Ann L. Miller and Richard A. Miller v. Glenn L. Dobbs, D.O. and Partners in Health

MASSA, Justice. In this case, the parties have spent five years disputing an issue which boils down to a seven-dollar fee paid three days late. The trial court found this delinquency fatal to the plaintiffs’ claim. 1 We reverse. Facts and Procedural History On April 3, 2006, two weeks after her obstetrician, Dr. Glenn Dobbs, performed a cesarean section and tubal ligation on her, Ann Miller suffered a massive stroke that left her with permanent injuries. Nearly two years later, on March 18, 2008, the Millers’ attorney sent a proposed medical malpractice complaint to the Indiana Department of Insurance by certified mail. The $7.00 in statutory filing and processing fees were omitted from this mailing, but the proposed complaint was nevertheless file-stamped March 18. On March 31, 2008, the Millers filed their complaint against Dr. Dobbs and his medical group in the Dearborn Superior Court. Meanwhile, the Department discovered the fee omission and sent the Millers’ attorney a letter on March 31 stating that the mandatory fees needed to be sent within 30 days and that the complaint would “not be considered filed with the Department until the filing fees ... [were] received.” Appellants’ App. at 234. Similar warnings appear in the Department’s proposed complaint procedures (a copy of which the processor enclosed with the letter) and on the Department’s website. Ind. Dep’t of Ins., “Consumer Services: Medical Malpractice,” at http://www.in.gov/ idoi/2614.htm. The Millers’ attorney received the letter on Friday, April 4, 2008 2 and sent a check to the Department by first-class mail that same day. On Monday, April 7, the Department received the check and re-file-stamped the proposed complaint April 7. The proceedings in the trial court were stayed pending completion of the Medical Review Panel opinion, which was issued in July 2010. The defendants subsequently raised an affirmative defense of the statute of limitations 3 and moved for summary judgment on that basis. In May 2011, the Millers moved to strike that motion, arguing the defendants waived it by failing to raise it before the Medical Review Panel issued its opinion. The trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment and denied the Millers’ motion to strike. *564 On appeal, a divided panel of the Court of Appeals reversed, finding the Millers’ proposed complaint was timely filed. Miller v. Dobbs, 976 N.E.2d 91, 99 (Ind.Ct.App.2012). We granted transfer. Miller v. Dobbs, 982 N.E.2d 298 (Ind.2013) (table); Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). Standard of Review We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, City of Indianapolis v. Buschman, 988 N.E.2d 791, 793 (Ind.2013), and we will affirm “only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Overton v. Grillo, 896 N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind.2008); see also Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). Like the trial court, we construe all evidence and resolve all doubts in favor of the non-moving party, Town of Avon v. W. Cent. Conservancy Dist., 957 N.E.2d 598, 602 (Ind.2011), so as to avoid improperly denying him his day in court. Jordan v. Deery, 609 N.E.2d 1104, 1107 (Ind.1993). The Defendants Did Not Waive Their Affirmative Defense. As a threshold matter, the Millers argue the defendants should have raised their statute of limitations defense by moving for a preliminary determination of law during the pendency of the proceedings before the Medical Review Panel, and that because they did not, they waived the right to raise it as an affirmative defense in the trial court. We disagree. The General Assembly has provided that the trial court, upon motion of a party to a medical malpractice action, may “preliminarily determine an affirmative defense or issue of law or fact that may be preliminarily determined under the Indiana Rules of Procedure.” Ind.Code § 34 — 18—11— 1(a)(1). The same section makes clear, however, that “failure of any party to move for a preliminary determination ... before the medical review panel gives the panel’s written opinion under IC 34-18-10-22 does not constitute the waiver of any affirmative defense or issue of law or fact.” Ind.Code § 34-18-ll-l(d). The statute of limitations unquestionably is an affirmative defense. Ind. Trial Rule 8(C) (listing many affirmative defenses, including statute of limitations). Thus, according to Ind.Code § 34-18-ll-l(d), the defendants did not waive it by choosing not to move for a preliminary determination. We proceed to consider the defense on its merits. The Millers’ Proposed Complaint Was Timely Filed. The