Tercero v. Sacramento Logistics, LLC

[7] 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA [10] 11 TENIAH TERCERO, No. 2:24-cv-00953-DC-JDP 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION OF 14 SACRAMENTO LOGISTICS LLC, et al., PLAINTIFF’S INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS AND STAYING ALL PROCEEDINGS PENDING 15 Defendants. COMPLETION OF ARBITRATION 16 (Doc. Nos. 15, 17) [17] 18 This matter is before the court on Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration of Plaintiff’s 19 individual claims. (Doc. No. 15.) Pursuant to Local Rule 230(g), the pending motion was taken 20 under submission to be decided on the papers. (Doc. No. 18.) For the reasons explained below, 21 the court will grant Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and stay all proceedings pending 22 completion of arbitration. 23 BACKGROUND 24 On February 16, 2024, Plaintiff Teniah Tercero filed a wage-and-hour class action 25 complaint against Defendants Sacramento Logistics LLC (“Sacramento Logistics”) and C&S 26 Wholesale Grocers, LLC (“C&S Wholesale”) (collectively, “Defendants”) in Sacramento County 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 Superior Court.1 (Doc. No. 1 at 38–66.) Plaintiff alleges Defendants violated provisions of the 2 California Labor Code by failing to pay minimum wages, pay overtime wages, provide meal 3 periods or compensation in lieu thereof, provide rest periods or compensation in lieu thereof, pay 4 all wages due upon separation, and reimburse business expenses. (Id. at 56–63.) Plaintiff further 5 alleges Defendants violated California’s Unfair Competition Law, California Business & 6 Professions Code §§ 17200, et seq. (Id. at 63–65.) 7 In her complaint, Plaintiff alleges she worked for Defendants from approximately July 8 2021 through August 2022 in Sacramento, California. (Id. at 39.) Plaintiff seeks to represent a 9 proposed class of all current and former non-exempt employees who worked for any of the 10 Defendants at any location in California within the four years prior to the filing of the complaint. 11 (Id. at 43.) 12 On March 27, 2024, Defendants removed this action to this federal district court pursuant 13 to 28 U.S.C. § 1446 , alleging diversity jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act 14 (“CAFA”) ( 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (d)), traditional diversity jurisdiction ( 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (a)), and 15 federal question jurisdiction ( 28 U.S.C. § 1331 ). (Doc. No. 1.) Plaintiff did not thereafter file a 16 motion to remand to challenge Defendants’ removal of this action. 17 On May 31, 2024, Defendants filed the pending motion to compel arbitration of Plaintiff’s 18 individual claims and to stay all proceedings pending completion of arbitration.2 (Doc. No. 15.) 19 Defendants contend that when applying for employment with Defendant Sacramento Logistics, 20 Plaintiff electronically signed a mutual arbitration agreement that covered wage and hour claims 21 (the “Arbitration Agreement”). (Id. at 9.) Defendants further contend Plaintiff is bound to 22 arbitrate her claims on an individual basis pursuant to the Arbitration Agreement. (Id.) The 23 Arbitration Agreement states, in relevant part, “[c]overed [c]laims will be arbitrated only on an 24 individual basis,” employees cannot “bring a claim on behalf of other individuals,” and “any [25] 1 Plaintiff also named Defendant C&S Logistics of Sacramento/Tracy LLC (“C&S Logistics”), [26] but that defendant was dismissed from this action on November 25, 2024. (Doc. No. 32.) [27] 2 Also on May 31, 2024, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s individual and putative 28 class claims. (Doc. No. 17.) 1 arbitrator hearing [a] claim may not . . . arbitrate any form of class, collective, or representative 2 proceeding.” (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18.) 3 On June 14, 2024, Plaintiff filed her opposition to Defendants’ motion to compel 4 arbitration, challenging the validity of the Arbitration Agreement. (Doc. No. 21.) On June 24, 5 2024, Defendants filed their reply thereto. (Doc. No. 27.) 6 LEGAL STANDARD 7 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that contractual arbitration agreements 8 “evidencing a transaction involving commerce . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, 9 save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” [10] 9 U.S.C. § 2 . The FAA reflects “a national policy favoring arbitration when [] parties contract for 11 that mode of dispute resolution.” Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S. 346, 349 (2008). “By its terms, the 12 [FAA] leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but instead mandates that 13 district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration 14 agreement has been signed.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 218 (1985) (citing [15] 9 U.S.C. §§ 3 , 4). For this reason, a court’s role in considering a motion to compel arbitration is 16 “limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) 17 whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., 18 Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). “If the court answers both questions in the affirmative, 19 it must ‘enforce the arbitration agreement in accordance with its terms.’” Johnson v. Walmart 20 Inc., 57 F.4th 677 , 680–81 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Revitch v. DIRECTV, LLC, 977 F.3d 713 , 716 21 (9th Cir. 2020)). 22 Here, the only issue before the court is whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists 23 because Plaintiff does not contest that the Arbitration Agreement encompasses her claims. In 24 determining whether a valid arbitration agreement exists, federal courts apply state law principles 25 of contract formation. Davis v. Nordstrom, Inc., 755 F.3d 1089, 1093 (9th Cir. 2014). In 26 California, a contract is formed if the (1) parties are capable of contracting; (2) they consent; (3) 27 there is a lawful object; and (4) there is sufficient cause or consideration. Cal. Civ. Code § 1550 . 28 A party’s consent to “an agreement to arbitrate may be express, as where a party signs the 1 agreement” or “implied in fact.” Pinnacle Museum Tower Ass’n v. Pinnacle Market Dev. (US) 2 LLC, 55 Cal. 4th 223, 236 (2012). “Despite the strong policy favoring enforcement of arbitration 3 agreements, generally applicable contract defenses such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability are 4 applicable to arbitration agreements as they are to other contracts.” Loewen v. Lyft, Inc., 129 F. 5 Supp. 3d 945, 951 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (citing AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 , 6 339 (2011)). A defendant seeking to compel arbitration bears the burden of proving the existence 7 of an arbitration agreement by a preponderance of the evidence. See Reichert v. Rapid Invs., Inc., [8] 56 F.4th 1220 , 1227 (9th Cir. 2022). 9 ANALYSIS 10 Defendants seek to compel Plaintiff to arbitrate her individual claims pursuant to the terms 11 of the Arbitration Agreement. (Doc. No. 15.) Plaintiff does not contest that her claims would be 12 subject to arbitration if the court finds the Arbitration Agreement valid. (Doc. No. 21.) Plaintiff 13 only challenges the validity of the Arbitration Agreement. (Id.) Specifically, Plaintiff argues that 14 (1) Defendants have failed to show she electronically signed the Arbitration Agreement, and (2) 15 the Arbitration Agreement is procedurally and substantively unconscionable. The court addresses 16 each argument in turn. 17 A. Plaintiff’s Electronic Signature on the Arbitration Agreement 18 A defendant may meet its “initial burden to show an agreement to arbitrate” merely “by 19 attaching a copy of the arbitration agreement purportedly bearing the [plaintiff’s] signature” to the 20 motion to compel arbitration. Espejo v. S. Cal. Permanente Med. Grp., 246 Cal. App. 4th 1047 , 21 1060 (2016). However, if a plaintiff “challenge[s] the validity of that signature in [their] 22 opposition” to a motion to compel arbitration, a defendant is “then required to establish by a 23 preponderance of the evidence that the signature [is] authentic.” Id. To shift the burden back to 24 the defendant, the plaintiff “need not prove that [their] purported signature is not authentic, but 25 must submit sufficient evidence to create a factual dispute.” Iyere v. Wise Auto Grp., 87 Cal. App. 26 5th 747, 755 (2023). 