain discovery [6] regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and [7] proportional to the needs of the case,” but that “[a] court may, for good cause, issue an order to [8] protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or [9] expense.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), (c)(1). “The burden is upon the party seeking the order to [10] ‘show good cause’ by demonstrating harm or prejudice that will result from the discovery.” [11] Rivera v. Nibco, Inc., 364 F.3d 1057, 1063 (9th Cir. 2004). [12] a. The Disputed Documents are not protected by the attorney-client privilege. [13] It is settled law in the Ninth Circuit that federal common law on privilege governs federal [14] question cases with pendant state law claims. Henry A. v. Willden, 271 F.R.D. 184, 187 (D. Nev. [15] 2010) (citing Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Wollersheim, 971 F.2d 364 , 367 at n. 10 (9th Cir.1992)). [16] Whether the attorney-client privilege applies to information is discerned from an eight-part test: [17] “(1) Where legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional legal adviser in his [18] capacity as such, (3) the communications relating to that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by [19] the client, (6) are at his instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by the [20] legal adviser, (8) unless the protection be waived.” United States v. Graf, 610 F.3d 1148 , 1156 [21] (9th Cir. 2010). The attorney-client privilege is strictly construed “because it impedes full and [23] 1 Defendants identify the documents at issue as Bates Nos. CONTRERAZ 000229–000235. Dkt. 24 No. 47 at 9. 1 free discovery of the truth.” United States v. Ruehle, 583 F.3d 600, 607 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing 2 United States v. Martin, 278 F.3d 988, 999 (9th Cir.2002)). The party asserting the attorney3 client privilege has the burden of proving that the privilege applies to a given set of documents or 4 communications. In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d 1068, 1070 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing In 5 re Grand Jury Subpoenas (Hirsch), 803 F.2d 493, 496 (9th Cir.1986), correction printed 817 6 F.2d 64 (9th Cir.1987)). “To meet this burden, a party must demonstrate that its documents 7 adhere to the essential elements of the attorney-client privilege adopted by this court.” Id. at 8 1070-1071 (citing Matter of Fischel, 557 F.2d 209, 211 (9th Cir. 1977). 9 Defendants do not carry their burden. To start, Defendants do not claim that the 10 underlying CAD logs and data are privileged—indeed, Defendants note that “the CADs were 11 produced elsewhere to [Plaintiff] in the context of the City’s Initial Disclosures and discovery 12 responses ….” Dkt. 48 at 92. Likewise, Defendants do not claim that the Disputed Documents [13] contain anything beyond “essentially screenshots” of the non-privileged CAD logs.2 Dkt. No. 60 14 at 2; see also Dkt. No. 50 ¶ 6. It is perhaps for this reason that Defendants acknowledge the 15 Disputed Documents are not privileged simply because they are attached to an email to an 16 attorney. Dkt. No. 47 at 9 (citing O’Connor v. Boeing N. Am., Inc., 185 F.R.D. 272, 280 (C.D. 17 Cal. 1999 )); see also Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 , 403–404 (1976) (holding that a client 18 cannot shield a document from discovery by including it in a request for legal advice). [20] 21 2 Defendants add a slight wrinkle to this claim in their reply, stating that the Disputed Documents are “substantially similar but are not identical” to the non-privileged CAD logs. Dkt. No. 60 at 2, 22 n.2. But Defendants offer no support for this statement. In fact, Defendants’ moving papers are replete with instances of absent or incorrect citations to the record. The Court will not consider 23 this unsupported claim raised for the first time on reply. Rather, the proper record before the Court reveals Defendants describing the Disputed Documents at various points as “screenshots” 24 and “cut and pasted … information.” Dkt. Nos. 48, 50, 60. 1 Instead, Defendants appear to argue that it was the act of “creating a separate document” 2 and transmitting it to the City Attorney’s Office for “[legal] analysis of [Plaintiff’s] claim for 3 damages and the anticipated litigation” that transforms the Disputed Documents into a privileged 4 attorney-client communication. See Dkt. No. 47 at 10. The privilege, however, “does not shield 5 all information that a client divulges to an attorney, or vice versa, but rather is limited to 6 instances where legal advice is sought or rendered.” Deseret Mgmt. Corp. v. United States, 76 7 Fed.Cl. 88 , 90 (2007) (internal quotations omitted). In addition, where a given communication 8 contains both privileged and non-privileged information, the party asserting the privilege may 9 bear the burden of “segregat[ing] the privileged information from the non-privileged 10 information.” Ruehle, 583 F.3d at 609 . 11 Here, the emails between Lt. Still and the City Attorney’s office, which Defendants 12 produced in redacted form, are distinguishable from the Disputed Documents, which were an 13 attachment to one of those emails. While the redacted emails arguably contain a request for, or 14 the rendition of, legal advice, the same cannot be said of the Dispute Documents, which are 15 simply copies of publicly available documents that Defendants previously produced to Plaintiff. 