Copp v. Freudenberg-NOK

Copp v. Freudenberg-NOK CV-05-214-PB 07/03/06 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Faith Co p p

v. Case No. 05-cv-214-PB Opinion No. 2006 DNH 076

F reudenbe rq-NOK General Partnership and Freudenberq and Company

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

This suit arises from injuries that Faith Copp sustained while employed by FNGP Manufacturing General Partnership ("FNGP"). Defendant Freudenberg & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft ("Freudenberg & Co.") moves to dismiss the claims against it for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2). I grant Freudenberg & Co.'s motion for the reasons that follow.

I. BACKGROUND

On May 20, 2002, Copp's hand was caught in a 110-ton press that she was operating at FNGP's Northfield, New Hampshire manufacturing plant. Compl. 5 1. She claims that Freudenberg & Co. is liable for her injuries because it was independently responsible for workplace safety at the Northfield plant.¹ Id. A. Corporate structure

Freudenberg & Co. is a German limited partnership with its principal place of business in Weinheim, Germany. Decl. of Dr. Dirk Mahler ("Mahler Decl.") HI. It acts as a holding company for numerous business entities that operate worldwide in the manufacturing and textile industries. I d . 5 5. This family of companies is collectively referred to as the "Freudenberg Group." See Pi. Ex. 6. Freudenberg & Co.'s Management Board performs general oversight of the companies within the Freudenberg Group. I d . at 1; Mahler Decl. 6-7. Neither Freudenberg & Co. nor its Management Board are involved in the day-to-day operations of the subsidiary companies. Mahler Decl. 5 8.

Two of Freudenberg & Co.'s subsidiary corporations, Freudenberg Gesellschaft fur Industriebeteili gungen GmbH (Germany) and Intpacor, Corp. (Delaware), are partners in Freudenberg North America Limited Partnership ("Freudenberg NALP"). I d . 5 14. Freudenberg NALP is a general partner in the Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership ("Freudenberg-NOK"),² which in turn is a general partner in FNGP (Copp's employer) .³ Id. 9-10. Freudenberg NALP and Freudenberg-NOK are registered to do business in New Hampshire. Pi. Ex. 4-5.

Freudenberg & Co., Freudenberg-NOK and FNGP operate as separate business entities, and accordingly maintain separate records and accounts. Mahler Decl. 19-20. The companies also have separate employees and management. I d . 5 21. Freudenberg-NOK and FNGP make independent decisions concerning the day-to-day operations of their respective facilities. I d . 5 22. B. Freudenberq & Co.'s New Hampshire contacts

Freudenberg & Co. does not have any offices or employees in New Hampshire, does not own or lease any property in New Hampshire, and does not conduct any direct business in New Hampshire. Mahler Decl. 3-4. Copp nevertheless presents the following evidence to demonstrate that Freudenberg & Co. has direct contacts with New Hampshire as the parent company of the Freudenberg Group. Mem. in Supp. of Pl.'s O b j . at 4-7.

In June 1999, Freudenberg & Co.'s Management Board published a document entitled "Guiding Principles," which discusses the company's business philosophy. Mahler Decl. 24-25. In a section entitled "Responsibility," the document states: "We take all possible care to ensure the safety of the workplace and of our products." I d . Ex. A at 2. The Guiding Principles are printed in the Freudenberg-NOK employee manual, which Copp received when she began her employment at the plant. See Pl.'s Ex. 7, at 3.

In July 2000, Freudenberg & Co.'s Management Board entered into an agreement with the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers Union ("ICEM") and the German trade union Industregewerkschaft Bergbau, Chemie, Energie ("IGBCE"). Mahler Decl. Ex. B. The agreement provides that the "Freudenberg Group and its family shareholders . . . . take all possible care to ensure the safety of the workplace and of their products." I d . Ex. B. at 3.

