Seifert v. Pritchard

[4] 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [7] 8 ALEXANDRA SEIFERT, Case No. 1:24-cv-01097-CDB 9 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO DISMISS COMPLAINT WITHOUT LEAVE 10 v. TO AMEND 11 KENNETH PRITCHARD, et al., (Doc. 1) 12 Defendants. 21-DAY DEADLINE 13 Clerk of the Court to Assign District Judge [15] 16 Plaintiff Alexandra Seifert, proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 17 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242, 18 U.S.C. § 1018 , 28 U.S.C. § 454 , 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985. (Doc. 18 1). Plaintiff filed her complaint and a motion to proceed in forma pauperis on September 16, 19 2024. (Docs. 1, 2). The matter was referred to the undersigned pursuant to Local Rule 302 and [20] 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B). 21 As set forth in more detail below, Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the Rooker-Feldman 22 doctrine and because Defendants are immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment and the 23 common law doctrine of judicial immunity. Accordingly, the undersigned will recommend that 24 Plaintiff’s complaint be dismissed without leave to amend. 25 I. Screening Requirement 26 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by litigants who seek to proceed in 27 forma pauperis. 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (e)(2). Under this screening provision, the Court must dismiss a complaint or a portion thereof if it: (1) is frivolous or malicious; (2) fails to state a claim upon 1 which relief can be granted; or (3) seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from 2 such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 (e)(2)(A), (B). Moreover, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 3 12(h)(3), the Court must dismiss an action it the Court determines that it lacks subject matter 4 jurisdiction. 5 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “a short and plain 6 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief [.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 7 This means that the complaint must state its claims simply, concisely, and directly. See McHenry 8 v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996). These rules are satisfied if the complaint gives the 9 defendant fair notice of the plaintiff’s claim and the grounds upon which the claims rest. See 10 Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). 11 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis in either law or fact. Neitzke 12 v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 13 1984). The Court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably meritless 14 legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327 . The 15 central question is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully pleaded, has an arguable 16 legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 17 F.2d at 1227. 18 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, the complaint must contain more than 19 “labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action[.]” Bell 20 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007) (quotations and citations omitted). 21 “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 22 statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, a claim 23 upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 . “A 24 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw 25 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 26 at 678 . When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, 27 the Court must accept the allegations as true. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). 1 most favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all doubts in plaintiff’s favor. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 2 F.3d 338 , 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (“where the petitioner is pro se, particularly in civil rights cases, 3 [courts should] should construe the pleadings liberally and . . . afford the petitioner the benefit of 4 any doubt.”); see U.S. v. Qazi, 975 F.3d 989, 992-93 (9th Cir. 2020) (“It is an entrenched 5 principle that pro se filings however inartfully pleaded are held to less stringent standards than 6 formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.”) (citations and internal quotations omitted). However, 7 while factual allegations are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 8 555. 9 II. Plaintiff’s Allegations 10 The Court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations in the complaint as true only for the purpose of 11 the sua sponte screening requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 . 