16 Indeed, Defendants do not claim the Disputed Documents contain any alterations or other 17 characteristics that could constitute communications as opposed to simply screenshots of 18 otherwise available, factual information. See Great Am. Ins. Co. of New York v. Vegas Const. 19 Co., Inc., 251 F.R.D. 534, 541 (D. Nev. 2008) (“Facts communicated to an attorney are not 20 protected by the attorney-client privilege.” ) (citing Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 , 21 395–96, 101 S.Ct. 677 , 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981)). This defect, among the others listed, is fatal to 22 Defendants’ claim that the attorney-client privilege applies. 23 In sum, the Court finds Defendants have failed to make a prima facie showing that the 24 Disputed Documents are privileged. 1 b. The Disputed Documents are not protected work product. 2 Federal law, not state law, also applies to work product immunity. See e.g., Great Am. 3 Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Ace Oil Co., 120 F.R.D. 533, 538 (E.D. Cal. 1988); see also Cont’l Cas. 4 Co. v. Under Armour, Inc., 537 F. Supp. 2d 761, 769 (D. Md. 2008). Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3) 5 codified the work product doctrine. “The work-product rule is not a privilege but a qualified 6 immunity protecting from discovery documents and tangible things prepared by a party or his 7 representative in anticipation of litigation.” Admiral Ins. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for Dist. of 8 Arizona, 881 F.2d 1486, 1494 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). In order for 9 documents to qualify for protection under Rule 23(b)(3), the Ninth Circuit has required that “(1) 10 they must be prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial, and (2) they must be prepared by or 11 for another party or by or for that other party's representative.” In re Grand Jury Subpoena 12 (Mark Torf/Torf Envtl. Mgmt.), 357 F.3d 900, 907 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks 13 omitted) (citing In re Cal. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 892 F.2d 778 , 780–81 (9th Cir.1989)). “The 14 burden of establishing protection of materials as work product is on the proponent, and it must be 15 specifically raised and demonstrated rather than asserted in a blanket fashion.” Riverkeeper v. 16 U.S. Army Corps of Eng’g, 38 F. Supp. 3d 1207, 1217 (D. Or. 2014) (citing Green v. Baca, 226 17 F.R.D. 624 , 652 (C.D.Cal.2005)). 18 Neither party argues that South Sound 911’s CAD reports are work product. Rather, 19 Defendants contend that the screenshots Lt. Still took of the CAD logs for the City Attorney’s 20 Office constitute work product. Dkt. No. 47 at 9. Without addressing its appropriate application 21 here, Defendants cite Denney v. City of Richland, 22 Wn. App. 2d 192 , 510 P.3d 362 , review 22 denied, 200 Wn.2d 1010 , 518 P.3d 206 (2022) as instructive for work product protection of a 23 dual-purpose document. Dkt. No. 47 at 11. Under federal precedent, “[d]ual purpose documents 24 are deemed prepared because of litigation if ‘in light of the nature of the document and the 1 factual situation in the particular case, the document can be fairly said to have been prepared or 2 obtained because of the prospect of litigation.’” United States v. Richey, 632 F.3d 559, 568 (9th 3 Cir. 2011) (quoting In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Mark Torf/Torf Envtl. Mgmt., 357 F.3d at 907 ). 4 When applying the “’because of’ standard, courts must consider in the totality of the 5 circumstances whether the ‘document was created because of anticipated litigation, and would 6 not have been created in substantially similar form but for the prospect of litigation.’” Id. 7 (quoting In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Mark Torf/Torf Envtl. Mgmt., 357 F.3d at 907 ). 8 The Disputed Documents are not protected as work-product. To be sure, Lt. Still may 9 have “created” the documents for the City Attorney’s office in a literal sense. See Dkt. No. 50. 10 But whether Lt. Still “created” a document “because of” potential litigation which is protected by 11 the work-product privilege is dubious. The information that Lt. Still used to “create” the alleged 12 work product was created by third-party South Sound 911—“essentially screenshots of some of 13 the dispatch communications from another agency’s website”—and would have “been created in 14 substantially similar form” by South Sound 911 regardless of any litigation prospects. Dkt. No. 15 60 at 2; see Richey, 632 F.3d at 568 . Thus, the Court finds Lt. Still’s documents were not created 16 solely for impending litigation. 