27 California recognizes the validity of electronic signatures pursuant to the Uniform 28 Electronic Transaction Act, which provides that a “signature may not be denied legal effect or 1 enforceability solely because it is in electronic form.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1633.7 . “An electronic 2 record or electronic signature is attributable to a person if it was the act of the person. The act of 3 the person may be shown in any manner, including a showing of the efficacy of any security 4 procedure applied to determine the person to which the electronic record or electronic signature 5 was attributable.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1633.9 . 6 The “burden of authenticating an electronic signature is not great.” Ruiz v. Moss Bros. 7 Auto Grp., 232 Cal. App. 4th 836, 844 (2014). “Courts have found that evidence of a unique, 8 secure username and password may sufficiently authenticate a signature when that signature is a 9 typed name input by the user.” Zamudio v. Aerotek, Inc., No. 1:21-cv-01673-JLT-CDB, 2024 WL 10 2055146, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 8, 2024) (collecting cases). “Similarly, the use of a checkbox to 11 show acknowledgment and agreement with a specific policy document has also been found 12 sufficient where a unique, secure username and password was used to access the website 13 containing the policy document.” Smith v. Rent-A-Ctr., Inc., No. 1:18-cv-01351-LJO-JLT, 2019 14 WL 1294443 , at *5 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 21, 2019) (citation omitted). 15 The authentication of an electronic signature turns on the indicia of reliability 16 demonstrated in the processes associated with the signor’s username and password. Smith, 2019 17 WL 1294443 , at *5. “These processes, and attendant explanations, are fact-specific and 18 contextual; they may take many forms yet still satisfy the burden of authentication.” Id. The 19 declarations of human resource employees may be sufficient to authenticate electronic signatures, 20 but “the content of such declarations, rather than their mere existence, is determinative for 21 clearing the authentication threshold.” Id. 22 In their motion to compel arbitration, Defendants contend Plaintiff electronically signed 23 the Arbitration Agreement during her employment application process with Defendant 24 Sacramento Logistics. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18–24.) In support of this contention, Defendants submit 25 ///// 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 the declaration of Krista Gaedje, a talent acquisition manager for Defendant C&S Wholesale.3 2 (Doc. No. 15-1.) In her declaration, Ms. Gaedje describes Defendants’ hiring process and in 3 particular, their use of a software platform known as “Workday” to electronically manage 4 applications from candidates and onboard newly hired employees. (Id at 4.) To apply for a 5 position, a candidate must create a Workday account using their personal email address and a 6 unique password, which is inaccessible to Defendants. (Id. at 6.) The Workday employment 7 application contains screening questions, an initial assessment, and questions regarding a 8 candidate’s prior work history. (Id. at 6–7.) After an employment application is submitted, a 9 recruiter is assigned to review the submission. (Id. at 7.) Candidates who meet job requirements 10 are advanced to the “interview” stage of the application process and may be invited to participate 11 in an onsite simulation during their onsite interview, so long as they sign a “Warehouse Tour and 12 Physical Job Simulation Waiver.” (Id.) If a candidate receives an offer following the interview, 13 they advance to the “background check” stage where they are assigned tasks to complete via the 14 Workday system. (Id.) The candidate must complete “background check” tasks to proceed with 15 employment. (Id. at 7–8.) Specifically, a candidate must enter their social security number, date 16 of birth, and—relevant here—sign a “mutual arbitration agreement regarding wage and hour 17 claims.” (Id. at 8.) 18 According to Ms. Gaedje, at this stage to complete the task of signing the arbitration 19 agreement, candidates are presented with a screen that instructs them to read and acknowledge a 20 mutual arbitration agreement regarding wage and hour claims. (Id. at 11.) Candidates can click on 21 a blue file name, or hyperlink, to view the arbitration agreement in its entirety. (Id. at 12.) After 22 reviewing the arbitration agreement, candidates must select a checkbox under the words “I 23 Agree.” (Id.) The webpage informs candidates that by selecting “I Agree,” they are certifying that 24 they have “read, understand and agree to the Arbitration Agreement.” Candidates are also 25 3 Plaintiff objects to specific portions of Ms. Gaedje’s declaration based on a lack of personal knowledge, lack of foundation/speculation, irrelevance, inadmissible hearsay, and statements [26] concerning contents of documents. (Doc. No. 21-3.) Plaintiff’s objections “are boilerplate and 27 devoid of any specific argument or analysis as to why any particular exhibit or assertion in a declaration should be excluded.” United States v. HVI Cat Canyon, Inc., 213 F. Supp. 3d 1249 , 28 1256 (C.D. Cal. 2016). Therefore, Plaintiff’s objections are overruled. 1 informed that clicking “I Agree” “will be accepted as [their] electronic signature.” (Id. at 11.) 2 Defendants contend they only hire and onboard candidates who have completed all tasks assigned 3 at the “background check” stage on Workday. (Id.) Put differently, a candidate cannot be hired or 4 onboarded as an employee for Defendants unless the arbitration agreement task has been 5 completed in Workday. (Id.) 6 With regard to Plaintiff’s application process and onboarding, Ms. Gaedje attaches a 7 Workday audit trail and system record to her declaration, purportedly showing all actions taken 8 by Plaintiff during her employment application process with Defendant Sacramento Logistics. 9 (Id. at 25–37.) Defendants assert these records show Plaintiff created a Workday account using 10 her personal email address and a unique password on June 3, 2021. (Id.) Documents, including 11 one with the filename “TerceroTeniah-Resume.doc,” were uploaded to the Workday account. 12 (Id.) On July 4, 2021, Plaintiff allegedly signed a waiver via Workday to participate in an onsite 13 simulation and interview with Defendant Sacramento Logistics. (Id.) After attending an onsite 14 interview at Defendant Sacramento Logistics’ facility on July 6, 2021, Plaintiff was advanced to 15 the “background check” stage of the application process in Workday (Id.) On July 7, 2021, a 16 recruiter sent Plaintiff an email to her personal address notifying her that she had tasks to 17 complete to move forward with the application process. (Id. at 14.) The Workday audit trail and 18 system records show that Plaintiff allegedly signed into her Workday account and completed the 19 arbitration agreement task at approximately 5:19 p.m. that same day. (Id. at 15, 26, 34.) 20 In opposition to the pending motion, Plaintiff argues Defendants have failed to 21 demonstrate she agreed to arbitrate her claims. (Doc. No. 21 at 12.) Plaintiff submits her own 22 declaration, denying she electronically signed the Arbitration Agreement.4 (Id. at 12; Doc. No. 23 21-2 at 2.) Plaintiff states that she applied for her position via Indeed.com rather than through 24 Workday. (Doc. No. 21-2 at 2.) Plaintiff claims she did not create a Workday account at any time, 25 does not recognize the Arbitration Agreement, does not remember ever signing any arbitration [26] 27 4 Defendants object to specific portions of Plaintiff’s declaration based on irrelevance, improper opinions, and misstatements of evidence. (Doc. No. 27-2.) Because the objected to material is not 28 relied upon by the court, it need not address Defendants’ objections. 