Cole v. Amazon.com Services LLC

[8] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 9 AT SEATTLE [10] 11 DEON COLE, CASE NO. 2:24-cv-01147-TL 12 Plaintiff, ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS v. [13] AMAZON.COM SERVICES LLC, et al., [14] Defendants. [16] 17 This is a case stemming from an incident where a delivery driver allegedly took 18 unauthorized photographs of a customer’s home while delivering groceries to the customer. This 19 matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Dkt. No. 37. Having reviewed 20 the motion, Plaintiff’s response (Dkt. No. 40), Defendants’ reply (Dkt. No. 43), and the relevant 21 record, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion with leave to amend. 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiff is Deon Cole, an actor and comedian who describes himself as a “well-known 24 celebrity.” Dkt. No. 32 (Amended Complaint) ¶ 4.16. Defendants are Amazon.com Services 1 LLC (“Amazon”) and Amazonfresh LLC (“Fresh”), as well as 20 unnamed John Does. Id. 2 ¶¶ 2.2–2.4. 3 On April 20, 2022, Plaintiff placed an order for grocery delivery from Defendant Fresh. 4 Id. ¶ 4.1. Later that day, a driver—an employee of Defendant Fresh—arrived at Plaintiff’s 5 residence to deliver the groceries. Id. ¶¶ 4.2–4.3. When Plaintiff answered the door, the driver 6 advised Plaintiff that he needed to see Plaintiff’s identification to complete the delivery. Id. ¶ 4.3. 7 Plaintiff went to retrieve his driver’s license but left the door to his house “partially open.” Id. 8 ¶ 4.4. When Plaintiff returned with his license, he found the driver “taking unauthorized photos 9 of the inside of his home from the doorstep.” Id. ¶ 4.5. Plaintiff asked the driver to stop taking 10 pictures and began to record the driver’s actions with his phone. Id. ¶¶ 4.6–4.7. The two then 11 “exchanged several words,” with the driver initially denying that he had taken any photographs. 12 Id. ¶¶ 4.8–4.9. After Plaintiff advised that he had seen a photo on the screen of the driver’s 13 electronic device, the driver agreed to delete the photos from the device. Id. ¶¶ 4.8–4.9. After the 14 driver left, Plaintiff reviewed the video recording of the incident that he had made on his phone. 15 Id. ¶ 4.11. “The recording showed the delivery person’s phone screen and a group chat in which 16 photos of [Plaintiff’s] house were shared.” Id. Plaintiff contacted Defendant Amazon to complain 17 but was dissatisfied with the company’s response. Id. ¶¶ 4.13–4.14. 18 The incident left Plaintiff “troubled and in constant distress over his safety while in the 19 privacy of his home.” Id. ¶ 4.15. Plaintiff engaged in “multiple therapy sessions” and installed a 20 new home security system for his residence. Id. ¶¶ 4.15, 4.18. Finally, some 18 months 21 afterward, on October 28, 2023, there was an attempted burglary on Plaintiff’s home, which the 22 new security system thwarted. Id. ¶ 4.19. 23 On March 28, 2024, Plaintiff filed a California state-law complaint against Defendants in 24 Los Angeles County Superior Court, alleging negligence, intentional infliction of emotional 1 distress, and breach of contract. Dkt. No. 1-1. Defendants removed the case to United States 2 District Court for the Central District of California (Dkt. No. 1), then moved to transfer the case 3 to the Western District of Washington pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404 (a) and a forum-selection 4 clause in the Amazon.com Conditions of Use (Dkt. No. 8). Plaintiff opposed the motion, but on 5 July 26, 2024, U.S. District Judge André Birotte Jr. granted Defendants’ motion. Dkt. No. 21. 6 On September 26, 2024, Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint in this Court. Dkt. No. 32. 7 Now brought under Washington law, the Amended Complaint—now the operative complaint in 8 this matter—alleges negligence, outrage, invasion of privacy, and breach of contract. Id. ¶¶ 5 .1– 9 8.7. On November 1, 2024, Defendants filed the instant motion to dismiss. Dkt. No. 37. Plaintiff 10 opposes (Dkt. No. 40), and Defendants filed a reply (Dkt. No. 43). 