Nevares v. Flose

[3] 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION [7] 8 JOHN G. NEVARES, Case No. 23-cv-06278-VKD 9 Plaintiff, ORDER (1) DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 10 v. MOTION TO AMEND COMPLAINT; (2) GRANTING DEFENDANTS' 11 SAN JOSE POLICE OFFICERS FLOSE, et MOTION FOR SUMMARY al., JUDGMENT [12] Defendants. Re: Dkt. Nos. 36, 38 [13] 14 Plaintiff John G. Nevares, who is representing himself, filed this civil rights action 15 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against San Jose Police Officers Travis Flosi1 and Chase Brower. 16 Dkt. No. 1. He claims that defendants unlawfully detained him and used excessive force in 17 violation of his Fourth Amendment rights, and retaliated against him for exercising his First 18 Amendment rights. See id. Officers Flosi and Brower move for summary judgment on all claims 19 for relief. Dkt. No. 36. Although the Court gave Mr. Nevares an extended period of time to file a 20 written response to defendants’ summary judgment motion (see Dkt. No. 41), he did not do so. 21 However, he appeared at the February 4, 2025 hearing to state his opposition to defendants’ 22 summary judgment motion. See Dkt. No. 43. 23 After defendants filed their summary judgment motion, Mr. Nevares separately moved for 24 leave to amend his complaint. Dkt. No. 38. Defendants oppose that motion. Dkt. No. 42. The 25 Court held a February 4, 2025 hearing on Mr. Nevares’s motion. See Dkt. No. 43. 26 Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, as well as the oral arguments [27] 1 presented, the Court denies Mr. Nevares’s motion to amend his complaint and grants defendants’ 2 summary judgment motion.2 3 I. BACKGROUND 4 In his complaint, Mr. Nevares alleges that his request for government assistance “for 5 medical [and] food on SSI” was denied. Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 3. He then “purchased water bas[ed] 6 paint” and went to San Jose City Hall on June 29, 2022 “and painted the words Help with [his] 7 name[,] number[,] [and] Internet access to [his] story.” Id. at ECF 4. When security personnel 8 arrived, Mr. Nevares says that he told them that he “was exercising [his] First Amendment 9 [r]ights.” Id. The complaint further alleges that “[a]fter repeated attac[k]s by security police 10 officers,” Mr. Nevares was arrested and charged with destruction of property. Id. 11 The complaint further alleges that on the morning of August 12, 2022, Mr. Nevares was 12 sitting in his truck at an “airport homeless camp” when Officers Flosi and Brower arrived. Id. at 13 ECF 5. Mr. Nevares alleges that Officer Flosi called him out of his truck, and then “charge[d] at 14 [Mr. Nevares,] slamming [him] against [his] truck and handcuffing [him].” Id. Mr. Nevares 15 further alleges that Officer Flosi took him to Officer Flosi’s vehicle, and “once again slammed 16 [Mr. Nevares] into [Officer Flosi’s] vehicle while Officer Brower searched [Mr. Nevares’s] 17 truck.” Id. After Sergeant William arrived on the scene, Mr. Nevares says that he “called out for 18 help” and told Sergeant William that he “was a mental patient.” Id. Mr. Nevares says that Officer 19 Flosi “then started to bend [his] wrist slowly until[] finally breaking [his] right wrist.” Id. at ECF 20 6. “After breaking [Mr. Nevares’s] wrist,” Officer Flosi uncuffed him and allegedly told him that 21 he “better stay away from City Hall.” Id. 22 According to defendants, on August 12, 2022, Officers Flosi and Brower were on the 23 “walking beat assignment” in downtown San Jose, patrolling the area of Coleman Avenue and 24 Vendome Street, along the Guadalupe River trail. Dkt. No. 36-1 ¶¶ 2-4. According to Officer 25 Brower, “[t]here had been numerous citizen and business complaints about subjects camping in [27] 2 All parties have expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter may be heard and finally 1 the park, parking vehicles on the trail[,] and driving on the trail,” and the “walking beat 2 assignment was designated to improve the quality of life for businesses and civilians in the 3 downtown area.” Id. ¶¶ 4-5 . On the morning in question, Officers Flosi and Brower were in their 4 patrol vehicle, “contacting subjects who were camping along the Guadalupe River trail,” which 5 the officers say is a violation of the San Jose Municipal Code governing parks. Id. ¶ 5 . 6 Officer Brower says he observed an older gray Chevrolet pickup truck parked next to a 7 tent. Because the truck was parked on a landscaped area, Officer Brower says that the truck had to 8 be driven on the park trail in order to get to that location. Id. ¶ 6 . After the officers parked their 9 patrol vehicle and approached the truck, an individual (later identified as Mr. Nevares) exited the 10 truck. Id. ¶ 7 . Officer Brower attests that neither he nor Officer Flosi had any prior contact with 11 Mr. Nevares and were not aware of any other encounters he may have had with the San Jose 12 Police Department. Id.. 13 According to Officer Brower, Mr. Nevares “was visibly upset and agitated.” Id. ¶ 8 . 14 When Officer Brower told Mr. Nevares that he was not allowed to camp in the park or to park his 15 truck there, he says that Mr. Nevares yelled and told the officers that they were harassing him. Id. 16 Mr. Nevares then tried to return to his truck, and the officers told him he could not do so. They 17 later observed a knife in the truck. According to Officer Brower, Mr. Nevares refused to leave the 18 park or identify himself, and asked to be taken to jail. Id. ¶ 9 . 