1 agreement, and did not ever knowingly or voluntarily sign an arbitration agreement. (Id.) Instead, 2 Plaintiff alleges that a few days after she began working for Defendants, a supervisor at 3 Defendants’ warehouse created a Workday username and password for her to complete remaining 4 onboarding tasks. (Id.) Thus, Plaintiff argues Defendants have not shown only she could have 5 placed the electronic signature on the Arbitration Agreement. (Doc. No. 21 at 12.) 6 In reply, Defendants provide a supplemental declaration from Ms. Gaedje stating that 7 when candidates attempt to apply for an Indeed.com job posting, they are ultimately rerouted to 8 Defendant C&S Wholesale’s careers website and are required to create a Workday candidate 9 account. (Doc. No. 27-1 at 5–8.) Candidates can only apply for a position with Defendants by 10 creating a Workday account using their personal information, even if they began the application 11 process on Indeed.com. (Id.) Ms. Gaedje also clarifies in her supplemental declaration that once 12 candidates are hired, they are provided log-in credentials for a Workday employee account which 13 are separate and distinct from a Workday candidate account. (Id. at 10.) 14 Here, Defendants have met their initial burden to show an agreement to arbitrate by 15 submitting the Arbitration Agreement purportedly bearing Plaintiff’s electronic signature with 16 their motion to compel arbitration. (Doc. No. 15-1); see Espejo, 246 Cal. App. 4th at 1060 . 17 However, Plaintiff challenges the authenticity of the electronic signature, arguing that she did not 18 create a Workday candidate account or sign the Arbitration Agreement. (Doc. No. 21-2.) 19 Therefore, the issue before the court is whether Defendants have satisfied their burden of 20 establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that Plaintiff signed the Arbitration Agreement. 21 The court finds Defendants have provided sufficient information to authenticate Plaintiff’s 22 electronic signature on the Arbitration Agreement. Ms. Gaedje’s declarations thoroughly explain 23 the application process for a candidate seeking employment with Defendants. (Doc. Nos. 15-1, 24 27-1.) This process consists of discrete steps that a candidate must complete on the Workday 25 platform in order to be hired and onboarded as an employee. (Id.) Signing an arbitration 26 agreement is one part of the multi-step Workday application process. See Tagliabue v. J.C. 27 Penney Corp., Inc., No. 1:15-cv-01443-SAB, 2015 WL 8780577 , at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2015) 28 (defendant submitted sufficient evidence to establish plaintiff electronically signed arbitration 1 agreements by providing a declaration detailing “20 discrete steps” of its onboarding process). 2 Plaintiff’s Workday audit trails and account records show she took the usual steps to apply for a 3 position with Defendant Sacramento Logistics through Workday. (Id. at 25–37). Specifically, the 4 documents show a Workday candidate account was created using Plaintiff’s personal email 5 address and a unique password, a resume bearing Plaintiff’s name was uploaded to the account, 6 screening questions were answered, and a waiver required for Plaintiff’s July 4, 2021 onsite 7 simulation and interview was signed. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 25–26, 29–33.) It follows that it was 8 Plaintiff who electronically reviewed and signed the arbitration agreement days later on July 7, 9 2021. (Id. at 26, 34); see Taft v. Henley Enters., Inc., No. 8:15-cv-1658-JLS-JCG, 2016 WL 10 9448485, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2016) (defendant satisfied its burden of authentication where it 11 submitted a declaration explaining its new hire onboarding process consisting of several discrete 12 steps and provided an audit trail showing the steps plaintiff took to sign an arbitration agreement); 13 Walters v. Luxottica of Am. Inc., No. 8:23-cv-01099-FWS-MAA, 2024 WL 661195 , at *2 (C.D. 14 Cal. Jan. 5, 2024) (audit trail evidenced the plaintiff’s assent to the arbitration agreement). 15 The court is unpersuaded by Plaintiff’s argument that Defendants have failed to show only 16 she could have signed the Arbitration Agreement because, according to Plaintiff, a supervisor 17 provided her with Workday log-in credentials; she did not create them herself. (Doc. No. 21 at 18 12.) Ms. Gaedje explained, however, a Workday candidate account differs from an employee 19 account provided to new hires. (Doc. No. 27-1 at 10.) The creation of a Workday candidate 20 account and the completion of application forms therein required information only Plaintiff would 21 know, such as Plaintiff’s social security number and date of birth, both of which were provided 22 the same day the Arbitration Agreement was signed. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 34); see White v. 23 Conduent Com. Sols., LLC, No. 1:23-cv-00113-JLT-CDB, 2024 WL 4373851 , at *8–9 (E.D. Cal. 24 Oct. 2, 2024) (signature sufficiently authenticated where declaration detailed security precautions 25 and “steps an applicant would have to take to place his or her name on the signature line of the 26 employment agreement”). Indeed, Plaintiff herself acknowledges that “nobody created a 27 Workday account for [her] before [her] employment” with Defendant Sacramento Logistics. 28 (Doc. No. 21-2 at 2.) Therefore, the court concludes that Defendants have produced sufficient 1 evidence to meet their burden of establishing Plaintiff signed the Arbitration Agreement. 2 B. Unconscionability 3 Under California law, a court may refuse to enforce a provision of a contract if it 4 determines that the provision was “unconscionable at the time it was made.” Cal. Civ. Code 5 § 1670.5(a); see also Lim v. TForce Logistics, LLC, 8 F.4th 992 , 999 (9th Cir. 2021) (an 6 arbitration agreement may be deemed invalid on grounds of unconscionability). A “contract is 7 unconscionable if one of the parties lacked a meaningful choice in deciding whether to agree and 8 the contract contains terms that are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” OTO, L.L.C. v. 9 Kho, 8 Cal. 5th 111, 125 (2019). 10 “For unconscionability, California requires a showing of both procedural and substantive 11 unconscionability, balanced on a sliding scale.” Tompkins v. 23andMe, Inc., 5:13-cv-05682-LHK, [12] 2014 WL 2903752 , at *13 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 25, 2014). Procedural unconscionability “addresses the 13 circumstances of contract negotiation and formation, focusing on oppression or surprise due to 14 unequal bargaining power.” OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 125 (citation omitted). “Substantive 15 unconscionability pertains to the fairness of an agreement’s actual terms and to assessments of 16 whether they are overly harsh or one-sided.” Id. “[T]he more substantively oppressive the 17 contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the 18 conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.” Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., 19 LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910 (2015) (citation omitted). The party opposing arbitration bears the 20 burden of establishing that an arbitration agreement is unconscionable. See Shivkov v. Artex Risk 21 Sols., Inc., 974 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2020). 22 1. Procedural Unconscionability 23 When analyzing procedural unconscionability, the court “begins by determining whether 24 the agreement is a contract of adhesion, which is a standardized contract offered by the party with 25 superior bargaining power on a take-it-or-leave-it-basis.” Prostek v. Lincare Inc., 662 F. Supp. 3d 26 1100, 1115 (E.D. Cal. 2023). “If a contract of adhesion is at issue, courts must assess whether the 27 circumstances of the contract’s formation created such oppression or surprise that closer scrutiny 28 of the contract’s overall fairness is required.” Zamudio, 2024 WL 2055146 , at *6 (citing OTO, 8 1 Cal. 5th at 126). “[T]he adhesive nature of a contract, without more, [] give[s] rise to a low degree 2 of procedural unconscionability at most.” Poublon v. C.H. Robinson Co., 846 F.3d 1251 , 1261 3 (9th Cir. 2017). 