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 A defendant may seek dismissal when a plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief 13 can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the 14 Court takes all well-pleaded factual allegations as true and considers whether the complaint 15 “state[s] a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 , 678 16 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). While “[t]hreadbare 17 recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,” are 18 insufficient, a claim has “facial plausibility” when the party seeking relief “pleads factual content 19 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 20 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 672 . “When reviewing a dismissal pursuant to Rule 21 12(b)(6), “‘we accept as true all facts alleged in the complaint and construe them in the 22 light most favorable to plaintiff[ ], the non-moving party.’” DaVinci Aircraft, Inc. v. United 23 States, 926 F.3d 1117, 1122 (9th Cir. 2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Snyder & Assocs. 24 Acquisitions LLC v. United States, 859 F.3d 1152 , 1156–57 (9th Cir. 2017)). 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 As stated above, the Amended Complaint includes four causes of action, all brought 3 under Washington state law: negligence, outrage, invasion of privacy, and breach of contract. 4 Dkt. No. 32 ¶¶ 5.1–8.7. The Court examines each in turn. 5 A. First Cause of Action: Negligence 6 Defendants observe that Plaintiff “groups four different negligence claims into one 7 general negligence claim.” Dkt. No. 37 at 8; see Dkt. No. 32 ¶ 5.5. The Court agrees with this 8 description and construes the “group[ed]” negligence claim as comprising separate claims for 9 negligent hiring, negligent training, negligent supervision, and negligent retention. 10 1. Hiring, Training, and Supervision 11 As to negligent hiring, training, and supervision, Defendants point out that these claims 12 necessarily fail as a matter of law, because “Plaintiff fails to allege that the driver acted outside 13 the scope of his employment.” Dkt. No. 37 at 9 (underscore in original). The Court agrees. In 14 Washington, “negligent hiring, training, and supervision claims against an employer require that 15 the employee ‘acted outside the scope of his or her employment.’” Lidstrom v. Scotlynn 16 Commodities Inc., No. C23-1544, 2024 WL 2886570 , at *2 (E.D. Wash. June 6, 2024) (quoting 17 LaPlant v. Snohomish County, 162 Wn. App. 476, 479 , 271 P.3d 254 (2011)). 18 In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that, “At all relevant times herein the driver, 19 while in the scope of his employment for Amazon and Fresh, intended to invade the privacy of 20 [Plaintiff’s] home and/or obtain unauthorized photographs of the inside of [Plaintiff’s] 21 residence.” Dkt. No. 32 ¶ 5.4 (emphasis added). Plaintiff argues in his response that the Court 22 should discount the language of the pleading, as it is merely “a play on words” (Dkt. No. 40 at 23 5)—but the Court fails to see the game and instead takes the allegations at face value. They are 24 straightforward, pleaded in plain and declarative language, and crafted by legal counsel. Simply 1 put, the complained-of conduct allegedly occurred within the scope of the driver’s employment 2 with Defendants. 3 In his response to Defendants’ motion, Plaintiff argues that “some of [the driver’s] 4 actions, ie [sic] the taking of photographs, were outside the scope of his employment.” Id. But 5 this does not salvage the claim. “It is axiomatic that [a] complaint may not be amended by the 6 briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.” Frenzel v. AliphCom, 76 F. Supp. 3d 999 , 1009 7 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (first citing Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1107 (7th 8 Cir. 1984); then citing Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001)). As 9 pleaded, then, the claims for negligent hiring, training, and supervision fail as a matter of law. 10 2. Retention 11 Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s negligent retention claim fails because “Plaintiff does 12 not plead Amazon had knowledge of the alleged unfitness of the driver.” Dkt. No. 37 at 10. 13 “Negligent retention consists of retaining the employee without knowledge of his unfitness, or of 14 failing to use reasonable care to discover it before retaining him.” Anderson v. Soap Lake Sch. 15 Dist., 191 Wn.2d 343 , 358, 423 P.3d 197 (2018) (cleaned up) (internal quotation marks and 16 citations omitted). In pleading a claim of negligent retention, a plaintiff must allege “facts or 17 events [that] should have alerted Defendants of [their employee’s] apparent unfitness, or what 18 efforts Defendants should have undertaken to uncover the [employee’s] alleged unfitness.” 