Hodges v. Home Ins. Co. of New York

BaeNHill, J. Where an action is instituted within the time prescribed by the pertinent statute of limitations and is thereafter dismissed for *291 want of service of the summons therein, may the plaintiff maintain an action on the same cause of action when summons therein was issued after the lapse of the statutory period but within twelve months after the dismissal of the original action for want of jurisdiction of the parties? This is the question posed for decision. Plaintiff relies on G.S. 1-25 and former decisions of this Court applying the same to fact situations he contends are sufficiently identical to render them controlling here. But the history of this statute is such that former decisions of this Court cannot be properly appraised without reference to the exact content of the statute at the time the decision was rendered. At common law, suits frequently abated for matter of form. In such cases plaintiff was allowed a reasonable time within which to sue out a new writ. This time was theoretically computed with reference to the number of days which the parties must spend in journeying to the court : hence the name “journey’s account.” Such renewed suit was but a continuance of that which had abated and of necessity was in the same court, against the same parties, and for the same cause of action. Bradshaw v. Bank, 172 N.C. 632, 90 S.E. 189. This in substance is now our discontinuance statute, G.S. 1-95. Likewise, in the early period of our history, it was thought wise to make provision to protect a litigant who has been diligent to institute his action within the statutory period but whose cause, through no fault of his own, has been terminated after the statutory period has expired for matter of form not involving the merits. The two rules were incorporated in one statute in the Acts of 1115. Chap. 2 of said Acts prescribes certain limitations of actions. Sec. 6 thereof is in the form of a proviso as follows: “6. Provided nevertheless, and it is hereby further enacted, That if on any the said actions or suits, judgment be given for the plaintiff, and the same be reversed by error, or a verdict pass for the plaintiff, and upon matter alleged in arrest of judgment, the judgment be given against the plaintiff, that he take nothing by his plaint, writ, or bill; or if any of the said actions shall be brought by original writ, and the defendant cannot be attached or legally served with process, that in all such cases, the party plaintiff . . . may commence a new action or suit, from time to time, within a year after such judgment reversed, or such judgment given against the plaintiff, or till the defendant can be attached or served with process, so as to compel him to appear and answer.” See 1 Potter’s Laws of North Carolina 1819, p. 98. This proviso is brought forward in the Revised Statutes of 1836 substantially as originally enacted. However, in the Code of Civil Procedure of 1868 it was divided into two sections. One relates exclusively *292 to actions in which real property is the subject matter of the suit. C.C.P. s. 21. The other provides : “If an action shall be commenced within the time prescribed therefor, and the plaintiff be nonsuited, or a judgment therein be reversed on appeal, or be arrested, the plaintiff . . . may commence a new action within one year after such nonsuit, reversal, or arrest of judgment.” C.C.P. s. 45. These two sections are brought forward in the Code of 1883, ss. 142 and 166. In the Revisal of 1905 the two sections were consolidated so as to apply to all actions, Rev. s. 310, and have been brought forward in subsequent codifications as then written. Gr.S. 1-25. It is to be noted, therefore, that the Legislature, in enacting the Code of Civil Procedure of 1868, deleted and declined to re-enact that part of the original statute which permitted a new suit within twelve months if the defendant could not be served with process in the original action. We have held that the statute applies when the original action is dismissed for want of jurisdiction of the subject matter, Straus v. Beardsley, 79 N.C. 59; Dalton v. Webster, 82 N.C. 279, or where the complaint in the original action fails to stat.e a cause of action. Webb v. Hicks, 123 N.C. 244. But the statute has not been applied when the process in the original action was not served and the action was dismissed for want of jurisdiction of the parties. When the original summons is not served, the plaintiff’s remedy rests in the provisions of our discontinuance statute. G.S. 1-95. The decision in this jurisdiction more nearly in point, rendered since the adoption of the Code of Civil Procedure, is Etheridge v. Woodley, 83 N.C. 12. In that case the original summons was not served. Plaintiff, as here, failed to keep his action alive by the issuance of alias and pluries summonses. A new summons was issued and served after the statutory period had expired. The action was barred unless the limitation statute was suspended by the “new action” statute. The Court held that (1) the failure of the plaintiff to sue out alias and pluries summonses worked a discontinuance of the original action; (2) the summons actually served after the discontinuance constituted a new action; and (3) the new action having been instituted after the period of limitation had expired, the statutory bar prevailed and defeated the action. See also Hatch v. R. R., 183 N.C. 617, 112 S.E. 529. But the plaintiff cites and relies on Harris v. Davenport, 132 N.C. 697, in which the Court said: “The action was dismissed for want of jurisdiction of the parties, and that has been held as a nonsuit of the plaintiff under section 166 of The Code. Straus v. Beardsley, 79 N.C. 59, Dalton v. Webster, 82 N.C. 279.” They also cited Blades v. R. R., 218 N.C. 702, 12 S.E. 2d 553, in which this statement is quoted. *293 However, a careful examination of the record in the Harris case discloses that the question of the suspension of the statute of limitations by the new action statute, now G.S. 1-25, was not at issue or presented for decision. There an administrator instituted a special proceeding to sell land to make assets to pay claims received and accepted by him. The proceeding was dismissed for want of proper service of process. He instituted a new proceeding within twelve months thereafter. The defendant pleaded the statute of limitations. The Court applied the rule that the filing with and acceptance of a claim by an administrator suspends the running of the statute of limitations. Irrespective of the first action, there was no bar to the right of the administrator to apply for authority to sell land to make assets at any time during the administration and so long as there were unsatisfied claims awaiting settlement. Hence the quoted statement was pure dictum. This is likewise true in the Blades case. Plaintiff likewise cites Ketterman v. Railroad Co., 48 W. Va. 606, and Meisse v. McCoy’s Adm’r., 17 Ohio St. Rep. 225. Neither of these cases is in point for the reason that in each the statute under consideration contained a broad catch-all provision not incorporated in our Act. The West Virginia statute, after specifying certain causes of dismissal, adds: “any cause which cannot be plead in bar of the action,” and the Ohio statute contains the general provision: “If the plaintiff fail in such action otherwise than upon the merits.” ' Thus it appears that the Legislature has expressly rejected the dismissal of an action for want of jurisdiction of the parties as a ground for suspending the statute of limitations so as to permit a new action within twelve months after the termination of the original action. The statute as now constituted is specific in its terms. The language “the plaintiff is nonsuited, or a judgment therein reversed on appeal, or is arrested” may not be held to include a dismissal for want of service of process. An action is commenced by issuing a summons. G.S. 1-88. Even so, in actions in personam, jurisdiction of the parties litigant can be acquired only by personal service of summons within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, unless there is an acceptance of service or a general appearance, actual or constructive. Though the action is conceived by the issuance of process, it remains dormant and without vitality until given life by the proper service of process. Until the party defendant is thus brought into court, his rights are unaffected by the pendency of the action. In the absence of a clear declaration of a contrary intent by the Legislature, no other conclusion is permissible. At the time defendant entered its motion to dismiss the original action, the plaintiff still had more than sixty days in which to sue out an alias summons and thus keep his action alive. He elected instead to rest his *294 ease upon the validity of the service had. The unfortunate result is unavoidable. The judgment below is Affirmed.