In the summer of 2002, several high-ranking managers representing companies affiliated with Freudenberg & Co. launched the "We All Take Care" initiative to raise awareness about workplace safety issues. Id. 32-34. As part of this initiative, the Freudenberg & Co. Management Board set a goal to "cut the number of notifiable accidents per thousand employees to less than ten within two years." PI. Ex. 10, at 4. An article in the January 2005 issue of Freudenberg Magazine, which reported on the success of the initiative, included accident statistics for the Seals and Vibration Control Technology Business Group and specifically Freudenberg-NOK. I d . at 5.

When Copp was injured in 2002, the accident was investigated by David Lawson, Director of Corporate Health, Safety & Environment at Freudenberg-NOK, and Dr. Volker Siekermann, head of occupational safety at Freudenberg & Co. Aff. of David Lawson ("Lawson Aff.") 1-2; D e p . of Robert Evans ("Evans Dep.") at 29, 34. Siekermann contacted Lawson and Sherry Gray, manager of the Northfield plant, by telephone from Germany. Lawson Aff. 5

- 5 -3. He did not visit any location in New Hampshire in connection with his investigation. I d . 5 4.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

When a defendant contests personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of showing that a basis for asserting jurisdiction exists. Mass. Sch. of Law at Andover. Inc. v. Am. Bar Ass'n., 142 F.3d 26, 34 (1st Cir. 1998). Because I have not held an evidentiary hearing, Copp need only make a prima facie showing that the court has personal jurisdiction over Freudenberg & Co. See Sawtelle v. Farrell. 70 F.3d 1381, 1386 n .1 (1st C i r . 1995) .

To make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction, Copp may not rest upon the pleadings. Rather, she must "adduce evidence of specific facts" that support her jurisdictional claim. See Foster-Miller. Inc. v. Babcock & Wilcox Can.. 46 F.3d 138, 145 (1st Cir. 1995). I take the facts offered by Copp as true and construe them in the light most favorable to her claim. See Mass. Sch. of Law. 142 F.3d at 34. I do not act as a fact­ finder; instead, I determine "whether the facts duly proffered, [when] fully credited, support the exercise of personal

- 6 -jurisdiction." Rodriquez v. Fullerton Tires Corp.. 115 F.3d 81, 84 (1st Cir. 1997). While the prima facie standard is liberal, I need not "credit conclusory allegations or draw farfetched inferences." Mass. Sch. of Law. 142 F.3d at 34 (quotation omitted). I also consider facts offered by the defendant, but only to the extent that they are uncontradicted. See i d .

Ill. ANALYSIS

When assessing personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant in a diversity of citizenship case, the federal court " /is the functional equivalent of a state court sitting in the forum state.'" Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1387 (quoting Ticketmaster-New York. Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 204 (1st Cir. 1994)). Because New Hampshire's long-arm statute, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 293-A:15.10, authorizes jurisdiction to the full extent permitted by the federal Constitution, the sole inquiry is "whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with federal constitutional standards." I d . at 1388.

The Due Process Clause precludes a court from asserting jurisdiction over a defendant unless "the defendant's conduct and connection with the forum State are such that [it] should

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reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson. 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980). The "constitutional touchstone" for personal jurisdiction is "whether the defendant purposefully established ■'minimum contacts'’ in the forum State." Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz. 471 U.S. 462, 474 (1985) (quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington. 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). The inquiry into "minimum contacts" is necessarily fact-specific, "involving an individualized assessment and factual analysis of the precise mix of contacts that characterize each case." Pritzker v. Yari, 42 F.3d 53, 60 (1st Cir. 1994). A defendant cannot be subjected to a forum state's jurisdiction based solely on "random," "fortuitous," or "attenuated" contacts. Burger King. 471 U.S. at 475 (quotations omitted). Rather, "'it is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.'" I d . (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)).