19 Hudnall ex rel. J.H. v. City of Pasco, No. C23-5168, 2024 WL 1471542 , at *5 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 20 4, 2024). 21 In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff provides some bare factual allegations that might 22 suggest negligent hiring (a claim which, as discussed above, fails for another reason), but not 23 negligent retention. “On information and belief,” Plaintiff asserts, “Defendants failed to conduct 24 any criminal background check or any reference check in making the determination to hire the 1 driver involved with [Plaintiff’s] delivery.” Dkt. No. 32 ¶ 4.21. But “[n]egligent hiring occurs at 2 the time of hiring, while negligent retention occurs in the course of employment.” Evans v. 3 Tacoma Sch. Dist. No. 10, 195 Wn. App. 25 , 46–47, 380 P.3d 553 (2016) (citing Peck v. Siau, 65 4 Wn. App. 285, 288 , 827 P.2d 1108 (1992)). Here, Plaintiff does not allege facts regarding 5 anything that occurred during the driver’s employment, prior to the incident, that should have 6 alerted Defendants to his unfitness to remain their employee. Plaintiff also does not allege any 7 facts regarding efforts Defendants should have taken to uncover the driver’s alleged unfitness 8 before the incident. (Plaintiff, for that matter, does not appear to know who the driver is.) Based 9 on the facts alleged in the Amended Complaint, the Court can find no reason that Defendants 10 might have suspected that the driver was a substandard employee, and Plaintiff does not describe 11 any efforts that Defendants might have taken to determine as much. As pleaded, the claim for 12 negligent retention fails as a matter of law. 13 Therefore, as to Plaintiff’s first cause of action, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion 14 and DISMISSES the claim for negligence. 15 B. Second Cause of Action: Outrage 16 “To state a claim for the tort of outrage a plaintiff must show: (1) extreme and outrageous 17 conduct; (2) intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress; and (3) actual result to the 18 plaintiff of severe emotional distress.” Snyder v. Med. Serv. Corp. of E. Wash., 145 Wn.2d 233 , 19 242, 35 P.3d 1158 (2001). “The question of whether certain conduct is sufficiently outrageous is 20 ordinarily for the jury.” Dicomes v. State, 113 Wn.2d 612, 630 , 782 P.2d 1002 (1989). On a 21 motion to dismiss, “it is initially for the court to determine if reasonable minds could differ on 22 whether the conduct was sufficiently extreme to result in liability.” Id. (citing Phillips v. 23 Hardwick, 29 Wn. App. 382, 387 , 628 P.2d 506 (1981)). [24] 1 Defendants argue that “[t]he alleged unauthorized photograph[y] of the entry of 2 Plaintiff’s home does not rise to the level of extreme conduct required to support an outrage 3 claim.” Dkt. No. 37 at 12. Plaintiff, naturally, disagrees. See Dkt. No. 40 at 5. But neither Party 4 provides apposite caselaw against which the Court might compare the complained-of conduct. 5 Defendants cite a case where a plaintiff agonizingly watched his wife die “in front of his eyes”; a 6 case where a plaintiff was harassed “for months” by a neighbor who incessantly set off a truck 7 alarm; and a case where a defendant “yell[ed] at a young family in parking lot, call[ed] police, 8 and falsely accus[ed] family of trespass.” Dkt. No. 37 at 12. All of these miss the mark: The 9 complained-of conduct in this case—namely, the unauthorized photography of a private 10 residence—is something substantially different from the complained-of conduct in these 11 purported comparator cases. For his part, Plaintiff makes only conclusory statements—that, for 12 example, “[a]ny reasonable person in Plaintiff’s position would find [the alleged misconduct] 13 highly offensive and intolerable”—in support of his position. Dkt. No. 40 at 5. While this may be 14 true, the Court will not credit such presumption as legally persuasive argument. Moreover, the 15 Court notes that “highly offensive and intolerable” is not “outrageous” under Washington law, 16 where, since its introduction in 1975, the tort of outrage has been reserved for conduct that is 17 “extreme,” “atrocious,” “beyond all possible bounds of decency,” and “utterly intolerable in a 18 civilized community.” Grimsby v. Samson, 85 Wn.2d 52, 59 , 530 P.2d 291 (1975); see id. at 61 19 (Wright, J., dissenting). 20 The Court located one point of reference in Washington caselaw with respect to a claim 21 of outrage under circumstances that might be considered a “photographic invasion of privacy.” 