4 Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement is procedurally unconscionable because it 5 is a contract of adhesion. (Doc. No. 21 at 15–16.) Plaintiff points to Section 1 of the Arbitration 6 Agreement, which states “[y]ou understand that your new or continued employment with the 7 [c]ompany is deemed to be acceptance of the [Arbitration Agreement].” (Id. at 15.) Plaintiff 8 further argues that terms within the Arbitration Agreement were “hidden and riddled with 9 ‘surprise.’” (Id. at 15–16.) Plaintiff points to the options provided to candidates when completing 10 the arbitration agreement task in Workday. (Id.) Candidates could click a blue file name or 11 hyperlink containing the full arbitration agreement but were not required to do so. (Id. at 16.) 12 Instead, candidates could click “I agree” without opening the full arbitration agreement or “close 13 the internet browser,” in which case their application would not be considered. (Id. at 16.) Finally, 14 Plaintiff notes that during her onsite onboarding on July 13, 2021, she was required to review 15 stacks of paperwork because she was provided with “28 different packets of information” and did 16 not know it included a hidden arbitration agreement. (Id.) 17 Defendants counter that the Arbitration Agreement was presented to Plaintiff in a 18 transparent manner with clearly delineated headings, normal font size, and relatively short 19 sections. (Doc. No. 27 at 11–12.) Defendants further argue the Arbitration Agreement was not 20 buried amongst other documents, and Plaintiff was not under any time constraints when 21 reviewing it. (Id.) In Defendants’ view, whether Plaintiff actually clicked through the hyperlinked 22 copy of the agreement and read the terms is irrelevant. (Id. at 12.) 23 Here, there is no dispute that the Arbitration Agreement is a contract of adhesion. 24 Zamudio, 2024 WL 2055146 , at *6. Indeed, arbitration agreements imposed as a condition of 25 employment are typically considered contracts of adhesion. OTO, 8 Cal. 5th at 126 . Plaintiff was 26 required to sign the Arbitration Agreement as a condition of employment. See Kinney v. United 27 HealthCare Servs., Inc., 70 Cal. App. 4th 1322, 1329 (1999) (agreement was a contract of 28 adhesion where “each employee was required to acknowledge his or her consent to its terms, 1 including the arbitration provision, as a condition of continued employment with the company” 2 and “had no opportunity to negotiate regarding the terms”). 3 However, where an “employee must sign a non-negotiable employment agreement as a 4 condition of employment but ‘there is no other indication of oppression or surprise,’ then ‘the 5 agreement will be enforceable unless the degree of substantive unconscionability is high.’” 6 Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261 (quoting Serpa v. Cal. Sur. Investigations, Inc., 215 Cal. App. 4th 695 , 7 704 (2013)); see also Barrera v. Floor & Decor Outlets of Am., Inc., No. 2:24-cv-02390-SB8 KES, 2024 WL 3993871 , at *5 (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2024) (“Generally, an adhesive employment 9 contract bears some degree of procedural unconscionability, although exactly how much depends 10 on whether there is evidence of other ‘sharp practices.’”) (citation omitted). Plaintiff presents no 11 evidence of oppression or surprise, beyond the fact that the contract was given to her on a take-it12 or-leave-it basis as part of her employment application. The Arbitration Agreement was not 13 buried in small font within a larger document or otherwise difficult to read. See Nat’l Bank of 14 Cal., NA v. Gay, No. 2:11-cv-2521-RSWL-JCG, 2011 WL 2672359 , at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 29, 15 2011) (determining that the element of surprise was not present at the time of contracting where 16 an arbitration agreement was “not hidden or difficult to read, as it was contained in a stand-alone, 17 three-page document”). Nor was it “hidden” solely because it was available via a hyperlink. See 18 River Supply, Inc. v. Oracle Am., Inc., No. 3:23-cv-02981-LB, 2023 WL 7346397 , at *10 (N.D. 19 Cal. Nov. 6, 2023) (agreements were not unconscionable where defendant provided hyperlinks to 20 them and “the pages [were] not confusing, [] not hidden, and the [a]greement [was] easily 21 available”). Finally, the fact that Plaintiff reviewed “28 different packets of information” as part 22 of her onboarding on July 13, 2021 does not advance her argument because that review came 23 days after she signed the Arbitration Agreement on July 7, 2021. 24 For these reasons, the court concludes that this case presents a de minimis level of 25 procedural unconscionability. Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261 . The court will nonetheless continue to 26 assess substantive unconscionability. See Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257 , 1284 27 (9th Cir. 2006) (even when “evidence of procedural unconscionability appears minimal,” courts 28 are required under California law to consider substantive unconscionability as well). 1 2. Substantive Unconscionability 2 Substantive unconscionability requires an examination of the fairness of a contract’s terms 3 and consideration of whether the terms are “unreasonably favorable to the more powerful party, 4 not just a simple old-fashioned bad bargain.” Lim, 8 F.4th at 1001–02 (citation and internal 5 quotation marks omitted). “Unconscionable terms impair the integrity of the bargaining process 6 or otherwise contravene the public interest or public policy or attempt to impermissibly alter 7 fundamental legal duties.” OTO, 8 Cal.5th at 130 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 8 “[T]he paramount consideration in assessing [substantive] unconscionability is mutuality.” 9 Abramson v. Jupiter Networks, Inc., 115 Cal. App. 4th 638 , 657 (2004). An agreement lacks 10 mutuality when it is “unjustifiably one-side[d] to such an extent that it ‘shocks the conscience.’” 11 Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 733 F.3d 916, 923 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Parada v. Super. 12 Ct., 176 Cal. App. 4th 1554, 1578 (2009)). “To avoid being found substantively unconscionable, 13 ‘arbitration agreements must contain at least a modicum of bilaterality.’” Beard v. Santander 14 Consumer USA, Inc., No. 1:11-cv-11-1815-LJO, 2012 WL 1292576 , at *9 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 15 2012). 16 Here, Plaintiff argues that six different provisions of the Arbitration Agreement are 17 substantively unconscionable, and when combined with the procedural unconscionability 18 discussed above, serve to invalidate the Arbitration Agreement in its entirety. First, Plaintiff 19 argues that the Arbitration Agreement is unfairly one-sided because it requires arbitration of wage 20 and hour disputes exclusively brought by employees. (Doc. No. 17.) “[S]ubstantive 21 unconscionability may manifest itself in the form of ‘an agreement requiring arbitration only for 22 the claims of the weaker party but a choice of forums for the claims of the stronger party.’” 23 Nagrampa, 469 F.3d at 1285–86 (quoting Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., [24] 24 Cal. 4th 83, 119 (2000)). “Courts have found one-sided employer-imposed arbitration 25 provisions unconscionable where they provide that employee claims will be arbitrated, but the 26 employer retains the right to file a lawsuit in court for claims it initiates, or where only the types 27 of claims likely to be brought by employees (wrongful termination, discrimination etc.) are made 28 subject to arbitration.” Serafin v. Balco Props. Ltd., LLC, 235 Cal. App. 4th 165, 181 (2015); see 1 also Ramirez v. Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 16 Cal. 5th 478 , 495 (2024) (“[I]f an agreement singles 2 out certain claims for arbitration, there must be ‘mutuality.’ The agreement cannot require ‘one 3 contracting party, but not the other, to arbitrate all claims arising out of the same transaction or 4 occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences.’”) (citation omitted). 