State v. Logner

Bobbitt, J. Defendant assigns as error the admission, over his objections, of the officers’ testimony as to incriminating statements made by defendant. According to the State’s evidence, defendant, after his arrest on November 18, 1964, and while in the custody of Detectives Morris and Hatley, made incriminating statements relating both to the safe of McCracken Oil Company of Oxford, N.C., and to the safe of George Johnson. Defendant was tried at July 28, 1965 Special Criminal Session of Durham upon an indictment charging safe-cracking and safe robbery in connection with the McCracken Oil Company safe. He was found guilty as charged and Judge Bickett, who presided at the trial, pronounced judgment imposing a prison *553 ■sentence. Upon defendant’s appeal, this Court found “no error.” S. v. Logner, 266 N.C. 238, 145 S.E. 2d 867. The record on appeal in said prior prosecution, as appears from the preliminary statement and opinion of Sharp, J., shows that, in said trial before Judge Bickett, the testimony of Morris and Iiatley ■was substantially the same as their testimony in the present case as to the conditions and circumstances under which defendant made the statements attributed to him; that defendant objected to their testimony on substantially the same- grounds asserted herein; and that Judge Bickett, based on findings of fact made by him, overruled defendant’s objections and admitted the testimony in evidence. This Court held the evidence presented at the voir dire hearing was sufficient to support Judge Biekett’s findings and rulings. It has come to our attention that, in a habeas corpus proceeding in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North 'Carolina, District Judge Gordon, after conducting a plenary hearing, reached the opposite conclusion and ordered the discharge of defendant unless the State retried him within six months. Logner v. State of North Carolina, 260 F. Supp. 970. While we regret this ■conflict, we adhere to the views expressed by Sharp, J., in S. v. Logner, supra, and for the reasons there stated we approve Judge Burg-wyn’s findings and rulings. However, for reasons stated below, we are constrained to hold defendant is entitled to a new trial. Defendant contends, based on sufficient exceptions and assignments of error, that the court did not declare and explain the law as to the elements of the criminal offenses charged in the bill of indictment. The judge instructed the jury in substance as follows: After reading the material portions of each count in the bill of indictment, proper instructions were given as to the presumption of innocence and as to the State’s burden to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The court gave instructions as to the applicable law in determining the weight, if any, to be given the testimony relating to statements attributed to defendant. The court then reviewed the conflicting contentions as to whether defendant made the statements attributed to him by Morris and Hatley and as to the weight to be given the testimony relating to defendant’s intoxication. According to the record, the court failed to define or otherwise explain the essential elements of the crimes charged in the bill of indictment or to state the facts the State was required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt to warrant verdicts of guilty. The State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt every essential element of the crime charged, and it is incumbent upon the trial judge to so instruct the jury. S. v. Cooper, 256 N.C. 372, 124 S.E. *554 2d 91, and cases cited. An instruction as to the essential elements of the crime is a necessary part of such charge. Whether a deficiency in this respect is sufficient ground for a new trial must be determined in relation to the circumstances of each case. S. v. Fulford, 124 N.C. 798, 32 S.E. 377. In the present case, we are of the opinion, and so hold, that the failure of the court to give instructions as to the essential elements of the crimes charged and as to the facts the State was required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt to warrant verdicts of guilty constitutes prejudicial error. The court’s final instruction, to which defendant excepted, sufficiently indicates the error. The court’s final instruction was as follows: “If you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that he made those statements as testified to by the officer, and that he did so freely and voluntarily, and that his mind was clear enough at least for him to know what he was talking about, you would find him guilty as charged in the bill on both counts. If you have a reasonable doubt about his having made any statements as testified to by the officers, you would find him not guilty or if you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that he made the statements, and however, are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that he knew and had enough mental acumen left in his mind to speak the truth about the matter and to know what he was talking about, you would find him not guilty.” In the quoted instruction, guilt is made to depend upon whether defendant made the statements attributed to him by Morris and Hatley and, if so, whether he made them (1) freely and voluntarily and (2) with knowledge of their truth or falsity, rather than upon whether defendant committed the crimes charged in the bill of indictment. We find no instruction charging in substance that, before the jury could return a verdict of guilty on the first count, the State must satisfy the jury from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant broke into and entered the dwelling of George Johnson in early November 1964 with intent to commit the felony of larceny therein, or that, before the jury could return a verdict of guilty on the second count, the State must satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant unlawfully took and carried away George Johnson’s safe from said dwelling with the felonious intent of appropriating it to his own use and of depriving its true owner permanently of the use thereof. While a new trial is awarded on the grounds stated above, it appears that the judge included in his instructions to the jury a statement that “the court has ruled that the confession or statement, if one was made by the defendant as testified to by the officers, was *555 freely and voluntarily made on his part without compulsion or duress and without reward, or hope of reward.” Defendant’s exception and assignment of error with reference to this excerpt from the charge are not brought forward in his brief. However, it seems appropriate to call attention to certain recent decisions of this Court. “If the judge determines the proffered testimony is admissible, the jury is recalled, the objection to the admission of the testimony is overruled, and the testimony is received in evidence for consideration by the jury.” S. v. Walker, 266 N.C. 269, 145 S.E. 2d 833. It is error for the judge to instruct the jury that he has ruled or determined that the statements, if any, attributed to defendant, were made by defendant freely and voluntarily. S. v. Barber, 268 N.C. 509, 151 S.E. 2d 51. For prejudicial error in the charge, defendant is awarded a new trial. New trial.