A court may assert authority over a defendant by means of either general or specific jurisdiction. Mass. Sch. of Law. 142 F.3d at 34. A defendant who has engaged in continuous and systematic activity in a forum is subject to general jurisdiction in that forum with respect to all causes of action, even those unrelated to the defendant's forum-based activities. Phillips Exeter Acad, v. Howard Phillips Fund. Inc.. 196 F.3d 284, 288 (1st Cir. 1999). A court may exercise specific jurisdiction, by contrast, only when the cause of action arises from, or relates to, the defendant's contacts with the forum. Id. "The standard for evaluating whether . . . contacts satisfy the constitutional general jurisdiction test 'is considerably more stringent' than that applied to specific jurisdiction questions." Noonan v. Winston C o ., 135 F.3d 85, 93 (1st Cir. 1998) (quoting Glater v. Eli Lilly & Co.. 744 F.2d 213, 216 (1st Cir. 1984)). "In addition, courts must exercise even greater care before exercising personal jurisdiction over foreign nationals." Id. A. General jurisdiction

Two criteria must be met to establish general jurisdiction: (1) "'continuous and systematic general business contacts'" must exist between the defendant and the forum; and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable as demonstrated by certain "gestalt factors." United States v. Swiss Am. Bank. Ltd.. 274 F.3d 610, 619 (1st Cir. 2001) (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de

- 9-Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 416 (1984)).

Copp argues that FNGP's contacts with New Hampshire should be imputed to Freudenberg & Co. as the parent company of the Freudenberg Group. In order to attribute a subsidiary's contacts to its parent corporation, the plaintiff must demonstrate "a 'plus' factor - something beyond the subsidiary's mere presence within the bosom of the corporate family." Donatelli v. Nat'l Hockey League, 893 F.2d 459, 465-66 (1st Cir. 1990). The "presumption of corporate separateness" persists unless Copp can demonstrate that Freudenberg & Co.'s control over its subsidiaries is "greater than that normally associated with common ownership and directorship." I d . at 466 (quotation omitted). It is undisputed that Freudenberg & Co. does not control the daily operations of Freudenberg-NOK and FNGP, see Mahler Decl. 5 22, and Copp has not presented any evidence that Freudenberg & Co. exercised "actual control" over either company. See Donatelli, 893 F.2d at 466. Nor has Copp demonstrated that Freudenberg & Co. utilized its subsidiaries "in such a way that an agency relationship between the two corporations can be perceived." Id. Accordingly, I find that Freudenberg & Co. does

- 10 -not have sufficient contacts with New Hampshire to warrant the exercise of general jurisdiction.⁴ B. Specific jurisdiction

Copp argues that Freudenberg & Co.'s "direct contacts with the state" through its workplace safety initiatives are sufficient to establish specific jurisdiction in New Hampshire. Mem. in Supp. of Pl.'s O b j . at 4. Freudenberg & Co. disagrees and argues that its policy statements were merely "aspirational" and were not binding on Freudenberg-NOK absent a decision by the Partners' Board to adopt them. Def.'s Reply 10-12.

The First Circuit divides the constitutional analysis of specific jurisdiction into three categories: "relatedness. purposeful availment, and reasonableness." Davnard v. Ness. Motley. Loadholt, Richardson & Poole. P.A.. 290 F.3d 42, 60 (1st Cir. 2002). I consider each in turn.

As to the first requirement, "[t]he evidence produced to support specific jurisdiction must show that the cause of action either arises directly out of, or is related to, the defendant's forum-based contacts." Harlow v. Children's Hosp., 432 F.3d 50, 60-61 (1st Cir. 2005). "[T]he defendant's in-state conduct must form an important, or at least material, element of proof in the plaintiff's case." I d . at 61 (quotation and brackets omitted). New Hampshire recognizes "the right of an injured employee to seek recovery from the employer's parent corporation based on the breach of an independent duty to maintain a safe workplace." Leeman v. Bovlan. 134 N.H. 230, 235 (1991). To the extent that Freudenberg & Co., "by some affirmative act, independently undertook the duty to maintain safe working conditions" at the Northfield plant, its actions are related to Copp's cause of action.⁵ See i d . at 236.

Even assuming that Freudenberg & Co.'s New Hampshire contacts meet the relatedness requirement, Copp also must demonstrate that they "represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state." Davnard. 290 F.3d at 60. "This prong is only satisfied when the defendant purposefully and voluntarily directs [its] activities toward the forum so that [it] should expect, by virtue of the benefit [it] receives, to be subject to the court's jurisdiction based on these contacts." Swiss Am. Bank. 274 F.3d at 624.