12 Plaintiff brings claims against Defendants Kenneth Pritchard, J. Eric Bradshaw, Gina 13 Marie Cervantes, and Tamarah Harber-Pickens. Pritchard and Bradshaw are state court judges, 14 Cervantes is a state court commissioner, and Harber-Pickens is a court clerk. All are employed 15 by the Kern County Superior Court. (Doc. 1 at 2). Plaintiff alleges the following causes of 16 action: (1) 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242, (2) 18 U.S.C. § 1018 , (3) 28 U.S.C. § 454 , (4) 42 U.S.C. §§ 17 1983 and 1985, (5) common law conspiracy and deprivation of rights, (6) fraud and/or fraud upon 18 the court, (7) violations of the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments, and (8) infliction of emotional 19 distress. Id. 20 Plaintiff alleges that on September 9, 2022 and September 16, 2022, Prichard was a trial 21 judge in two hearings in a small claims case that Plaintiff had initiated with the Kern County 22 Superior Court in Ridgecrest. Plaintiff alleges that Pritchard violated her “rights to be heard, to 23 present her case in full, to offer and call witnesses and to enjoy a just and fair trial.” Plaintiff also 24 alleges that Pritchard violated her right to privacy and denied her the opportunity to present half 25 of her second cause of action and all of her third. Plaintiff alleges that Pritchard committed 26 “grave judicial incompetence” due to his lack of knowledge of legal terminology and standards of 27 jurisprudential evaluation. Plaintiff further alleges that Pritchard made false accusation and 1 presenting her case, denied all claims including ones Plaintiff had not presented, “legislat[ed] 2 from the bench,” and acted outside the scope of his judicial capacity. Plaintiff claims she 3 exhausted her state remedies, as small claims in California does not have a right of appeal for a 4 losing plaintiff. (Doc. 1 at 3). 5 On October 8, 2022, Plaintiff submitted a request for explanation as to the “legal grounds 6 of ruling for each of the causes of action.” On October 10, 2022, Harber-Pickens sent Plaintiff a 7 letter stating “explanation was given at the time of trial.” Plaintiff alleges this is false. On 8 October 19, 2022, Plaintiff filed a “Request to Correct or Cancel Judgment” in state court, where 9 Plaintiff described Pritchard’s violations. On November 11, 2022, Pritchard denied the filing 10 “without addressing his violations.” Id. 11 On February 22, 2023, Plaintiff sent a letter to Bradshaw. On March 23, 2023, Bradshaw 12 replied via letter. Plaintiff alleges he included “multiple false statements,” including that she did 13 not elect to file an appeal and that an appeal would have allowed her to have a new trial, both, 14 Plaintiff alleges, being untrue statements. Plaintiff claims Bradshaw did not address Pritchard’s 15 errors and stated he was “deeply concerned when citizens have doubts about the integrity of the 16 process.” Plaintiff alleges that this is a conspiracy between Bradshaw and Pritchard to shield 17 Pritchard from accountability as to his actions “outside of his judicial authority.” Id. at 4 . 18 On May 31, 2023, Plaintiff wrote a reply to Bradshaw addressing his claims and asking 19 him to provide the existing law which Bradshaw had claimed Pritchard utilized, as well as the 20 “glaring contrast” between Bradshaw’s claims of concern and his lack of actions to “abide by his 21 duty.” Id. 22 On October 7, 2022, in a different small claims action Plaintiff had initiated in the Kern 23 County Superior Court, Cervantes did not accept Plaintiff’s proffered evidence contained in a 24 thumb drive. After taking the case under submission, on January 30, 2023, Cervantes mailed a 25 ruling which “contradicted itself entirely,” “twisted facts,” misconstrued statements at trial, and 26 would have been different if Cervantes had reviewed the evidence on the thumb drive. Plaintiff 27 alleges the ruling violated her right to privacy, deprived her of a fair proceeding, and would have 1 On March 1, 2023, Plaintiff filed a “Request to Correct or Cancel Judgment” to Cervantes, 2 as Plaintiff had done in the other small claims matter mentioned above. On March 8, 2023, 3 Cervantes replied and did not address any of the incongruencies raised by Plaintiff, claimed 4 Plaintiff was essentially seeking an appeal, did not correct her “misleading claims” about 5 statements at trial, and did not reconsider “her position on her ruling having as premise the 6 commission of a crime.” Id. 7 On May 27, 2023, Plaintiff sent a letter of complaint regarding violation of her rights to 8 Bradshaw. Plaintiff later received a letter from Harber-Pickens that Plaintiff’s complaint about 9 Pritchard “was addressed.” Plaintiff alleges this is false and that Harber-Pickens made additional 10 false claims before ceasing to respond. On August 8, 2023, Plaintiff received an email stating “no 11 further response will be provided.” Id. at 5 . 