22 In Reid v. Pierce County, 136 Wn.2d 195 , 961 P.2d 333 (1998), the Washington Supreme Court 23 considered an allegation that “County employees appropriated and displayed photographs of the 24 corpses of [plaintiffs’] deceased relatives.” Id. at 203. “[F]or a period of at least 10 years 1 employees of the Pierce County Medical Examiner’s office appropriated autopsy photographs of 2 corpses, showing them at cocktail parties and using them to create personal scrapbooks.” Id. at 3 198. Such behavior, the court found, was outrageous. Id. at 204.1 But this exceptional fact 4 pattern provides little guidance to the Court here; the nature of the unauthorized photography, 5 along with its 10 years of misuse, make that case factually incomparable. Reid does, however, 6 establish the broader proposition that dubiously obtaining and/or displaying photographs might 7 be, in certain circumstances, outrageous. 8 Absent any analogous fact patterns to which the Court can compare the complained-of 9 conduct in this case, the Court turns to the adjectives and other descriptors cited above—that is, 10 “extreme,” “atrocious,” “beyond all possible bounds of decency,” and “utterly intolerable in a 11 civilized community.” Grimsby, 85 Wn.2d at 59 . Extreme, atrocious, and utterly intolerable 12 means more egregious than merely “tortious” or “criminal”; that is, actionability does not 13 translate into outrageousness. See Lewis v. Bell, 45 Wn. App. 192, 195 , 724 P.2d 425 (1986). 14 Rather, “[o]utrageous conduct is conduct which the recitation of the facts to an average member 15 of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor and lead him to exclaim 16 ‘Outrageous!’” Reid, 136 Wn.2d at 201–02. “This is a high bar, and the Washington courts are not 17 easily outraged.” Jermy v. Jones, No. 99-35044, 2000 WL 35044 , at *2 (9th Cir. Nov. 9, 2000). 18 Two cases are illustrative of the hurdle that Plaintiff’s pleading must clear. In M.M.T. v. 19 United States, 337 F. Supp. 3d 1099 (W.D. Wash. 2018), the plaintiff alleged that an on-the-job 20 United States Postal Service employee entered her home without permission, then refused to 21 depart despite plaintiff’s “yelling at him to leave.” Id. at 1101–02. The plaintiff feared for her [23] 1 The Court notes that the Washington Supreme Court still upheld the trial court’s ultimate dismissal of the outrage claim on the grounds that the plaintiffs in that case “were not present when the conduct occurred,” and could 24 therefore “not maintain tort of outrage actions.” Reid, 136 Wn.2d at 203 . 1 safety such that she “thought she [might] have to defend herself” with a knife. Id. at 1102. 2 Despite this alleged misconduct, the court found that the plaintiff “ha[d] failed to allege either 3 extreme or outrageous conduct or severe emotional distress,” calling it a “close question whether 4 [p]laintiff’s allegations state[d] a claim for relief.” Id. at 1106. The court dismissed the claim 5 without prejudice and granted the plaintiff leave to amend the claim. Id. at 1107. In Womack v. 6 Von Rardon, 133 Wn. App. 254 , 135 P.3d 542 (2006), the Washington Court of Appeals 7 affirmed dismissal of an outrage claim where defendants had taken plaintiff’s cat from her “front 8 porch and[,] using gasoline[,] set him on fire. [The cat] suffered first, second, and third degree 9 burns [and] was soon euthanized.” Id. at 257. This claim was deficient because it lacked a 10 showing of defendants’ intent to inflict severe emotional distress. Id. at 261. 11 Here, Plaintiff alleges in the Amended Complaint nothing more than the “photograph[y] 12 [of] the inside of Plaintiff’s residence.” Dkt. No. 32 ¶ 6.2. Plaintiff alludes to various 13 circumstances that made such photography offensive—e.g., that it was done without Plaintiff’s 14 consent, that Plaintiff is a celebrity—but these do not truly demonstrate what was legally 15 outrageous about the complained-of conduct itself. See id. ¶¶ 6.2, 6.4. Similarly, Plaintiff 16 provides assertions that the photography was done “intentionally and purposefully” (id. ¶ 6.2), 17 “for the purpose of financial gain” (id. ¶ 5.4)—but not that it was done with an eye toward 18 injuring Plaintiff. Finally, while the Amended Complaint certainly pleads some emotional 19 distress, it does not sufficiently plead the severe emotional distress that is required for a claim of 20 outrage. See id. ¶ 6.6. Consequently, Plaintiff does not plead sufficient facts to support the 21 elements of an outrage