19 Mr. Nevares was then handcuffed and placed in the back of the officers’ patrol vehicle 20 while they completed their investigation. Officer Brower avers that “[a]t no time did we use any 21 unnecessary force” or “any excessive force,” “bend [Mr. Nevares’s] wrists or slam him into his 22 vehicle,” or “do anything that would have caused him pain.” Id. ¶¶ 11, 20 . Officer Brower says 23 that they “used only standard procedures to place the handcuffs on Mr. Nevares” and “checked to 24 ensure the handcuffs were not too tight.” Id. ¶¶ 11, 20 . Although Mr. Nevares claimed at one 25 point during the encounter that officers were twisting his wrist, defendants say that never 26 happened. In support of their summary judgment motion, defendants submitted a video recorded 27 by Officer Brower’s body-worn camera. They contend that the video confirms that there was no 1 of handcuffs on Mr. Nevares and checking them to make sure they were properly fitted. Id. ¶¶ 4 , 2 11, 20 & Ex. A. 3 Officers checked Mr. Nevares’s pockets for weapons and found his wallet containing 4 information identifying him as John Nevares, which defendants say they confirmed through a 5 department-approved database. Id ¶ 12. 6 Officer Brower says that after a few minutes, he spoke with Mr. Nevares, who became 7 calmer. Officer Brower avers that he told Mr. Nevares that he could not camp in that area of the 8 Guadalupe River trail, noting that the rules are posted on signs. Officer Brower also told Mr. 9 Nevares that he could not park his truck in the park or on dirt areas because it damaged the 10 property. Id. ¶ 15 . According to Officer Brower, Mr. Nevares said that he understood and would 11 try to move in a couple of days. Id. ¶ 16 . Officer Brower took photos of Mr. Nevares’s tent, a fire 12 pit, and his truck and says that Mr. Nevares admitted that he had been camping in the park for 13 about two days. Id. ¶ 17 . 14 The officers gave Mr. Nevares a citation for violation of San Jose Municipal Code section 15 13.44.020, as well as a parking citation. Id. ¶ 18 & Ex. B. Officer Brower notes that Mr. Nevares 16 did not complain of any pain when he signed the citations with his right hand. Id. ¶ 21 . Mr. 17 Nevares was then released. Id. 18 In the present lawsuit, Mr. Nevares claims that Officers Flosi and Brower unlawfully 19 detained him and used excessive force in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights, and also 20 retaliated against him for exercising his First Amendment rights. See Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 7, 8. 21 Defendants move for summary judgment arguing that they had reasonable suspicion and probable 22 cause to detain and/or arrest Mr. Nevares and that no excessive force was used. Additionally, 23 defendants maintain that there is no evidence that they retaliated against Mr. Nevares for 24 exercising any First Amendment right. Defendants also contend that they are entitled to qualified 25 immunity, arguing that they did not violate any clearly established right in handcuffing Mr. 26 Nevares, or in detaining him and giving him a citation for violations of the San Jose Municipal 27 Code. As noted above, Mr. Nevares separately moves to amend his complaint. 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 A. Mr. Nevares’s Motion to Amend the Complaint 3 Rule 15(a) provides that “[t]he court should freely give leave [to amend a complaint] when 4 justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The decision whether to grant leave to amend is 5 committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Waits v. Weller, 653 F.2d 1288, 1290 (9th 6 Cir. 1981). When considering whether to grant leave to amend, a court should consider several 7 factors including undue delay, the movant’s bad faith or dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure 8 deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party, and 9 futility of the amendment. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). “[P]rejudice to the 10 opposing party . . . carries the greatest weight.” Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 11 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of any of the 12 remaining Foman factors, there exists a presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to 13 amend.” Id. 14 Mr. Nevares’s proposed amended complaint indicates that he wishes to now name a 15 number of additional defendants (including several other officers and two judges), as well as an 16 additional claim for “Conspiracy to commit Retaliation/Bodily harm” under the “First and Fourth 17 Amendments.” See Dkt. No. 39. Although his proposed amended complaint is somewhat difficult 18 to parse, Mr. Nevares’s additional allegations and claims appear to concern other events, beyond 19 the August 12, 2022 encounter at issue, that occurred at various different locations, on different 20 dates, and under multiple different circumstances. See id. Mr. Nevares’s requested amendment to 21 add these other persons and events to the present lawsuit was made after defendants filed their 22 summary judgment motion, and well after the November 1, 2024 close of fact discovery. His 23 delay in seeking this amendment would undoubtedly require service on additional parties and re24 opening discovery. Such an amendment would entirely derail the case schedule set nearly one 25 year ago. Notwithstanding Mr. Nevares’s self-represented status, this is not reasonable. Allowing 26 the requested amendment would also be prejudicial to the two defendants who have litigated this 27 matter for over a year. 1 denial is without prejudice to Mr. Nevares to consider whether he may have a basis to assert 2 additional claims in a separate lawsuit(s). In so ruling, however, the Court expresses no opinion 3 about the merits or viability of any additional claims Mr. Nevares wishes to assert. 