12 On August 18, 2023 Plaintiff sent a letter to Bradshaw complaining as to Harber-Pickens 13 “false statements and misleading conduct,” as well as her refusal to “adhere to the tenets of the 14 court.” Plaintiff did not receive a reply. On September 13, 2023, Plaintiff received a phone call 15 from an individual named Mary who “identified herself as assistant executive administrative 16 secretary.” Mary confirmed Bradshaw received both of Plaintiff’s complaints and stated that 17 managing attorney Carla Ortega provided there will be no response from Bradshaw. Id. at 6 . 18 Plaintiff seeks injunctive and declaratory relief and monetary and punitive damages. Id. at 19 7-9. 20 III. Discussion 21 A. Plaintiff May Not Seek Relief Through Invocation of Criminal Statutes 22 Plaintiff purports to assert some causes of action pursuant to federal criminal statutes – 23 namely, 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242 (conspiracy against and deprivation of civil rights), 18 U.S.C. 24 § 1018 (false statements). 25 References to criminal statutes do not state a claim for relief in a section 1983 proceeding. 26 See Clinton v. Allison, No. 3:23-cv-01471-CAB-SBC, 2024 WL 1859956 , at *10 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 27 29, 2024) (discussing plaintiff’s references to federal and state criminal statutes and finding 1 Sonoma, No. 23-cv-02730-CRB, 2024 WL 1354496 , at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2024) (finding 2 plaintiff “fails to state a claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1503 because the statute only applies to criminal 3 cases and does not provide a civil cause of action”); Bland v. Gross, No. 1:20-cv-00542-DAD4 BAM (PC), 2021 WL 120964 , at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2021) (“‘Title 18 of the United States 5 Code is a criminal statute and does not provide individual plaintiffs with a private cause of 6 action.’ ”) (quoting Kennedy v. World Sav. Bank, FSB, No. 14-cv-05516-JSC, 2015 WL 1814634 , 7 at *7 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 21, 2015)); Rope v. Facebook, Inc., No. CV 14-4900 UA, 2015 WL 8 13918858, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2015) (same); Loadholt v. Obama, No. 2:13-cv-2607-MCE9 EFB PS, 2015 WL 848549 , at *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2015) (same). 10 Accordingly, Plaintiff is not entitled to any relief pursuant to these criminal statutes. 11 B. Plaintiff’s Claims Seeking Relief From State Court Orders are Barred by the 12 Rooker-Feldman Doctrine 13 Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, federal district courts may exercise only original 14 jurisdiction; they may not exercise appellate jurisdiction over state court decisions. See Dist. Ct. 15 of App. v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 482-86 (1986); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 , 416 16 (1923). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of 17 injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before district court proceedings commenced 18 and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi 19 Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies even when 20 the challenge to the state court decision involves federal constitutional issues. See Branson v. 21 Nott, 62 F.3d 287, 291 (9th Cir. 1995), overruled on other grounds by Amphastar Pharm. Inc. v. 22 Aventis Pharma SA, 856 F.3d 696, 710 (9th Cir. 2017); Dubinka v. Judges of the Super. Ct., 23 23 F.3d 218, 221 (9th Cir. 1994); Worldwide Church of God v. McNair, 805 F.2d 888, 891 (9th Cir. 24 1986). Further, “Rooker-Feldman bars any suit that seeks to disrupt or ‘undo’ a prior state-court 25 judgment, regardless of whether the state-court proceeding afforded the federal-court plaintiff a 26 full and fair opportunity to litigate [his] claims.” Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 F.3d 895, 901 (9th 27 Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). 1 determine if the federal action contains a “forbidden de facto appeal” of a state court decision. 2 Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1156 (9th Cir. 2003). If the court finds a forbidden de facto appeal, 3 the court cannot hear that portion of the case. Separately, a court must also refuse to decide any 4 issue raised in the suit that is “inextricably intertwined” with an issue resolved by the state court 5 decision. Id. at 1185 ; see Bell v. Cty. of Boise, 709 F.3d 890, 897 (9th Cir. 2013) (“The 6 ‘inextricably intertwined’ language … is not a test to determine whether a claim is a de facto 7 appeal, but is rather a second and distinct step in the Rooker–Feldman analysis.”). A claim is a 8 “de facto appeal” where the plaintiff “complains of a legal wrong allegedly committed by the 9 state court and seeks relief from the judgment of that court.” Noel, 341 F.3d at 1163 . Thus, for 10 instance, where a federal claim “directly call[s] into question the state courts’ judgments” on the 11 grounds the state court deprived plaintiff of his liberty rights, the claim is barred by the Rooker12 Feldman doctrine. See Rickrode v. W.C.A.B., 191 F.3d 461 (9th Cir. 1999) (unpublished). 