Copp primarily relies upon the same evidence to prove purposeful availment as she relied upon to support her general jurisdiction claim.⁶ As discussed above, the mere fact that Freudenberg & Co., through two of its subsidiary corporations, has an indirect ownership interest in a New Hampshire company is not sufficient to satisfy the Due Process Clause. See Andresen v. Diorio. 349 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 2003); Donatelli, 893 F.2d at 465. I thus conclude that this court does not have specific personal jurisdiction over Freudenberg & Co.⁷

Footnotes

[1] Copp also sued Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership, which I found to be immune from liability under New Hampshire's Workers' Compensation statute, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 281-A:8. See Order dated December 7, 2005 (Doc. No. 22). - 2 -

[2] The original partners in Freudenberg-NOK were NOK Inc., the wholly-owned subsidiary of a Japanese corporation, and IPG Limited Partnership, the predecessor to Freudenberg NALP. Joint Venture Agreement at 2. NOK Inc. now owns 25% of Freudenberg-NOK and Freudenberg NALP owns the remaining 75%. Mahler Decl. 5 15. Freudenberg-NOK is managed by a Partners' Board, which consists of three members nominated by Freudenberg NALP, two members nominated by NOK Inc. and the Freudenberg-NOK president. Id. 5 17; General Partnership Agreement 5 9.1.

[3] In addition to Freudenberg-NOK's 99.99% interest in FNGP, FNGP Holdings, Inc. has a .01% interest. Mahler Decl. 5 9. - 3 - - 4 -

[4] Copp also argues that contacts should be imputed to Freudenberg & Co. as a partner or co-venturer in Freudenberg-NOK. This claim is not supported by the evidence, which shows that Freudenberg & Co. is not a partner in the general partnership but rather is the parent of two subsidiary corporations that are partners in a chain of partnerships that ultimately leads to FNGP. Furthermore, Copp successfully argued in a previous motion that "Freudenberg and Company is not a partner of Freudenberg NOK" in order to avoid dismissal under New Hampshire's Workers' Compensation statute. Mot. for Reconsideration (Doc. No. 23) 5 4. Accordingly, Copp is estopped from taking the opposite position now as a basis for establishing personal jurisdiction over Freudenberg & Co. See Alternative Sv s . Concepts. Inc. v. Svnopsvs, Inc., 374 F.3d 23, 33 (1st Cir. 2004). - 11 -

[5] Copp also relies upon Siekermann's investigation of her accident as an additional contact with New Hampshire that is "related to" her cause of action. Contacts that give rise to specific jurisdiction are generally "limited to those before and - 12 - surrounding the accrual of the cause of action" to ensure that the defendant has "fair warning" that its conduct will subject it to suit in the forum. Harlow. 432 F.3d at 61-62. Freudenberg & Co. could not have foreseen that it would be haled into court here as a result of Siekermann's actions. See i d . at 62.

[6] The only other evidence that Freudenberg & Co. directed its activities at New Hampshire is Siekermann's investigation of Copp's accident. This limited contact with New Hampshire, which consisted of two telephone calls, does not demonstrate that Freudenberg & Co. purposefully availed itself of the benefits and protections of the state's laws. See Harlow. 432 F.3d at 62. Moreover, subjecting Freudenberg & Co. to specific personal jurisdiction based upon this isolated contact would discourage parent corporations from inquiring into accidents in order to improve workplace safety in the future. - 13 - IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, I grant Freudenberg & Co.'s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction (Document No 11). SO ORDERED. /s/Paul Barbadoro________ Paul Barbadoro United States District Judge July 3, 2006 cc: Matthew J. Lahey, Esq. Andrew D. Dunn, Esq.

[7] Having determined that Freudenberg & Co.'s New Hampshire contacts are insufficient to authorize personal jurisdiction, I need not address whether asserting jurisdiction would be reasonable under the Gestalt factors. See Noonan. 135 F.3d at 94 . - 14 -