5 Under the Arbitration Agreement, “[c]overed [c]laims” includes wage-and-hour claims 6 that are likely to be brought by employees against employers, such as claims for minimum wage, 7 straight time, overtime, or meal and rest break premiums. (Doc. No. 27 at 12–13.) However, the 8 Arbitration Agreement also expressly states that it covers claims “brought by the [Defendants] 9 against [employees].” (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18.) Indeed, the Arbitration Agreement includes within 10 the meaning of “[c]overed [c]laims,” claims Defendants are likely to bring such as claims for the 11 recovery of overpayment of wages and credit card or business expense misuse. (Id.); see Prostek, 12 662 F. Supp. 3d at 1120 (agreement was not unduly one-sided against employees where the 13 meaning of “covered claims” was non-exclusive and included claims that could be brought by an 14 employer); Ramirez-Baker v. Beazer Homes, Inc., 636 F. Supp. 2d 1008, 1021 (E.D. Cal. 2008) 15 (arbitration agreement was not one-sided where it covered claims an employer may raise against 16 an employee); cf. Ramirez, 16 Cal. 5th at 534 (arbitration agreement was unfairly one-sided 17 where it compelled the arbitration of claims employees were most likely to bring and specifically 18 excluded from arbitration claims that are typically employer-initiated, such as intellectual 19 property, noncompete agreement, and severance claims). Furthermore, the Arbitration Agreement 20 excludes from arbitration some claims that employees are likely to bring, such as harassment, 21 discrimination, retaliation, and failure to accommodate. (Id. at 13). Thus, the court concludes the 22 Arbitration Agreement’s covered claims are not “so one-sided as to ‘shock the conscious’” and 23 render the agreement substantively unconscionable. Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 911 . 24 Second, Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement includes a mass arbitration 25 provision that is substantively unconscionable. (Doc. No. 21 at 18–20.) In support of this 26 argument, Plaintiff cites to Section 7 of the Arbitration Agreement, which provides that if an 27 employee’s claim is “one of greater than 30 individual employment-related arbitration claims of a 28 nearly identical nature demanded against the [Defendants] in close proximity to one another,” 1 then Defendants may submit those claims to JAMS or a mutually agreed-upon mediator who will 2 “first shall select between five and ten ‘test cases’ to be arbitrated on an expedited basis.” (Doc. 3 No. 15-1 at 21.) Plaintiff claims this provision is only meant to benefit Defendants because it 4 avoids “fees, costs, and investment of time it would take to arbitrate 30 or more arbitrations,” but 5 there are no fees, costs, or time that an employee would save if the Defendants elected this option. 6 (Doc. No. 21 at 19.) Likewise, Plaintiff alleges mass arbitration would force an employee to wait 7 long periods of time before being allowed to proceed with their own arbitration, defeating the 8 purpose of arbitration in facilitating speedy and cost-effective adjudication. (Id.) However, the 9 only case Plaintiff cites in support of this argument is MacClelland v. Cellco P’ship, 609 F. Supp. 10 3d 1024 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2022), which is plainly inapposite and therefore not persuasive. In 11 MacClelland, the court held that a mass arbitration provision was substantively unconscionable 12 because it required consumers “to wait months, more likely years before they [could] even submit 13 a demand for arbitration” against a company. Id. at 1042. Consumers were not permitted to file 14 claims in arbitration until “preceding traunches” were adjudicated, meaning “[t]hose in the queue 15 who [were] not able to file within the limitations period would be forever barred.” Id. At the same 16 time, that arbitration agreement reserved the company’s right to raise a statute of limitations 17 defense but did not contain a tolling provision. Id. By contrast here, the Arbitration Agreement 18 does not expressly reserve Defendants’ right to raise a statute of limitations defense. (Doc. No. 19 15-1 at 21.) Instead, the Arbitration Agreement tolls the statutes of limitations while non-test 20 cases are on “stand-by,” meaning they cannot be filed with any court or arbitration administrator. 21 (Id.) The Arbitration Agreement also allows both parties to opt out of the arbitration process and 22 proceed in court under certain conditions. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 21); see McGrath v. DoorDash, Inc., 23 No. 3:19-cv-05279-EMC, 2020 WL 6526129 , at *10 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2020) (mass arbitration 24 provision for claims “of a nearly identical nature” filed against a company in “close proximity to 25 one another” was not substantively unconscionable where there was “little concrete evidence to 26 support [Plaintiff’s] argument that the [mass arbitration provision] would result in significant 27 delay” and claimants could choose to opt out of the arbitration process and return to court). 28 Therefore, the court concludes the mass arbitration provision is not substantively unconscionable. 1 Third, Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement contains a discovery consolidation 2 provision that only benefits Defendants. (Doc. No. 21 at 20–21.) In particular, the Arbitration 3 Agreement provides that an arbitrator may for discovery purposes only, consolidate claims filed 4 by multiple individual employees in a single arbitration proceeding or conduct a joint hearing. 5 (Doc. No. 15-1 at 21.) In Plaintiff’s view, this provision saves the Defendants costs while 6 delaying employees from having their claims heard individually by “allow[ing] the [employer] to 7 consolidate claims when it feels fit.” (Doc. No. 21 at 20–21.) The court disagrees. The Arbitration 8 Agreement does not give Defendants the right to consolidate claims. Instead, it gives the 9 arbitrator the right to consolidate claims for discovery purposes only. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 21); 10 Gonzalez v. Interstate Cleaning Corp., No. 4:19-cv-07307-KAW, 2020 WL 1891789 , at *7 (N.D. 11 Cal. Apr. 16, 2020) (provision allowing arbitrator to consolidate claims was not substantively 12 unconscionable). 13 Fourth, Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement includes unconscionable 14 limitations on discovery. (Doc. No. 21 at 21–24.) The Arbitration Agreement provides that 15 “absent a showing of compelling need, the parties shall engage only in limited discovery . . .” 16 (Doc. No. 15-1 at 20.) Each party “shall avoid broad or widespread collection, search and 17 production of documents, including electronically stored information.” (Id.) If a “compelling need 18 is demonstrated” by a requesting party, the production must be “narrowly tailored in scope,” 19 “only come from sources that are reasonably accessible without undue burden or cost,” “be 20 produced in a searchable format if [electronically stored information],” and “not require 21 electronic metadata.” (Id.) Additionally, the Arbitration Agreement provides that each party is 22 limited to one interrogatory for the identification of potential witnesses, 25 requests for 23 production of documents, and a maximum of two eight-hour depositions. (Id.) However, the 24 arbitrator “may allow additional discovery upon a showing of substantial need by either party or 25 upon a showing of an inability to pursue or defend certain claims without such additional 26 discovery.” (Id. at 21.) 