17 c. Even if the Disputed Documents were protected from discovery, Defendants have waived any protection. [18] Even assuming for argument’s sake the Disputed Documents were protected from [19] disclosure, there is the question of whether Defendants waived any otherwise applicable [20] protections by producing the documents to Plaintiff. A party may waive privilege protections [21] through inadvertent disclosures. Federal Rule of Evidence 502 provides that “the disclosure does [22] not operate as a waiver . . . if: (1) the disclosure is inadvertent; (2) the holder of the privilege or [23] protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and (3) the holder promptly took [24] 1 reasonable steps to rectify the error, including (if applicable) following Federal Rule of Civil 2 Procedure 26(b)(5)(B).” Fed. R. Evid. Rule 502(b). See also Hanson, 2013 WL 5674997 , at *5 3 (noting that Ninth Circuit courts have also applied a “totality of the circumstances approach” for 4 the inadvertent disclosure of attorney-client privileged or work-product protected documents). 5 “Rule 502(b) does not require a producing party to engage generally in a post-production 6 review to determine whether any privileged documents or information have been produced by 7 mistake, but “the rule does require the producing party to follow up on any obvious indications 8 that a protected communication or information has been produced inadvertently.” AdTrader, Inc. 9 v. Google LLC, 405 F. Supp. 3d 862 , 866 (N.D. Cal. 2019). “[A] party must begin taking steps to 10 rectify an inadvertent production after they are put on actual or constructive notice—i.e., when 11 they should know—that they may have produced a privileged communication.” Xu v. FibroGen, 12 Inc., 21-CV-02623-EMC, 2023 WL 3475722 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 15, 2023) (citations 13 omitted). 14 Plaintiff used all but one page of the Disputed Documents during a deposition on October 15 27, 2022. Dkt. No. 61 ¶ 2. Defendants’ attorney attended the deposition, but failed to object to 16 the use of the Disputed Documents or claim that they were privileged. Dkt. No. 61 at 2. On this 17 record, Plaintiffs use of the Disputed Documents during the deposition constitutes actual notice 18 of the alleged inadvertent disclosure. See id. Defendants argue their attorney was focused on 19 other aspects of the document during the deposition and that notice should not be imputed to 20 Defendant as a result, but a garden-variety claim of attorney neglect is not a sufficient basis to 21 save Defendants from a finding of notice. Cf. Gibbs v. Legrand, 767 F.3d 879, 885 (9th Cir. 22 2014) (“agency law binds clients, including federal habeas petitioners, to their attorneys’ 23 negligence”) (citing Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 282-283 (2012)). [24] 1 The Ninth Circuit has held work product immunity is waived through disclosure when 2 “such disclosure is made to an adversary in litigation or ‘has substantially increased the 3 opportunities for potential adversaries to obtain the information.’” United States v. Sanmina 4 Corp., 968 F.3d 1107, 1121 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting 8 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, 5 Federal Practice & Procedure § 2024 (3d ed. 2020)). But Defendants contend that their 6 disclosure to Plaintiff was inadvertent. See Dkt. No. 47. So the question becomes whether 7 Defendants took prompt, reasonable steps to cure the error once on notice under Fed. R. Evid. 8 502. 9 Here, Defendants became aware of the disclosure as early as the October 27, 2022, 10 deposition, but failed to take any action at all to “clawback” any of the Disputed Documents until 11 April 20, 2023—or 175 days later. Courts have found waiver for failure to object to disclosed 12 documents at a deposition and for far shorter delays to raise privilege and work product 13 protection. See, e.g., Luna Gaming-San Diego, LLC v. Dorsey & Whitney, LLP, 06CV2804 BTM 14 (WM), 2010 WL 275083 , at *5 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2010) (holding that under federal and state 15 law and Rule 502(b)(3), a disclosing party’s failure to object to the use of a disclosed document 16 at a deposition waived the privilege with respect to the document); Xu, 2023 WL 3475722 , at *4 17 (distinguishing cases governed by a protective order with established claw back periods and 18 holding that a party’s 11 day delay to claw back an inadvertently disclosed privileged document 19 was not prompt); Murray v. Gemplus Int’l, S.A., 217 F.R.D. 362, 366 (E.D. Pa. 2003) (applying 20 Pennsylvania privilege law, finding waiver where defendant took no action for 11 weeks after 21 becoming aware that privileged documents had been disclosed); Edwards v. Whitaker, 868 22 F.Supp. 226, 229 (M.D.Tenn.1994) (finding waiver where disclosing party did not object to use 23 of disclosed documents in deposition); Golden Valley Microwave Foods, Inc. v. Weaver 24 Popcorn, Inc., 132 F.R.D. 204, 209 (N.D.Ind.1990) (same). 1 Defendants had actual notice that all but one of the Disputed Documents were disclosed, 2 but they sat idle for months. Even assuming the Disputed Documents were protected from 3 disclosure, the Court finds that Defendants waived any protections through their unreasonable 4 delay in rectifying their disclosure. See Dkt. No. 55 at 11. 