defendants contend the Millers’ proposed complaint was untimely because, although the Department received the complaint itself before the end of the statutory period, it did not receive the requisite filing and processing fees until April 7, three days after the statutory period ended. Our reading of the relevant statute, however, leads us to the opposite conclusion. According to the “Statute of Limitations” chapter of our Medical Malpractice Act, “a proposed complaint under IC 34-18-8 is considered filed when a copy of the proposed complaint is delivered or mailed by registered or certified mail to the commissioner.” Ind.Code § 34-18-7-3(b). The Millers’ proposed complaint was mailed by certified mail on March 18, 2008. According to the statute, it is considered filed on that date. The statutory period did not expire until April 4, 2008. Thus, the Millers’ proposed complaint was timely filed with the Department. Both the overall structure of the MMA and public policy considerations support our conclusion today. First, the filing and processing fees are located in a different chapter of the statute entitled “Com *565 mencement of a Medical Malpractice Action.” See Ind.Code § 34-18-8-2 (“The following fees must accompany each proposed complaint filed: (1) A filing fee of five dollars ($5). (2) A processing fee of two dollars ($2) for each additional defendant after the first defendant”). The language of that provision also suggests that a proposed complaint is considered filed regardless of whether the required fees are submitted with it; the fees “accompany” the filed complaint, but they are not actually part of it. Second, Indiana law has long incorporated a strong preference for deciding cases on their merits rather than disposing of them via procedural technicalities. Deckard v. Adams, 246 Ind. 123, 125, 203 N.E.2d 303, 305 (1965). Accordingly, we have stated that our appellate rules, including filing fees, “exist to facilitate the orderly presentation and disposition of appeals and prevent the confusing and awkward situation of having the trial and appellate courts simultaneously review the correctness of a judgment,” in contrast to the statute of limitations, which is intended “to spare courts from stale claims ... [and] to insure that parties are given formal and seasonable notice that a claim is being asserted against them.” Boostrom v. Bach, 622 N.E.2d 175, 176 (Ind.1993) (internal citation and quotations omitted). The Millers’ claim was not stale; the actual filing of the lawsuit in the Dear-born Superior Court on March 31, 2008, was within the statute of limitations. And as we have said before, “there are numerous methods by which to enforce effectively the payment of filing fees other than by couching such enforcement in jurisdictional terms.” Id. (citing Brady v. E. Ind. Prod. Credit Ass’n, 396 N.E.2d 335, 335 (Ind.1978)). Therefore, the trial court’s decision to dismiss the Millers’ claims as untimely is inconsistent with the structure of the Act and with our public policy. Finally, we have resolved the issue on this-straightforward statutory ground, so we need not consider the Millers’ alternative arguments that their proposed complaint was filed timely because they (1) mailed the fees on the last day of the statutory period, or (2) mailed the fees within the thirty-day window the Department provided them in its letter. Conclusion Ultimately, as we read the statute, it does not mandate that the Millers’ claim is lost for want of this seven-dollar horseshoe nail. 4 We therefore reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with our opinion. DICKSON, C. J., RUCKER, DAVID, and RUSH, JJ., concur. Footnotes [1] This case brings to mind Poor Richard’s well-known admonition: "For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail.” Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanac (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, facsimile ed. 2006) (1758). [2] Both parties seem to agree that April 4, 2008 was the final day of the statutory limitation period of the Millers’ claim. [3] Ind.Code § 34-18-7-1 ("A claim, whether in contract or tort, may not be brought against a health care provider based upon professional services or health care that was provided or that should have been provided unless the claim is filed within two (2) years after the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect.”). [4] We note that prudent counsel will avoid this issue entirely by complying scrupulously with all procedural rules and requirements. As Poor Richard put it, "he adviseth to Circumspection and Care, even in the smallest Matters, because sometimes a little Neglect may breed Great Mischief.” Franklin, supra note 1.