4 B. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment 5 1. Legal Standard 6 A motion for summary judgment should be granted if there is no genuine issue of material 7 fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); 8 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). The moving party bears the initial 9 burden of informing the court of the basis for the motion, and identifying portions of the 10 pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, or affidavits which demonstrate the 11 absence of a triable issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In 12 order to meet its burden, “the moving party must either produce evidence negating an essential 13 element of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that the nonmoving party does not 14 have enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” 15 Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Fritz Companies, Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). 16 If the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to 17 produce evidence supporting its claims or defenses. See id. at 1103 . The non-moving party may 18 not rest upon mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s evidence, but instead must produce 19 admissible evidence that shows there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. See id. A 20 genuine issue of fact is one that could reasonably be resolved in favor of either party. A dispute is 21 “material” only if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson, 477 22 U.S. at 248-49. 23 2. Fourth Amendment Claim 24 Mr. Nevares claims that Officers Flosi and Brower “unlawfully detained [and] searched” 25 him and also “used excessive force against [him] and broke [his] [w]rist.” Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 8. 26 Defendants argue that they were justified in detaining Mr. Nevares and that no excessive force was 27 used during the August 12, 2022 encounter. 1 Government, and its protections extend to brief investigatory stops of persons or vehicles that fall 2 short of traditional arrest.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (citing Terry v. 3 Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9 , (1968)). Thus, “police can stop and briefly detain a person for investigative 4 purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal 5 activity ‘may be afoot,’ even if the officer lacks probable cause.” United States v. Sokolow, 490 6 U.S. 1 , 7 (1989) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 30 ). “That level of suspicion is considerably less than 7 proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence, . . . and the level of suspicion required 8 for a Terry stop is obviously less demanding than that for probable cause.” Id. In making 9 reasonable-suspicion determinations, reviewing courts “must look at the ‘totality of the 10 circumstances’ of each case to see whether the detaining officer has a particularized and objective 11 basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing.” Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 273 ; see also United States v. Cortez, [12] 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981) (stating that “the totality of the circumstances—the whole picture—must 13 be taken into account” when determining if an officer had reasonable suspicion to perform an 14 investigatory stop). 15 Excessive force claims which arise in the context of an arrest or investigatory stop are 16 analyzed under the Fourth Amendment reasonableness standard. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 17 386, 394-95 (1989). “The ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be judged from the 18 perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” 19 Id. at 396. 20 In the present case, the record reveals no genuine issues of material fact that the defendant 21 officers had reasonable suspicion for stopping Mr. Nevares and detaining him while they 22 conducted their investigation. The video evidence submitted by defendants corroborates Officer 23 Brower’s declaration concerning the August 12, 2022 encounter. The video shows: Mr. Nevares’s 24 vehicle was parked on a landscaped area of the park, next to a tent; when the officers approached 25 him, Mr. Nevares became visibly agitated and upset and refused to identify himself; and Mr. 26 Nevares acknowledged that he had been camping at the park for a couple of days. Under the 27 particular circumstances presented, the officers’ detention of Mr. Nevares was not unlawful and 1 his identity, investigate the situation, and determine whether and what citation(s) should be issued. 2 See Dkt. No. 36-1 & Ex. A; see also generally Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348 , 355 3 (2015) (“Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket,” inquiries incident to a traffic stop 4 typically include “checking the driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding 5 warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance.”); 6 United States v. Taylor, 60 F.4th 1233, 1239 (9th Cir. 2023) (“To be lawful, a traffic stop must be 7 limited in its scope: an officer may ‘address the traffic violation that warranted the stop,’ make 8 ‘ordinary inquiries incident to the traffic stop,’ and ‘attend to related safety concerns.’”) (quoting 9 Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354-55 ). 