5 II. Defendants’ motion for protective order for the depositions of Mayor Woodards and Chief Avery Moore. [6] Next, Defendants move for a protective order preventing Plaintiff from deposing Mayor [7] Woodards and Chief Avery Moore. Dkt. No. 52. Defendants argue the proposed depositions are [8] beyond the scope of permissible discovery because they would not lead to “relevant admissible” [9] information for Plaintiff’s claims, are overly burdensome, and are harassment. See Dkt. No. 52; [10] Dkt. No. 59 at 3. Defendants contend that Plaintiff has not raised a Monell claim, and argue that [11] even if there were one, Chief Moore’s testimony regarding ratification under Monell would be [12] irrelevant because the policy in-place at the time of the Plaintiff’s allegations were changed [13] before Chief Moore’s tenure. See Dkt. No. 59 at 4-7. Defendants also argue that discovery of [14] information related to Mayor Woodard’s statements regarding Tacoma’s Resolution 40622 and [15] Chief Moore as to his “ratification’ of events related to Plaintiff are irrelevant because Plaintiff [16] does not raise a 1983 claim. See Dkt. No. 52 at 9-10. Finally, Defendants argue that the proposed [17] depositions are not “proportional to the issues and needs of the case.”3 Dkt. No. 52 at 11. [18] Plaintiff contends Mayor Woodards has information about “racist profiling and police [19] brutality” and knowledge that the harms Plaintiff suffered were “a probable occurrence.” See [20] Dkt. No. 57 at 10. And specifically, Plaintiff argues that “Plaintiff’s counsel should be able to [21] 22 3 There is at least one other basis on which Defendants could have fought the proposed depositions: whether Mayor Woodards and Chief Moore may be deposed despite the rule that 23 heads of government agencies are not typically subject to depositions outside certain circumstances. See Kyle Eng'g Co. v. Kleppe, 600 F.2d 226 , 231 (9th Cir. 1979). Because 24 Defendants do not raise the argument, the Court does not consider it here. 1 ask City’s Mayor whether, in her view, TPD’s conduct fell below the standard of care in policing 2 that she set in proclamations and resolutions contemporaneous to the discriminatory and 3 assaultive incident in Wright Park.” Dkt. No. 57 at 10. Further, Plaintiff seeks to depose Chief 4 Moore based on his statements regarding racial profiling in Tacoma and related education and to 5 determine whether the City of Tacoma is liable under a Monell ratification theory. Dkt. No. 57 at 6 11. Plaintiff also states that while Chief Moore was not the TPD chief at the time of Plaintiff’s 7 allegations, “his expectation for his officers is relevant to the standard of care in the case” and 8 “Plaintiff should be allowed to ask the Chief if the actions of the officers on July 12, 2020 fell 9 below his expectations and the police standards as the Chief of Police.” Dkt. No. 57 at 12. 10 The scope of allowable discovery in this matter is neither as narrow as Defendants argue 11 nor as wide as Plaintiff would like. As an initial matter, neither party grapples with the Rule 26 12 standard as it was amended in 2015 to emphasize that all discovery requests must be 13 “proportional to the needs of the case.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1); see LCR 26(f) (“The 14 proportionality standard set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) must be applied in every case when 15 parties … promulgate discovery requests."). The Rule lists several factors to consider in 16 weighing proportionality, including “the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the 17 amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, 18 the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the 19 proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Id. 20 As informed by the record and the vast body of law holding that “heads of government 21 agencies are not normally subject to deposition,” the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to show 22 the deposition of Mayor Woodards and Chief Moore are necessary or proportionate to the needs 23 of this case. Kyle Eng’g Co. v. Kleppe, 600 F.2d 226 , 231 (9th Cir. 1979) (internal quotations and 24 citation omitted). First, Plaintiff does not bring a 1983 municipality claim against Defendant City 1 of Tacoma, so “ratification” evidence is neither relevant nor necessary for Plaintiff to prove his 2 case. Second, Plaintiff does not contend that Mayor Woodards or Chief Moore have first-hand 3 information that cannot reasonably be obtained from other witnesses or through other discovery 4 devices. Finally, high ranking officials like Mayor Woodards and Chief Moore are presumed to 5 have “greater duties and time constraints than other witnesses and that, without appropriate 6 limitations, such officials will spend an inordinate amount of time tending to pending litigation.” 7 Bogan v. City of Bos., 489 F.3d 417, 423 (1st Cir. 2007). Thus, deposing them for the related, but 8 somewhat attenuated, purposes stated by Plaintiff would create a greater burden on city 9 operations than any likely benefit. The Court’s ruling, however, does not prevent Plaintiff from 10 using other discovery devices to learn about information they possess. 11 CONCLUSION 12 For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion for a Protective Order regarding the 13 Disputed Documents is DENIED (Dkt. No. 47); and Defendants’ Motion for Protective Order 14 regarding the proposed depositions of Mayor Woodards and Chief Avery is GRANTED. 15 It is so ORDERED. 16 Dated this 26th day of June, 2023. [17] A [18] Jamal N. Whitehead United States District Judge