27 Plaintiff argues that these limitations impose a stringent standard that benefits Defendants 28 while hampering employees’ ability to prosecute their statutory claims. (Id. at 23.) Specifically, 1 Plaintiff asserts the limitations on the production of electronically stored information effectively 2 restrict only her because Defendants have “exclusive custody” of employment documents and 3 information. (Doc. Nos. 21 at 23.) Plaintiff further argues she will need to depose more than two 4 individuals in this case. (Doc. Nos. 21 at 23; 21-1.) In support of this contention, Plaintiff submits 5 the declaration of her attorney, Sepideh Ardestani.5 (Doc. No. 21-1.) Therein, Attorney Ardestani 6 states she will need to depose several individuals, including individuals familiar with the 7 Arbitration Agreement and Defendants’ onboarding process, an individual familiar with 8 Plaintiff’s “employee counseling record” for missing time punches, a “person most 9 knowledgeable” with Defendants’ wage and hour policies, experts, Plaintiff’s supervisor, and 10 Plaintiff’s coworkers. (Id.) 11 Defendants counter that the limitations on discovery are not substantively unconscionable 12 because the Arbitration Agreement requires arbitration to be initiated with JAMS but the 13 Arbitration Agreement is actually “more generous” than JAMS rules, which limit parties to one 14 deposition per side unless the arbitrator grants a request for additional depositions. (Doc. No. 27 15 at 14.) Defendants also emphasize that the Arbitration Agreement provides the arbitrator the 16 authority to grant additional discovery where a party demonstrates a “substantial need.” (Id.) 17 Finally, Defendants argue that the Arbitration Agreement’s limitation on the production of 18 electronically stored information “does nothing more than track the limitations set forth in Fed. R. 19 Civ. P. 26.” (Id.) 20 “The California Supreme Court has made clear that ‘limitation on discovery is one 21 important component of the simplicity, informality, and expedition of arbitration.’” Poublon, 846 22 F.3d at 1270 (citation omitted); see also Dotson v. Amgen, Inc., 181 Cal. App. 4th 975 , 983 23 (2010) (holding that “discovery limitations are an integral and permissible part of the arbitration 24 process”). Parties can agree to “something less than the full panoply of discovery provided” by 25 5 Defendants object to specific portions of Attorney Ardestani’s declaration based on lack of personal knowledge, lack of foundation/speculation, relevance, improper opinions, and [26] misstatements of evidence. (Doc. No. 27-2.) As explained further below, even considering the 27 objected-to material from Attorney Ardestani’s declaration, the court still finds Plaintiff has not shown the discovery limitation clause to be substantively unconscionable. For this reason, the 28 court need not address Defendants’ evidentiary objections. 1 law. Ramirez, 16 Cal. 5th at 504 (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 106 ). However, an 2 arbitration agreement “must generally permit employees sufficient discovery to adequately 3 arbitrate any statutory claims.” Id.; see also Baxter v. Genworth N. Am. Corp., 16 Cal. App. 5th 4 713, 727 (2017) (“[A]n arbitration agreement must [] ensure minimum standards of fairness so 5 employees can vindicate their public rights.”). A court’s assessment of whether discovery 6 provisions are adequate “should focus on general factors that can be examined without relying on 7 subsequent developments.” Ramirez, 16 Cal. 5th at 506. These factors include “the types of 8 claims covered by the agreement, the amount of discovery allowed, the degree to which that 9 amount may differ from the amount available in conventional litigation, any asymmetries 10 between the parties with regard to discovery, and the arbitrator’s authority to order additional 11 discovery.” Id. 12 Here, the Arbitration Agreement covers individual wage and hour claims, not the types of 13 employment disputes typically characterized as factually complex, such as class actions, 14 employment discrimination, harassment, or wrongful termination claims. See e.g., Fitz v. NCR 15 Corp., 118 Cal. App. 4th 702, 717 (2004) (discovery allowed by arbitration agreement was 16 inadequate where age discrimination dispute was complex because its outcome was likely to be 17 determined by the testimony of multiple percipient witnesses and written information about the 18 disputed employment practice); Baxter, 16 Cal. App. 5th at 727 (discovery allowed by arbitration 19 agreement was inadequate where wrongful termination case was “factually complex” because it 20 involved a 12-year employment history, multiple witnesses, document relating to family leave 21 and evaluation polices, prior complaints, and an internal investigation). As noted above, the 22 default discovery allowed under the Arbitration Agreement is one interrogatory identifying 23 potential witnesses, 25 requests for production, and a maximum of two eight-hour days of 24 depositions of witnesses for each party. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 20.) In her opposition to the pending 25 motion, Plaintiff objects only to the Arbitration Agreement’s limitations on the production of 26 electronically stored information and depositions, not the prescribed interrogatory and requests 27 for production limitations. (Doc. No. 21 at 23.) With respect to the limitations on electronically 28 stored information, Plaintiff concludes that an asymmetry exists because Defendants have 1 “exclusive custody” of documents and information. (Id.) Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the 2 limitations on electronically stored information, which explicitly apply to “each party[,]” will 3 have a non-mutual effect. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 20.) While Defendants may possess employee 4 employment records, employees are also likely to have access to the types of documents relevant 5 to individual wage and hour claims, such as their own wage statements. Finally, the court agrees 6 with Defendants that the Arbitration Agreement largely tracks Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 7 in narrowly tailoring the scope of discovery and requiring any production to come from sources 8 that are reasonably accessible without undue burden or cost. 9 With respect to the limitation on depositions, the court disagrees with Plaintiff’s reading 10 that the Arbitration Agreement limits her to only two depositions. Under the express terms of the 11 Arbitration Agreement, Plaintiff can take “as many depositions as [she] wants over the course of 12 two eight-hour days in which deposition proceedings are held.” Horne v. Starbucks Corp., No. 13 2:16-cv-02727-MCE-CKD, 2017 WL 2813170 , at *3 (E.D. Cal. June 29, 2017); (see also Doc. 14 No. 15-1 at 20). In other words, on its face the Arbitration Agreement provides each party 16 15 hours for deposition proceedings, for a total of 32 hours. However, even if the Arbitration 16 Agreement were read as only permitting two depositions, Plaintiff has not demonstrated two 17 depositions are inadequate for employees bringing individual wage and hour claims, particularly 18 in light of the permitted interrogatory and requests for production. Indeed, courts have determined 19 that similar limitations on discovery are not substantively unconscionable. See e.g., Sherman v. 20 Atria Senior Living, Inc., No. 2:20-cv-02460-MCE-KJN, 2021 WL 4443257 , at *4 (E.D. Cal. 21 Sept. 28, 2021) (discovery limitations were not unconscionable where arbitration agreement 22 limited discovery to one interrogatory, twenty-five requests for production of documents, and a 23 maximum of two eight-hour depositions of witnesses and permitted the arbitrator to expand these 24 limitations); Rezaeian v. Starbucks Corp., No. 2:16-cv-04599-JAK-AS, 2017 WL 11635407 , at 25 *8 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2017) (same); Ortega v. UnitedHealth Grp., Inc., No. 4:23-cv-05596-JST, [26] 2024 WL 4495817 , at *6 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 15, 2024) (same); cf. Zamudio, 2024 WL 2055146 , at *9 27 (holding that JAMS rules for arbitration, which provide one deposition per side unless an 28 arbitrator grants a request for more, are adequate). 1 Rather, Plaintiff argues that the discovery provision is unconscionable when applied to her 2 because she will need to depose more than two individuals to arbitrate her claims. But given 3 recent developments in this area of the law since briefing on the pending motion was completed, 4 Plaintiff’s argument in this regard is now foreclosed. Specifically, the parties completed their 5 briefing on Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration just a few weeks before the California 6 Supreme Court’s issuance of its decision in Ramirez, which disapproved of several cases setting 7 forth a line of reasoning that the unconscionability of discovery limitations should be assessed “as 8 applied to a particular plaintiff.” Ramirez, 16 Cal. 5th at 478. In Ramirez, the plaintiff argued that 9 an arbitration agreement’s discovery provision was substantively unconscionable because it 10 allowed for only four depositions while she would need at least seven to substantiate her claims. 