Reynolds v. Motley

WELLS, Judge. At the outset, we consider ex mero motu whether plaintiff is the proper party to prosecute this URESA action in North Carolina. URESA is a procedural device, adopted in every state, which provides a mechanism for the expedited enforcement of duties of child support. See N.C. Gen. Stat. ch. 52A (1984 and Supp. 1988); 23 Am. Jur. 2d 966, et seq. Under URESA, an obligee (i.e., one “to whom a duty of support is owed”) who seeks to enforce child support obligations against an out-of-state obligor must file a verified complaint in the initiating state. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 52A-3(6), -10; accord, Va. Code Ann. §§ 20-88.13(8), -88.21 (1983 and Supp. 1989). *302 The court in the initiating state must then determine whether the complaint “sets forth facts from which it may be determined that the defendant owes a duty of support and [whether] a court of the responding state may obtain jurisdiction of the defendant^]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-11; accord, Va. Code Ann. § 20-88.22. If it finds these requirements to be satisfied, the initiating court transmits certified copies of the complaint to the court of the responding state for prosecution of the action. Id. When a court of North Carolina, acting as responding state, receives such copies from the court of the initiating state, it must, inter alia, docket the cause and notify the district attorney, who appears “on behalf of the obligee.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 52A-10.1, -12. The record discloses that the present action was instituted in Virginia by the DCSE, which filed a verified petition in the initiating court. That court, upon making the required findings, transmitted certified copies of the petition to the Wake County District Court, the jurisdiction of defendant’s residence. In docketing the action, it appears that the name of the alleged mother, Laucresta Reynolds, was improperly substituted as plaintiff for that of DCSE. Laucresta Reynolds is neither an obligee as defined by URESA, nor did she file a verified complaint in the initiating state as required by URESA. We need not, however, dismiss the appeal for this technical defect, inasmuch as the record clearly shows that the action was prosecuted on behalf of DCSE, the real party in interest. Settle v. Beasley, 309 N.C. 616, 308 S.E.2d 288 (1983); N.C. R. Civ. P., Rule 17 (1983). Accordingly, we turn to addressing the merits of the arguments brought forward by defendant. Defendant first contends that the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss in that DCSE, because it did not have custody of the alleged children-obligees, had no standing to bring this action. We disagree. G.S. § 52A-8.1 controls this issue. It provides: Whenever a county of this State furnishes support to an obligee, it has the same right to invoke the provisions [of URESA] as the obligee to whom the support was furnished for the purpose of securing reimbursement for such support and of obtaining continuing supportf.] Our courts have held that an out-of-state governmental entity has standing to bring an action under this provision when (1) such *303 entity has furnished support to an obligee via public assistance funds and (2) the obligee to whom such support was provided has assigned the right of enforcement under URESA to that governmental entity. Dept. of Social Services v. Skinner, 48 N.C. App. 621, 269 S.E.2d 678 (1980). Under URESA, such an assignment occurs by operation of law immediately upon the obligee’s receipt of public assistance funds. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52A-8.1; accord, Va. Code Ann. § 20-88.19; cf., N.C. Gen. Stat. § 110-137 (1988) (acceptance of public assistance constitutes an assignment of rights to the state or county). In this case the alleged children-obligees, by receiving public assistance in Virginia, effected an assignment of their rights of enforcement under URESA to DCSE by operation of law. Thus, DCSE has standing to bring this action. Dept. of Social Services, supra. Defendant next contends that the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction in that his paternity and thus his duty of support under URESA was not established. It is well settled that “paternity must be judicially established to warrant relief [under URESA].” Smith v. Burden, 31 N.C. App. 145, 228 S.E.2d 662 (1976). The record discloses that no judicial determination of defendant’s paternity with respect to the alleged children-obligees had been made at the time this action was initiated. This, however, is not fatal, inasmuch as North Carolina courts are expressly granted the authority to “adjudicate the paternity issue” in actions brought under URESA. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52A-8.2. Nevertheless, URESA, being a procedural mechanism for the enforcement of duties of support, does not provide additional substantive grounds for determining the existence of the duty of support. Stevens v. Stevens, 68 N.C. App. 234, 314 S.E.2d 786, cert. denied, 312 N.C. 89, 321 S.E.2d 908 (1984); see also Mahan v. Read, 240 N.C. 641, 83 S.E.2d 706 (1954) (outlining the history of URESA). A fortiori, URESA does not provide additional grounds for determining paternity. Consequently, a North Carolina court adjudicating the issue of paternity in a URESA action must look to the applicable substantive law governing the determination of paternity. This, in turn, must be determined by reference to the statutory choice of law directive pertaining to URESA actions. Pieper v. Pieper, 323 N.C. 617, 374 S.E.2d 275 (1988). *304 The statutory choice of law directive pertaining to URESA actions is found at G.S. § 52A-8 which provides that [d]uties of support applicable under [URESA] are those imposed or imposable under the laws of any state where the obligor was present during the period or any part of the period for which support is sought. The obligor is presumed to have been present in the responding state during the period for which support is sought until otherwise shown. Because there has been no showing to the contrary, defendant is presumed to have been present in North Carolina, the responding state, and thus our State’s substantive laws apply to determine defendant’s duties of support. Pieper, supra. Under North Carolina law, the duty of a putative father to support his illegitimate child is predicated on the judicial establishment of his paternity with respect to such child “pursuant to G.S. 49-14.