claim, and the Court must dismiss it. 22 The Court recognizes that information or evidence regarding Defendants’ intent and/or 23 awareness of what their employee was doing is exclusively within the possession or control of 24 Defendants themselves, and not Plaintiff. Still, such elements can be adequately pleaded prior to 1 discovery, where a plaintiff need only provide “factual information that makes the inference of 2 culpability possible.” R.C. v. Walgreen Co., 733 F. Supp. 3d 876 , 891 n.3 (C.D. Cal. 2024) 3 (quoting Soo Park v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 928 (9th Cir. 2017)). And Plaintiff is in 4 possession of additional factual information regarding the first and third elements of a claim for 5 outrage. 6 The Court thus finds that reasonable minds could not differ as to whether the alleged 7 misconduct was “sufficiently extreme to result in liability.” Dicomes, 113 Wn.2d at 630 . As 8 presented in the Amended Complaint, merely snapping photographs of an individual’s home— 9 even its interior—without permission is simply not, as pleaded, beyond all possible bounds of 10 decency. And while it may be unwelcome, upsetting, and offensive, see infra Section III.C— 11 perhaps, even, very much so—it is not utterly intolerable in our community. 12 Therefore, as to Plaintiff’s second cause of action, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion 13 and DISMISSES the claim for outrage. 14 C. Third Cause of Action: Invasion of Privacy 15 In Washington, courts follow the “general rule for invasion of privacy,” as provided in 16 Section 652D of the Restatement (Second) of Torts: 17 One who gives publicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of privacy, if 18 the matter publicized is of a kind that: (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) is not of legitimate 19 concern to the public. 20 Reid, 136 Wn.2d at 205 . (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D (1977)). Defendants 21 assert that Plaintiff’s claim fails for two reasons: First, Defendants argue that under Washington 22 law, the complained-of conduct was not highly offensive to a reasonable person. Dkt. No. 37 at 23 13. Second, Defendants argue that even if the conduct were highly offensive, it does not amount [24] 1 to anyone having “giv[en] publicity” to anything. Id. at 14–15. (Defendants’ motion does not 2 discuss whether the allegedly publicized material was of legitimate concern to the public.) 3 “[P]ublicity for the purposes of section 652D means communication to the public at large 4 so that the matter is substantially certain to become public knowledge, and that communication 5 to a single person or a small group does not qualify.” Fisher v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Health, 125 6 Wn. App. 869, 879 , 106 P.3d 836 (2005) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652D 7 cmt. a). Here, Plaintiff alleges that “Defendants’ delivery driver . . . photographed the inside of 8 Plaintiff’s residence,” then “texted the photographs to a group text, thereby disclosing the 9 information to members of the public.” Dkt. No. 32 ¶¶ 7.2, 7.3. Defendants assert that “Plaintiff 10 does not allege widespread publication of the picture of his entryway. Rather, to the contrary, 11 Plaintiff alleges that the picture was only shared with an unspecified ‘group text.’” Dkt. No. 37 at 15. 12 The Court finds that Plaintiff has insufficiently pleaded a claim of invasion of privacy. 13 Plaintiff does not allege a disclosure sufficiently large to be considered “publicity” under 14 Washington law. Plaintiff asserts that he “does not know how many people were part of the 15 group chat,” only that “it was a group.” But the size of the group to which the disclosure was 16 made is the crucial factor in determining whether the disclosure constitutes publicity. “A small 17 group does not qualify.” Fisher, 125 Wn. App. at 879. Here, the size of the group is uncertain. 18 Plaintiff’s assertion that an unknown number of people received the photographs is not 19 equivalent to a concession that only a small number of people received them—the former is a 20 curable defect, while the latter is not—but it is still not sufficient to satisfy the publicity 21 requirement under the law. 22 Because the claim fails as to the breadth of the alleged disclosure, the Court need not 23 analyze whether Plaintiff has adequately alleged the “highly offensive” and “legitimate concern” [24] 1 elements of the claim. Thus, as to Plaintiff’s third cause of action, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ 2 motion and DISMISSES the claim for invasion of privacy. 