11 Id. at 505. The California Court of Appeal agreed, holding that the authorized discovery was 12 inadequate to permit plaintiff a fair pursuit of her claims. Id. The California Supreme Court 13 reversed, holding that the unconscionability assessment should focus on “general factors that can 14 be examined without relying on subsequent developments,” meaning “circumstances known at 15 the time the agreement was made.” Id. Accordingly, Ramirez forecloses Plaintiff’s argument that 16 the Arbitration Agreement’s discovery provisions are unconscionable because the number of 17 depositions provided are insufficient as applied to her. 18 To the extent Plaintiff’s arguments regarding the number of depositions she requires still 19 has bearing on the unconscionability assessment, the court is unpersuaded that Plaintiff would be 20 unable to vindicate her rights without taking the depositions she anticipates she would need. For 21 example, Plaintiff alleges she needs to depose individuals familiar with the Arbitration 22 Agreement, Defendants’ onboarding process, and how Plaintiff’s electronic signature was 23 obtained, but these issues are irrelevant to the substance of her wage and hour claims. Nor is it 24 clear that for her wage and hour claims Plaintiff would need to depose numerous coworkers or 25 supervisors regarding her work history, which lasted approximately one year. Cf. Fitz, 118 Cal. 26 App. 4th at 717 (plaintiff had a twenty-year work history with defendant and brought age 27 discrimination claims); Baxter, 16 Cal. App. 5th at 727 (limitations on discovery were 28 unconscionable where plaintiff had a twelve-year employment history and made a factual 1 showing that the outcome of her wrongful termination claims would depend upon several 2 witnesses). Several courts have rejected a party’s argument that discovery limitations are 3 substantively unconscionable where that party fails demonstrate that an arbitration agreement 4 provides them with insufficient discovery to arbitrate their claims. See e.g., Sanchez v. Carmax 5 Auto Superstores Cal., LLC, 224 Cal. App. 4th 398, 404 (2014) (discovery limitations were not 6 unconscionable where employee failed to show they would prevent him from vindicating his 7 rights); Hicks v. Utiliquest, LLC, No. 2:24-cv-00911-DJC-AC, 2024 WL 3011242 , at *8 (E.D. 8 Cal. June 11, 2024) (“Plaintiff fails to argue that the arbitration agreement provides him 9 insufficient discovery, which is sufficient to deny finding that the discovery limitation is 10 substantively unconscionable.”); Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261 (same). 11 Finally, the Arbitration Agreement authorizes the arbitrator to resolve all discovery 12 disputes and grant additional discovery beyond the default limitations. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 21.) As 13 Plaintiff points out, the Arbitration Agreement appears to provide two different standards for 14 obtaining additional discovery: a showing of “compelling need” or “substantial need.” (Doc. No. 15 15-1 at 20–21.) The “discovery” section of the Arbitration Agreement states that “absent a 16 showing of compelling need, the parties shall engage only in limited discovery.” (Doc. No. 15-1 17 at 20.) However, the “arbitrator’s authority” section of the Arbitration Agreement states that the 18 arbitrator shall decide all disputes related to discovery and “may allow additional discovery upon 19 a showing of substantial need.” (Id. at 21.) Regardless of which standard applies, “[a]llowing the 20 arbitrator to deviate from agreed-upon default discovery limits ensures that neither party will be 21 unfairly hampered in pursuing a statutory claim based on circumstances that arise post22 formation.” Ramirez, 16 Cal. 5th at 506 (noting that “giving the arbitrator authority to expand 23 upon discovery based on Armendariz’s requirement [that an arbitration agreement must generally 24 permit employees sufficient discovery to adequately arbitrate any statutory claims] is one way” 25 concerns about the adequacy of discovery can be addressed). Indeed, several courts have held that 26 similar limitations on discovery are not substantively unconscionable where an arbitrator can 27 grant additional discovery upon a showing of “substantial need,” as is the case here. See e.g., 28 Carmax, 224 Cal. App. 4th at 404 ; Sabouhi v. Starbucks Corp., No. 2:21-cv-04446-MEMF-PLA, [1] 2022 WL 2101727 , at *7 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2022); Baghdasarian v. Macy’s, Inc., No. 2:21-cv2 04153-AB-MAA, 2021 WL 12251599 , at *10 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2021). Therefore, the court 3 concludes the discovery limitation clause is not substantively unconscionable. 4 Fifth, Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement contains an unconscionable 5 confidentiality provision. (Doc. No. 21 at 24.) Plaintiff asserts this provision has a one-sided 6 effect favoring Defendants because it prevents employees from bringing similar claims or 7 contacting other employees for helpful information. Id. But as Defendants correctly point out, 8 Plaintiff’s argument has been rejected by federal and state courts. See e.g., Poublon, 846 F.3d at 9 1267 (holding that a confidentiality clause is not substantively unconscionable); Carmax, 224 10 Cal. App. 4th at 408 (rejecting policy argument that confidentiality provisions “inhibit employees 11 from discovering evidence from each other”). There is nothing unreasonable or prejudicial about 12 “a secrecy provision with respect to the parties themselves.” Woodside Homes of Cal., Inc. v. 13 Superior Court, 107 Cal. App. 4th 723, 732 (2003). 14 Sixth, Plaintiff asserts that a provision in the Arbitration Agreement preventing employees 15 from bringing representative actions unlawfully restricts actions under California’s Private 16 Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”). (Doc. No. 21 at 25–26.) The Arbitration Agreement states that 17 claims will only be arbitrated on an “individual basis” and employees waive their right to bring 18 “any class, collective, or representative proceeding.” (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18.) Plaintiff contends the 19 Arbitration Agreement’s waiver of “representative proceedings” includes representative suits 20 under PAGA. (Doc. No. 21 at 25.) Plaintiff argues that consequently, this provision is 21 unenforceable because wholesale waivers of the right to bring a representative action under 22 PAGA are unenforceable under California law. (Id.) 23 As an initial matter, Plaintiff has not brought a PAGA claim so the alleged PAGA waiver 24 is not relevant to the matter before the court. See e.g., Velazquez v. CEC Ent., LLC, No. 2:24-cv25 03519-AB-AGR, 2024 WL 4560169 , at *6 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2024) (PAGA waiver presented no 26 barrier to the enforcement of an arbitration agreement where plaintiff did not allege a PAGA 27 claim); Gonzales v. Charter Commc’ns, LLC, 497 F. Supp. 3d 844 , 854 (C.D. Cal. 2020) 28 (challenge to PAGA waiver was irrelevant to substantive unconscionability analysis where 1 plaintiff did not bring a PAGA claim). 2 Nonetheless, Plaintiff’s challenge to the PAGA waiver provision also fails because she 3 misunderstands the two key decisions she cites in support of her argument: Iskanian v. CLS 4 Transportation Los Angeles, LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348 (2014) and Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. 