Eatman v. Bunn

MARTIN, Judge. The questions presented for our consideration are the same for each appeal: whether the trial court erred in granting the respective motions for directed verdict, dismissing the plaintiffs claim and the defendant’s counterclaim. We conclude that in both instances the motion for directed verdict was improvidently granted and we therefore reverse and remand for a new trial. The plaintiff, Donald Lee Eatman, offered evidence tending to show that on 26 August 1983, after dark, he was driving his automobile within the speed limit on a rural road when the defendant’s black Angus cow suddenly appeared in his path. He applied his brakes and swerved to the left, however, the cow also turned in the same direction and a collision ensued in which Eat-man’s automobile was damaged and the cow was fatally injured. The plaintiff admitted that he had consumed two “pony” bottles of beer during the evening but offered evidence, through a passenger in his car, that he was not impaired. Further evidence tended to show that the defendant’s fences, in the area of the collision, consisted only of a strand of wire ten to twelve inches from the ground and that the wire had been pulled loose from the fence posts at several locations. The plaintiff offered witnesses who testified that the defendant’s cows had been observed running loose on other occasions and that on at least one other occasion a collision had occurred between an automobile and one of the defendant’s cows. The defendant testified that his cows had gotten loose on previous occasions and that as a result, he had checked and re *506 paired his fences, and that the fences were in good repair on the date of this collision. He testified that after this collision he discovered that his cow had escaped from a place in the fence that had been cut by a State Highway Department mower which had mowed grass in the area within a week before the collision. He also offered evidence tending to show that immediately after the collision the plaintiff was rude, profane, unsteady on his feet and appeared to be under the influence of alcohol. Upon the foregoing evidence, the trial court concluded that both the plaintiff and the defendant had been negligent and directed verdicts against each of them. The purpose of a motion for directed verdict, made pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 50(a), is to test the legal sufficiency of the evidence to take the case to the jury and to support a verdict for the non-moving party. Rappaport v. Days Inn, 296 N.C. 382, 250 S.E. 2d 245 (1979); Wallace v. Evans, 60 N.C. App. 145, 298 S.E. 2d 193 (1982). In passing upon the motion, the court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, taking all evidence which tends to support his position as true, resolving all contradictions, conflicts and inconsistencies in his favor and giving him the benefit of all reasonable inferences. Daughtry v. Turnage, 295 N.C. 543, 246 S.E. 2d 788 (1978). The motion may be granted only if the evidence is insufficient, as a matter of law, to support a verdict for the non-moving party. Dickinson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 201 S.E. 2d 897 (1974). The same test is apposite whether considering a Rule 50(a) motion directed at the plaintiffs claim or at the defendant’s counterclaim. I. Plaintiff’s Appeal We first consider the plaintiffs appeal from the directed verdict dismissing his claim. The court granted the motion for directed verdict upon the explicit finding that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent. In order for a directed verdict to be granted against plaintiff upon the ground of contributory negligence, the evidence, considered in the light most favorable to him, must so clearly establish his contributory negligence that no other conclusion can be reasonably drawn therefrom. Beatty v. Owsley & Sons, Inc., 53 N.C. App. 178, 280 S.E. 2d 484, disc. rev. denied, 304 N.C. 192, 285 S.E. 2d 95 (1981). *507 The plaintiffs evidence, when so gauged, reveals that he was operating his automobile within the lawful speed limit at night when he was suddenly confronted by a black cow in the roadway. He did not see the cow until it was right in front of his car. Similar evidence has been considered by this Court and has been held not to disclose contributory negligence as a matter of law. See Timber Co. v. Smith, 12 N.C. App. 137, 182 S.E. 2d 607, cert. denied, 279 N.C. 397, 183 S.E. 2d 245 (1971); Duke v. Tankard, 3 N.C. App. 563, 165 S.E. 2d 524 (1969). Nor does the plaintiffs admission that he had consumed two “pony” bottles of beer so clearly establish his own negligence that no other reasonable inference may be drawn therefrom. A passenger in plaintiffs automobile testified that in his opinion neither the plaintiffs mental or physical faculties were impaired, while the defendant offered conflicting evidence that the plaintiff was noticeably under the influence of alcohol. The credibility of the witnesses is for the jury. Naylor v. Naylor, 11 N.C. App. 384, 181 S.E. 2d 222 (1971). Defendant contends that even if the trial court erred in finding that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law, the granting of the motion for directed verdict was nevertheless proper because the plaintiff failed to offer sufficient evidence of the defendant’s negligence to take the case to the jury. Taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, his evidence tends to show that the defendant’s fences were in poor repair, his cows had been found at large on previous occasions, and that on at least one such occasion a car had collided with one of the cows. This evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to find that the defendant was negligent in preventing his cattle from escaping the pasture and roaming at large. See Whitaker v. Earnhardt, 289 N.C. 260, 221 S.E. 2d 316 (1976); Kelly v. Willis, 238 N.C. 637, 78 S.E. 2d 711 (1953). The evidence was likewise sufficient to warrant a finding that the defendant should have reasonably foreseen that his failure to keep his cattle within the fences would likely result in some injurious consequence. Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 176 S.E. 2d 161 (1970). When reasonable men can reach different results or conclusions on issues of negligence and proximate cause, the case is for the jury. Robinson v. McMahan, 11 N.C. App. 275, 181 S.E. 2d 147, *508 cert. denied, 279 N.C. 395, 183 S.E. 2d 243 (1971). We therefore hold that the trial court erred in granting the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. II. Defendant’s Appeal We next consider the defendant’s appeal from the directed verdict dismissing his counterclaim for damages resulting from the death of his cow. The defendant’s evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to him, giving him the benefit of all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in his favor, could warrant a finding by the jury that the cow escaped because the fence had been damaged by a State Highway Department mower, rather than by reason of any negligence on his own part. His evidence was also sufficient to permit a finding by the jury that his cow was killed due to the negligence of the plaintiff in failing to maintain a proper lookout and in driving the automobile while he was under the influence of alcohol. These questions of fact were for resolution by the jury, not by the court. We therefore hold that the trial court erred in granting the plaintiffs motion for directed verdict. Upon plaintiffs appeal from the granting of a directed verdict in favor of the defendant — reversed and remanded. Upon defendant’s appeal from the granting of a directed verdict in favor of the plaintiff — reversed and remanded. Judges BECTON and JOHNSON concur.