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 49-15 (1984); Tidwell v. Booker, 290 N.C. 98, 225 S.E.2d 816 (1976); see also Napowsa v. Langston, 95 N.C. App. 14, 381 S.E.2d 882 (1989). G.S. § 49-14(a) provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] certified copy of a certificate of birth of the child shall be attached to the complaint.” In the instant case, the record discloses that no such certified copies of the birth certificates of the alleged children-obligees were attached to the DCSE petition. Because this statutory prerequisite was not complied with, we are compelled to conclude that the North Carolina court was without subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate defendant’s paternity. See Dept. of Social Services v. Williams, infra. Since there was neither a prior judicial determination of defendant’s paternity nor jurisdiction to adjudicate the issue of paternity, defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction should have been granted by the court. 1 *305 The State counters that a judicial determination of paternity is unnecessary in that defendant executed a written acknowledgment of paternity which was appended to DCSE’s verified petition. The State urges that this acknowledgment, coupled with defendant’s actions in paying support in the past, constitutes sufficient evidence that defendant is the responsible party. We are not persuaded. It is true that G.S. § 110-132 allows a written acknowledgment of paternity “[i]n lieu of . . . any legal proceeding instituted to establish paternity” in actions to enforce duties of support under G.S. ch. 110. Such an acknowledgment must, however, be “sworn to before a certifying officer or notary public” and “accompanied by a written affirmation of paternity executed and sworn to by the mother of the dependent child” for whom support is sought. Id. G.S. § 110-132 also provides that “a written agreement to support [a] child by periodic payments” is enforceable as an order of support, if such an agreement complies with the enumerated statutory requirements. Assuming arguendo that this statute applies in actions under URESA to enforce duties of support as against a putative father, its requirements clearly have not been satisfied in this case. The so-called “acknowledgment” of paternity was neither executed in accordance with the above statutory requirements nor accompanied by a written affirmation of paternity executed by the mother of the alleged children-obligees. Moreover, the record fails to disclose that a written agreement to support the children was ever executed by defendant. Where the requirements of G.S. § 110-132 are not complied with, the court has no jurisdiction to enforce child support duties under G.S. ch. 110. Dept. of Social Services v. Williams, 52 N.C. App. 112, 277 S.E.2d 865 (1981). Finally, with respect to defendant’s actions in paying child support to the alleged children-obligees in the past, we do not deny that such actions may constitute some evidence that defendant owes a duty of support, once the jurisdictional barrier has been surmounted through compliance with the statutory requirements. The mere fact that defendant made such payments, however, cannot of itself be dispositive of the jurisdictional question, in view *306 of the clear statutory prerequisites to maintaining actions under either G.S. § 49-14 or G.S. § 110-132. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is Reversed. 2 Judges Johnson and ORR concur. Footnotes [1] The State’s assertion at oral argument that, notwithstanding plaintiffs failure to comply with the statutory requirements, the court had subject matter jurisdiction under URESA to adjudicate defendant’s paternity in that, pursuant to G.S. § 52A-19, the verified petition of DCSE constituted prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein is unavailing. Careful reading of G.S. § 52A-19 persuades us that the Legislature did not intend for that statute, as part of the expedited procedures applying under URESA, to obviate the requirements of G.S. § 49-14 in a paternity adjudication incident to an URESA action. To hold otherwise would create a clear disparity in the procedural protections afforded to putative fathers defending paternity actions under G.S. § 49-14 and those afforded to putative fathers defending paternity actions incident to the “typically open-and-shut” proceedings under *305 URESA. See 2 Lee on North Carolina Family Law § 169 at 350 (1980). This we cannot do. [2] Because our holding that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction is dispositive, we do not address defendant’s second argument challenging the court’s denial of his motion for directed verdict or his third argument challenging the court’s order on the grounds that it failed to include findings of fact. With respect to the latter, however, we note that under Grimes v. Grimes, 78 N.C. App. 208, 336 S.E.2d 664 (1986), such findings must be present in a support order entered under URESA.