5 Moriana, 596 U.S. 639 (2022). In Iskanian, the California Supreme Court held that where “an 6 employment agreement compels the waiver of representative claims,” whether or not the 7 agreement specifically references PAGA, it “frustrates the PAGA’s objectives” and “is contrary 8 to public policy and unenforceable as a matter of state law.” 59 Cal. 4th at 384 . In Viking River 9 Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana, 596 U.S. 639, 662 (2022), the United States Supreme Court considered 10 whether the FAA preempted Iskanian’s interpretation of PAGA. The Supreme Court in Viking 11 River clarified that PAGA claims are representative in two distinct senses: “PAGA actions are 12 ‘representative’ in that they are brought by employees acting as representatives—that is, as agents 13 or proxies—of the State. But PAGA claims are also called ‘representative’ when they are 14 predicated on code violations sustained by other employees.” Id. at 648 . In Viking River, the 15 Supreme Court explained that the principal rule in Iskanian prohibited waivers of ‘representative’ 16 PAGA claims in the first sense, meaning it “prevent[ed] parties from waiving representative 17 standing to bring PAGA claims in a judicial or arbitral forum.” Id. at 649 . Further, in Viking Riker 18 the Supreme Court held that Iskanian’s principal rule prohibiting wholesale PAGA waivers was 19 not preempted by the FAA, but the FAA does preempt the rule of Iskanian “insofar as [that rule] 20 precludes division of PAGA actions into individual and non-individual claims through an 21 agreement to arbitrate.” Id. In other words, because PAGA claims consist of both individual and 22 non-individual (representative) claims, a plaintiff’s individual PAGA claims can still be 23 compelled to arbitration under the FAA even where an arbitration agreement contains a wholesale 24 PAGA waiver. 25 Here, the Arbitration Agreement does not run afoul of Viking River or Iskanian because it 26 does not contain a wholesale PAGA waiver. The Arbitration Agreement states the parties agree to 27 waive the “right to bring, participate in, join, or receive money or any other relief from any class, 28 collective, or representative proceeding.” (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18.) Immediately preceding that 1 sentence, however, the Arbitration Agreement also states “[c]overed [c]laims will be arbitrated 2 only on an individual basis.” (Id.) In other words, the Arbitration Agreement allows an employee 3 to bring an individual PAGA claim in arbitration. The waiver of a representative proceeding 4 “refers to non-individual or class claims.” See Valencia v. Mattress Firm, Inc., No. 3:22-cv5 06875-WHA, 2023 WL 2062951 , at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2023); see also Vazquez v. Tommy 6 Bahama R&R Holdings, Inc., No. 3:22-cv-01881-JES-KSC, 2023 WL 8264554 , at *6 (S.D. Cal. 7 Nov. 29, 2023) (no wholesale waiver existed where the word “representative” referred to the 8 second meaning articulated by Viking River “because it [was] grouped with the waiver to pursue 9 class and group actions”). Because the parties did not agree to waive both individual and 10 representative claims, there is no wholesale waiver. See Dhaliwal v. Ace Hardware Corp., No. 11 2:22-cv-00446-DAD-KJN, 2023 WL 2555471 , at *8 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2023) (arbitration 12 agreement did not operate as a wholesale waiver where plaintiff was permitted to raise their 13 individual portion of a PAGA claim in arbitration); Martinez-Gonzalez v. Elkhorn Packing Co., 14 LLC, 635 F. Supp. 3d 883 , 898–99 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (same); Shams v. Revature LLC, 621 F. 15 Supp. 3d 1054, 1057 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (“Because the waiver only waives Shams’ right to bring 16 non-individual PAGA claims, it is permissible under Viking River Cruises.”); Filemon Colores v. 17 Ray Moles Farms, Inc., No. 1:21-cv-00467-JLT-BAM, 2023 WL 2752379 , at *6 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18 31, 2023) (“Because the Agreement does not prohibit Colores from bringing agent/proxy claims 19 on behalf of the State, it is not an impermissible ‘wholesale’ PAGA waiver[.]”).6 20 Finally, to the extent Plaintiff is arguing that the waiver of representative actions is 21 substantively unconscionable because it contains a PAGA waiver prohibited by California law, 22 her argument is foreclosed by applicable precedent. “Under California law, ‘[c]ontracts can be 23 contrary to public policy but not unconscionable and vice versa.’” Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1264 24 (rejecting argument that arbitration agreement was substantively unconscionable because it 25 contained an unenforceable PAGA waiver). Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has [26] 6 Because the court finds that there is no wholesale PAGA waiver in the Arbitration Agreement, 27 and given that Plaintiff has not asserted a PAGA claim in this action, the court need not address whether a hypothetical wholesale PAGA waiver would be severable from the Arbitration 28 Agreement. 1 suggested arbitration agreements can generally waive representative claims and still be 2 enforceable. Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 336; see also Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1264 (“[E]ven if the 3 parties cannot lawfully agree to waive a PAGA representative action, Concepcion weighs sharply 4 against holding that the waiver of other representative, collective or class action claims, as 5 provided in the dispute resolution provision, is unconscionable.”). 6 In sum, the court concludes Plaintiff has failed to meet her burden of demonstrating the 7 Arbitration Agreement is unconscionable. Shivkov, 974 F.3d at 1059 . Having concluded that 8 Defendants have met their burden of establishing Plaintiff signed the Arbitration Agreement, and 9 the Arbitration Agreement is not unconscionable, the court finds that it must “enforce the 10 arbitration agreement in accordance with its terms.” Johnson, 57 F.4th at 680–81. The terms of 11 the Arbitration Agreement clearly state that Plaintiff must “individually arbitrate” her wage and 12 hour claims. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18). Consequently, the court will grant Defendants’ motion to 13 compel Plaintiff to arbitrate her individual claims. 14 C. Class Action Waiver 15 Defendants argue this court should dismiss Plaintiff’s class claims because pursuant to the 16 Arbitration Agreement, she agreed to arbitrate her claims on an individual basis only. (Doc. No. 17 15 at 24.) An arbitration agreement may contain an enforceable waiver that waives the right to 18 initiate or participate in a class action. See Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 351; Prostek, 662 F. Supp. 3d 19 at 1122; Ruiz, 2023 WL 3379300 , at *10. Here, the terms of the Arbitration Agreement require 20 that all covered claims be submitted and arbitrated on an individual basis. (Doc. No. 15-1 at 18.) 21 Plaintiff expressly waived the right to initiate or participate in any class action. (Id.) Apart from 22 arguing that the Arbitration Agreement as a whole is unconscionable, Plaintiff does not contend 23 that the class action waiver is inapplicable or unenforceable. Therefore, the court will give effect 24 to the Arbitration Agreement’s class action waiver and dismiss all of Plaintiff’s putative class 25 claims. See Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 351. This action will therefore be stayed pending arbitration 26 of Plaintiff’s individual claims—the only claims remaining in this case. See Smith v. Spizzirri, [27] 601 U.S. 472, 478 (2024) (“When a district court finds that a lawsuit involves an arbitrable 28 dispute, and a party requests a stay pending arbitration, Section 3 of the FAA compels the court to 1 | stay the proceeding.”). 2 CONCLUSION 3 For the reasons explained above: 4 1. Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration of Plaintiffs individual claims (Doc. 5 No. 15) is granted; 6 2. Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs putative class claims (Doc. No. 15) is 7 granted; 8 3. Plaintiffs’ putative class claims are dismissed; 9 4. This action is stayed in its entirety pending the completion of arbitration of 10 Plaintiffs individual claims; 11 5. The parties shall file a joint status report ninety (90) days from the date of entry of 12 this order, and every 90 days thereafter, regarding the status of the arbitration 13 proceedings; 14 6. Within fourteen (14) days of the completion of the arbitration proceedings, the 15 parties shall file a joint status report to notify the court of the arbitrator’s decision 16 and request that the stay of this case be lifted; and 17 7. In light of this order, Defendants’ pending motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 17) is 18 administratively terminated, to be reactivated upon the lifting of the stay, if 19 appropriate. [20] IT IS SO ORDERED. □ 29 | Dated: _ January 6, 2025 _ DUC Dena Coggins 23 United States District Judge