13 Similarly, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars a plaintiff’s claims that “the state courts’ evidentiary 14 and procedural errors deprived him of his federal constitutional rights” – in other words, where 15 plaintiff “challenges the application of those rules in his [state court] proceedings.” Id. (citing 16 inter alia Branson, 62 F.3d at 292 ). 17 Plaintiff seeks relief via an injunction against Defendants’ behavior. (Doc. 1 at 7). It is 18 unclear what specific behavior Plaintiff refers to, as Plaintiff broadly states “criminal, deceiptful 19 [sic], misleading and harmful behavior as herein described.” As the behavior described in her 20 complaint relates to proceedings before state court judges and the involvement of other court 21 officials, it appears likely Plaintiff’s requested relief would act as a statement on state court 22 evidentiary and procedural actions. Plaintiff also seeks numerous forms of declaratory relief that 23 would act as rulings on the integrity and decisions of state court actions. Id. at 7-9; cf. Rickrode, [24] 191 F.3d 461 (Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars a plaintiff’s claims that challenge “the state courts’ 25 evidentiary and procedural errors”). It is plain from her allegations that Plaintiff directly calls 26 into question the state court’s judgments on the grounds the state court deprived Plaintiff of her 27 liberty rights. As such, the claim is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 1 out of, or intertwined with, state small claims actions. See Conerly v. Davenport, No. 21-17081, [2] 2022 WL 17223039 , at *1 (9th Cir. Nov. 25, 2022) (affirming dismissal based on Rooker3 Feldman doctrine where plaintiffs brought federal action that was a “forbidden de facto appeal” 4 of a state court small claims judgment and raising issues that were “inextricably intertwined” with 5 that judgment); Conerly v. Tarpin, No. 2:19-cv-2535 JAM DB PS, 2021 WL 2310407 , at *9 6 (E.D. Cal. June 7, 2021), report and recommendation adopted, No. 2:19-cv-2535 JAM DB PS, [7] 2021 WL 4033127 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2021), aff'd sub nom. Conerly v. Permanente, No. 218 16603, 2022 WL 17592188 (9th Cir. Dec. 13, 2022) (“[a]nd disputes over marital dissolution, 9 child custody, and small claims matters fall squarely within the Rooker-Feldman bar”); deRosier 10 v. Longaker, 551 F. App'x 362 (9th Cir. 2014) (affirming dismissal where plaintiff brought 11 “forbidden de facto appeal” that raised constitutional claims “inextricably intertwined” with state 12 court small claims judgment); Pinzon v. Jensen, No. CIV-F-08-1543 AWI GS, 2009 WL 13 4134809, at *4-5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 23, 2009) (dismissing plaintiff’s claims that arose from state 14 court small claims action and were thus barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine). 15 The Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies to Plaintiff’s claims to the extent they challenge and 16 seek to undo the decisions and actions of the state courts. “It is immaterial that [plaintiff] frames 17 his federal complaint as a constitutional challenge to the state courts’ decisions, rather than as a 18 direct appeal of those decisions.” Bianchi, 334 F.3d at 900 n.4. 19 A narrow exception to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies “where a party alleges 20 extrinsic fraud by an adverse party in procuring a state court judgment … because such a claim 21 does not challenge the state court decision directly.” Benavidez v. Cnty. of San Diego, 933 F.3d 22 1134, 1143 (9th Cir. 2021). Here, however, the undersigned notes that, despite advancing various 23 generalized allegations of misrepresentation in her complaint and a cause of action of “fraud 24 and/or fraud on the court,” (Doc. 1 at 2) Plaintiff does not make any specific allegation of fraud 25 on the state courts by the adverse parties in the state court actions. Instead, Plaintiff’s conclusory 26 allegations of fraud and misrepresentation are directed toward the Defendant-state court actors. 27 As such, the extrinsic fraud corollary to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not apply here. 1 B. Defendants are Immune From Suit in Federal Court Under the Eleventh 2 Amendment and the Common Law Doctrine of Judicial Immunity 3 The Eleventh Amendment prohibits federal courts from hearing suits brought against a 4 nonconsenting state. Munoz v. Super. Ct. of Los Angeles Cnty., 91 F.4th 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2024). 