McCray v. Commonwealth

FRANK, Judge. Carl Anthony McCray, Jr., (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of entering a banking house while armed, in violation of Code § 18.2-93, and other felonies not relevant to this appeal. He contends the trial court erred in finding him guilty, since the evidence did not establish that the credit union was a “banking house” under Code § 18.2-93. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm appellant’s conviction. I. BACKGROUND The facts are not disputed. On August 26, 1999, appellant, carrying a firearm, entered and robbed the Navy Yard Credit Union. The robbery took place in the credit union’s loan department. A surveillance tape showed appellant committing the robbery. Appellant, after being Mimndized, identified himself on the surveillance tape. *204 In order to have an account at the Navy Yard Credit Union, a person must be a member. Only a person who is “connected •with the Navy Yard or something like that” can become a member and thus open a share account. At the conclusion of the case, appellant moved to strike the evidence, contending a credit union is not a “banking house” under Code § 18.2-93. More specifically, he argued Code § 18.2-93 does not prohibit entry into a credit union while armed. The trial court overruled those motions and convicted appellant of violating Code § 18.2-93. II. ANALYSIS The sole issue before this Court is whether a credit union is a “banking house” under Code § 18.2-93. 1 The statute does not define “banking house.” While the statute is penal and, therefore, “must be strictly construed,” appellant is not “entitled to a favorable result based upon an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of the statute.” Mason v. Commonwealth, 16 Va.App. 260, 262, 430 S.E.2d 543, 543-44 (1993). In interpreting statutory language, we have held: “The plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is always preferred to any curious, narrow or strained construction; a statute should never be construed so that it leads to absurd results.” Branch v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.App. 836, 839, 419 S.E.2d 422, 424 (1992). “[A] fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that courts view the entire body of legislation and the statutory scheme to determine the ‘true intention of each part.’ ” Virginia Real Estate Bd. v. Clay, 9 Va.App. 152, 157, 384 S.E.2d 622, 625 (1989) (quoting McDaniel v. Commonwealth, 199 Va. 287, 292, 99 S.E.2d 623, 627 (1957)). *205 Allard v. Commonwealth, 24 Va.App. 57, 67, 480 S.E.2d 139, 144 (1997). We, therefore, look to other sections of the Code to determine the legislative intent when using the term, “banking house.” The Virginia Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) includes “credit union” within the definition of a “bank.” Under Code § 8.4-105, which defines terms for the Bank Deposits and Collections title of the UCC, “ ‘Bank’ means a person engaged in the business of banking, including a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union or trust company.” Code § 8.4-105(1). The Funds Transfers title of the UCC states, “ ‘Bank’ means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company.” Code § 8.4A-105(2). Code § 8.9A-1Q2(8) in the Secured Transactions title, defines “bank” as “an organization that is engaged in the business of banking. The term includes savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, and trust companies.” The Virginia Credit Union Act defines “credit union” as: a cooperative, nonprofit corporation, organized under the laws of this Commonwealth and authorized to do business under this chapter for the purposes of encouraging thrift among its members, creating a source of credit at fair and reasonable rates of interest, providing an opportunity for its members to use and control their own money on a democratic basis in order to improve their economic and social condition, and conducting any other business, engaging in any other activity, and providing any other service that may be of benefit to its members, consistent with the provisions of this chapter and any regulations adopted by the Commission under this chapter. Code § 6.1-225.2. The powers of a credit union include receiving savings, making loans, borrowing, investing its funds, and offering financial services such as fund transfers, share draft accounts, and safe deposit boxes. See Code §§ 6.1-225.21; 6.1-225.41; 6.1-225.51; 6.1-225.57. *206 This Court has never addressed the particular issue of whether a “banking house” includes a credit union; however, we have considered what constitutes a “banking house.” In Black v. Commonwealth, 20 Va.App. 186, 190, 455 S.E.2d 755, 757 (1995), which involved a robbery at the Providence Savings and Loan Association, an employee testified that his association offered “services such as checking accounts, savings accounts, and loans,” performing banking services for its customers. Black contended the savings and loan was not a bank and, therefore, not a “banking house” under Code § 18.2-93. We held, based on the employee’s testimony, the savings and loan association was a “banking house.” Id. at 191, 455 S.E.2d at 758. We reasoned: To construe the statute as appellant suggests would require us to conclude that the intent of the legislature was to punish armed entry into a “bank,” but not to punish armed entry into a “savings and loan association.” Such an interpretation is contrary to the legislative intent and requires “an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of the statute.” Id. at 191, 455 S.E.2d at 757 (citation unattributed). Given the statutory definitions of “credit union,” this analysis applies in this case. Here, appellant robbed the Navy Yard Credit Union. This credit union had a loan department and tellers to wait on customers. No other evidence was adduced to explain in detail the functions of the credit union. Nevertheless, the trial court could conclude from the evidence before it that the Navy Yard Credit Union satisfied the definition of “credit union” under Code § 6.1-225.2. Appellant has never contested that the Navy Yard Credit Union was, in fact, a credit union. This organization, given its legal duties and responsibilities, clearly performed the functions of a bank, although its customer base was restricted to people “connected with the Navy Yard.” Therefore, the credit union was a “banking house” under Code § 18.2-93. Appellant maintains we should distinguish Black because a credit union differs from a bank or a savings and loan associa *207 tion in that a credit union is for members only. This is a distinction without a difference. Whether or not an institution is open to the public or restricts its customers to members is the type of technical distinction rejected in Black. See Black, 20 Va.App. at 191, 455 S.E.2d at 757. Clearly, a credit union conducts banking business. As in Black, it would be senseless to punish armed entry into a bank but not into a credit union. We, therefore, affirm appellant’s conviction. Affirmed. Footnotes [1] Code § 18.2-93 states, in part, “If any person, armed with a deadly weapon, shall enter any banking house, in the daytime or in the nighttime, with intent to commit larceny of money, bonds, notes, or other evidence of debt therein, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony.”