10 Mr. Nevares maintains that defendants repeatedly “slammed” him against vehicles and 11 “ben[t] [his] [right] wrist” until it broke. See Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 5-6. Even viewing the record in a 12 light most favorable to Mr. Nevares, and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor, his 13 allegations of excessive force are unsupported. The footage from Officer Brower’s body-worn 14 camera supports defendants’ contention that no one slammed Mr. Nevares into any vehicle (or 15 anything else) and no one twisted his wrist. Indeed, the video indicates that no one engaged in any 16 conduct that a trier of fact reasonably could conclude constituted excessive force. See Dkt. No. 17 36-1 & Ex. A. 18 Although Mr. Nevares appeared at the motion hearing to state his opposition to 19 defendants’ summary judgment motion, when asked about the basis for his opposition, he referred 20 to other matters. See Dkt. No. 43. As noted above, Mr. Nevares did not file a written response or 21 make an evidentiary submission in response to defendants’ summary judgment motion. 22 On this record, the Court finds that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be tried, 23 and that defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Mr. Nevares’s Fourth Amendment claim. 24 3. First Amendment Claim 25 Mr. Nevares claims that Officers Flosi and Brower “[h]arassed and injured [him] as 26 retaliation for exercising [his] [F]irst Amendment [r]ights, i.e., painting a message on San Jose 27 City Hall, noting that he “was told expressly to stay away from City Hall.” Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 4, 1 activity under the First Amendment, much less that any of the defendants retaliated against him 2 for engaging in such activity. See Dkt. No. 36 at ECF 11. 3 A plaintiff claiming First Amendment retaliation must establish facts showing that (1) he 4 was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity; (2) the defendants’ actions would chill a 5 person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the protected activity; and (3) the 6 protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the defendants’ conduct. O’Brien v. 7 Welty, 818 F.3d 920, 932 (9th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). “As a general matter the First 8 Amendment prohibits government officials from subjecting an individual to retaliatory actions for 9 engaging in protected speech.” Nieves v. Bartlett, 587 U.S. 391, 398 (2019) (cleaned up; 10 quotations and citation omitted). “To prevail on such a claim, a plaintiff must establish a ‘causal 11 connection’ between the government defendant’s ‘retaliatory animus’ and the plaintiff’s 12 ‘subsequent injury.’” Id. (citation omitted). “It is not enough to show that an official acted with a 13 retaliatory motive and that the plaintiff was injured—the motive must cause the injury.” Id. 14 “Specifically,” a plaintiff must show that a retaliatory motive was the “‘but-for’ cause, meaning 15 that the adverse action against the plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory 16 motive.” Id. at 399 ; see also Boquist v. Courtney, 32 F.4th 764 , 778 (9th Cir. 2022) (describing 17 “but-for” test in First Amendment retaliation context). 18 Even assuming, without deciding, that Mr. Nevares was engaged in protected activity 19 under the First Amendment when he painted a message on City Hall on June 29, 2022, he has 20 presented no evidence to support the causation element of his First Amendment retaliation claim. 21 There is no indication that either Officer Flosi or Officer Brower were involved in Mr. Nevares’s 22 prior alleged encounter with “security police officers” at City Hall on June 29, 2022, or that they 23 even knew of that incident. See Dkt. No. 1 at ECF 4. Although Officer Brower’s body-worn 24 camera footage indicates that the defendant officers drove past Mr. Nevares’s vehicle on prior 25 patrols of the Guadalupe trail area (see Dkt. No. 36-1, Ex. A), Officer Brower attests that as of 26 August 12, 2022, neither he nor Officer Flosi “had any contact with [Mr. Nevares] previously” 27 and they “were not aware of any other encounters he may have had with . . . the San Jose Police 1 contrary. Additionally, the body-worn camera footage submitted by defendants indicates that 2 || during the August 12, 2022 encounter, no one told Mr. Nevares to “stay away from City Hall” or 3 any words to that effect. See Dkt. No. 36-1, Ex. A. 4 On this record, the Court finds that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be tried, 5 and that defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Mr. Nevares’s First Amendment claim.* 6 |) I. CONCLUSION 7 Based on the foregoing, the Court grants defendants’ motion for summary judgment and 8 || denies Mr. Nevares’s motion to amend his complaint. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment 9 accordingly and close this file. 10 IT IS SO ORDERED. 11 Dated: May 1, 2025 g Virginia K. DeMarchi 14 United States Magistrate Judge [16] = 17 Z 18 [26] 27 3 Because the Court concludes that defendants did not violate Mr. Nevares’s First or Fourth 2g || Amendment rights, disposing of the claims against them, the Court does not reach the issue of qualified immunity.