5 “This prohibition applies when the “state or the ‘arm of a state’ is a defendant.”” Id. (quoting 6 Durning v. Citibank, N.A., 950 F.2d 1419, 1422 (9th Cir. 1991)). Thus, the Eleventh Amendment 7 bars suits against state agencies as well as those where the state itself is named as a defendant. 8 Nat. Res. Def. Council v. Cal. Dep’t of Transp., 96 F.3d 420, 421 (9th Cir. 1996). 9 In Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson ( 595 U.S. 30 , 39 (2021)), the Supreme Court held 10 that state-court judges and state-court clerks are immune from suit in federal court under the 11 Eleventh Amendment. The Court reasoned that these individuals are immune because they “do 12 not enforce state laws as executive officials might” and because any errors they make in 13 connection with their official duties can be remedied through “some form of appeal.” See Munoz, [14] 91 F.4th at 981 (reiterating that “state court judges cannot be sued in federal court in their judicial 15 capacity under the Eleventh Amendment” and rejecting argument that Ex parte Young excepts 16 claims seeking injunctive relief against a state court judge). For these same reasons, Defendants 17 Pritchard, Bradshaw, Cervantes, and Harber-Pickens enjoy immunity under the Eleventh 18 Amendment. See Aholelei v. Dept. of Public Safety, 488 F.3d 1144 , 1147 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[t]he 19 Eleventh Amendment bars suits for money damages in a federal court against a state, its agencies, 20 and state officials in their official capacities”) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). 21 Pritchard, Bradshaw, and Cervantes separately are immune from liability in this case 22 under the common law doctrine of judicial immunity. See Meek v. Cnty. of Riverside, 183 F.3d 23 962, 965 (9th Cir.1999); Franceschi v. Schwartz, 57 F.3d 828, 831 (9th Cir. 1995). A similar 24 immunity attaches to Harber-Pickens as the clerk of the court here because Plaintiff’s allegations 25 only implicate this Defendant’s discharge of official duties. See Mullis v. U.S. Bankr. Ct. for the 26 Dist. of Nev., 828 F.2d 1385, 1390 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Court clerks have absolute quasi-judicial 27 immunity from damages for civil rights violations when they perform tasks that are an integral 1 C. Leave to Amend Would Be Futile 2 The Court of Appeals has “repeatedly held that ‘a district court should grant leave to 3 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 4 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 , 5 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)). 6 “The decision of whether to grant leave to amend nevertheless remains within the discretion of 7 the district court,” which may deny leave to amend if allowing amendment would unduly 8 prejudice the opposing party, cause undue delay, or be futile, or if the party seeking amendment 9 has acted in bad faith. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ'g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). 10 Here, the Court finds Plaintiff's claims as asserted against all Defendants are barred as a 11 matter of law based on Eleventh Amendment immunity and quasi-judicial immunity. These 12 defects cannot be cured through the assertion of additional facts; therefore, amendment would be 13 futile. Id. Accordingly, leave to amend should be denied. 14 IV. Order and Recommendation 15 Based on the foregoing, the Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to randomly assign a 16 District Judge. 17 Further, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 18 1. Plaintiff’s complaint (Doc. 1) be DISMISSED without leave to amend for failure to state a 19 claim; and 20 2. The Clerk of the Court be DIRECTED to CLOSE this action. 21 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 22 Judge assigned to this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(l). Within 21 days 23 after being served with a copy of these Findings and Recommendations, a party may file written 24 objections with the Court. Local Rule 304(b). The document should be captioned, “Objections to 25 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations” and shall not exceed 15 pages without 26 leave of Court and good cause shown. The Court will not consider exhibits attached to the 27 Objections. To the extent a party wishes to refer to any exhibit(s), the party should reference the 1 | reference the exhibit with specificity. Any pages filed in excess of the 15-page limitation may 2 | be disregarded by the District Judge when reviewing these Findings and Recommendations 3 | under 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(C). A party’s failure to file any objections within the specified time 4 | may result in the waiver of certain rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834 , 839 5 | (9th Cir. 2014). 6 | IT IS SO ORDERED. "| Dated: _November 14, 2024 | hr Rr 8 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE [28] 1]