3 D. Fourth Cause of Action: Breach of Contract 4 To prevail on a breach of contract claim in Washington, a plaintiff must show that: 5 (1) the contract imposes a duty; (2) the duty was breached; and (3) the breach proximately 6 caused damages to the plaintiff. See Haywood v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. C22-1094, 2023 WL 7 4585362, at *3 (W.D. Wash. July 18, 2023) (quoting Nw. Indep. Mfrs. v. Dep’t of Lab. & Indus., [8] 78 Wn. App. 707, 712 , 899 P.2d 6 (1995) (quotation marks removed). “Failing to identify a 9 breached contractual provision dooms a breach of contract claim.” Id. at *4. Here, Plaintiff does 10 not identify a contractual provision that Defendants allegedly breached, resulting in a deficient 11 pleading. See generally Dkt. No. 32. Plaintiff admits as much in his response to Defendants’ 12 motion and requests the Court’s leave to amend the claim. See Dkt. No. 40 at 7–8. 13 Therefore, as to Plaintiff’s fourth cause of action, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion 14 and DISMISSES the claim for breach of contract. 15 E. Dismissal Without Prejudice 16 “Normally, when a viable case may be pled, a district court should freely grant leave to 17 amend.” Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1058 (9th Cir. 18 2011). “[A] party is not entitled to an opportunity to amend his complaint if any potential 19 amendment would be futile.” Mirmehdi v. United States, 689 F.3d 975, 985 (9th Cir. 2012). 20 Further, “the district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad where 21 plaintiff has previously amended the complaint.” Cafasso, 637 F.3d at 1058 (citation omitted). 22 Here, although the Court grants Defendants’ motion in its entirety, the Court also finds 23 that Plaintiff’s causes of action might be repleaded as viable claims. As to each cause of action, 24 the Amended Complaint fails to fully establish every element that the respective claims require. 1 But Plaintiff has advised the Court of his willingness to augment his claims with additional facts. 2 See Dkt. No. 40 at 5, 6, 7, 8. Therefore, as amendment would not be futile, the Court DISMISSES 3 these claims WITHOUT PREJUDICE and GRANTS Plaintiff leave to amend all claims. 4 F. Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice 5 Generally, a court may not consider material beyond the complaint in ruling on a 6 Rule12(b)(6) motion. Lee, 250 F.3d at 688 . However, a court may “consider certain materials— 7 documents attached to the complaint, documents incorporated by reference in the complaint, or 8 matters of judicial notice—without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary 9 judgment.” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 907–08 (9th Cir. 2003). 10 In a separate submission attached to their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants request that the 11 Court take judicial notice of two documents: (1) “The Amazon.com Conditions of Use (‘COUs’) 12 publicly available on the Amazon.com website from at least June 1, 2021, through September 13, 13 2022, as they appeared on June 1, 2021”; and (2) “The COUs publicly available on the 14 Amazon.com website from at least June 1, 2022, through September 13, 2022, as they appeared 15 on September 13, 2022.” Dkt. No. 37-1 at 2; see Dkt. Nos. 37-2, 37-3. Plaintiff does not 16 comment one way or the other on Defendants’ request. See generally Dkt. No. 40. 17 Although they may be judicially noticeable, the Court declines to take judicial notice of 18 these documents because they are unnecessary to the determination of the present motion and the 19 Court does not rely on them. See Beagle v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. C24-316, 2024 WL 4028290 , 20 at *1 n.1 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 3, 2024) (opting not to take judicial notice of certain documents 21 after finding it “unnecessary to [the court’s] analysis”). 22 // 23 // 24 // 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED: 3 (1) Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 37) is GRANTED. Plaintiffs claims are 4 DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, with leave to amend. 5 (2) Should Plaintiff opt to file a Second Amended Complaint, he SHALL do so no 6 later than March 10, 2025. [7] 8 Dated this 6th day of February 2025. at ZA 10 Tana Lin 4 United States District Judge