Stilwell v. Walden

*546 PHILLIPS, Judge. At trial plaintiff undertook to prove the three grounds alleged in the complaint for invalidating the transfer of his intestate’s property to the defendant — constructive fraud, undue influence, and mental incapacity. The evidence presented was clearly sufficient, in our opinion, to establish the constructive fraud claim; and though it was not sufficient to establish the undue influence and mental incapacity claims, the new trial required should be on these claims as well, since much evidence relevant to these claims was erroneously excluded by the court during the course of the trial. Fraud, actual and constructive, is so varied in form many courts have refused to precisely define it, lest the definition itself be turned into an avenue of escape by the crafty and unscupulous. Standard Oil Company v. Hunt, 187 N.C. 157, 121 S.E. 184 (1924). Nevertheless, the legal principles that govern constructive fraud claims are well established. One is that a case of constructive fraud is established when proof is presented that a position of trust and confidence was taken advantage of to the hurt of the other. Terry v. Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 273 S.E. 2d 674 (1981); Link v. Link, 278 N.C. 181, 179 S.E. 2d 697 (1971); 37 C.J.S. Fraud § 2 (1943). Another is that when a transferee of property stands in a confidential or fiduciary relation to the transferor, the transferee has the burden of showing that in getting the property he acted fairly and in good faith. Stone v. McClam, 42 N.C. App. 393, 257 S.E. 2d 78, rev. denied, 298 N.C. 572, 261 S.E. 2d 128 (1979). That virtually all of the property of plaintiffs intestate was transferred to defendant without payment or valuable consideration is admitted by the pleadings. Thus, the only other thing that plaintiff had to prove to make out a case of constructive fraud was that a confidential or fiduciary relationship existed between defendant and plaintiff’s intestate when the property was transferred. The trial judge ruled that no evidence from which the jury could find that such a relationship existed had been presented. We disagree. A confidential or fiduciary relation can exist under a variety of circumstances and is not limited to those persons who also stand in some recognized legal relationship to each other, such as attorney and client, principal and agent, guardian and ward, and *547 the like; it also “extends to any possible case in which a fiduciary relation exists in fact, and in which there is confidence reposed on one side, and resulting domination and influence on the other.” Abbitt v. Gregory, 201 N.C. 577, 598, 160 S.E. 896, 906 (1931). A clearer example of a confidential relationship within the purview of the foregoing case would be hard to find. According to the evidence Mr. Speigle relied upon defendant to handle his funds and see that his needs were attended to, and she made purchases for him, paid his bills, managed his investments, and saw to it that his household was properly operated and his needs supplied. Obviously, such evidence bespeaks dependence and confidence on the one hand and influence on the other; which relationship was accentuated by the fact that the intestate, because of his health, was unable to do for himself and therefore needed the help of others. The court was apparently of the opinion that what had to be shown was a wrongfully acquired influence or control, but that is a requirement of fraud and undue influence, not constructive fraud. That influence over another is honestly and properly acquired does not lessen its effect and is beside the point in a constructive fraud case. It is just because confidence in others inherently and inevitably begets influence that the law of constructive fraud is needed, lest that influence be exerted for the benefit of the one having it, rather than that of the one whose confidence created it. This decision is also in accord with the recently decided case of Curl v. Key, 311 N.C. 259, 316 S.E. 2d 272 (1984), where our Supreme Court held that a fiduciary relationship was created by circumstances that were less traditional and much weaker, it seems to us, than those recorded here, which fall but little short of establishing the relationship of principal and agent. During the course of the trial the court also made a number of other errors to plaintiffs prejudice. One of the most damaging was in refusing to permit plaintiff to introduce defendant’s deposition, which plaintiff had taken during the discovery period. The basis for this refusal was that defendant was present in court and could therefore testify from the stand if plaintiff saw fit to use her. While that is a proper basis for excluding the deposition of a witness, G.S. 8-83(2), (9), it is no basis for excluding the deposition of a party, which Rule 32(a)(3) of the N.C. Rules of Civil Procedure makes useable without restriction, if otherwise admissible under *548 the rules of evidence. Nytco Leasing v. Southeastern Motels, 40 N.C. App. 120, 252 S.E. 2d 826 (1979). And when plaintiff out of necessity put defendant on the stand, he was not permitted to question her about certain material admissions made in the answer to the complaint; nor was he allowed to read these admissions to the jury. The basis for these rulings was that reading pleadings to the jury is forbidded by Rule 7(d) of the N.C. Rules of Civil Procedure. The only effect and purpose of that rule, however, was to eliminate the former practice of introducing cases to the jury by reading the pleadings; it is not concerned with the admissibility of evidence, one of the basic principles of which, under our adversary system of litigation, is that anything a litigant says about his case, if relevant and not otherwise rendered inadmissible, can be put in evidence against him. 2 Brandis N.C. Evidence § 167 (1982). Because of this rule, the testimony of police officers, doctors, accident scene visitors, and others as to what some litigant said at one time or another about some issue in his case is routinely accepted in the courts of the state every court day. And, of course, there is an additional reason for receiving into evidence a party’s statement in the pleadings that his case is being tried under, as was the case here. Until a pleading is withdrawn or changed with the court’s approval, it is a binding judicial admission of any fact stated therein; and that the pleading was signed only by the lawyer makes no difference, unless it is made to appear that the party’s attorney acted without authority, of which there was no suggestion in this instance. Under the circumstances that existed, therefore, plaintiff was not only entitled to introduce defendant’s admissions in the pleadings into evidence, but had a right to have the court tell the jury that the facts stated therein were not disputed. 2 Brandis N.C. Evidence § 171 (1982). Under our practice, pleadings are the indispensable cornerstones of every litigant’s case, and whether they are done by the parties themselves or by their hired representatives they do not become irrelevant when the trial begins. Travis Shaver, Mrs. Speigle’s brother’s wife, was called by plaintiff to testify concerning a conversation she had with the defendant approximately three months after the trust was set up. In relevant part, her testimony, objected to and excluded from the jury, would have been that the defendant was upset about certain expenditures that she had been asked to make from the *549 trust. The witness stated she told defendant that since Mr. Speigle’s property would go to his sisters upon his death defendant should not be reluctant to spend as requested on Mr. Speigle as long as he lived. According to the witness, the conversation continued as follows: [S]he said to me, “At George’s death, everything he has will be mine.” I said, “Joycelyn, that’s just what you think, why do you say that?” She said, “Because I took him to the attorney’s office and drew up — or had drawn up — the document where he signed stating at his death everything he had would go to me.” I said, “Now, Joycelyn, you know that will not hold water.” She said, “Well, you wait and see, that’s the way it is.” The relevancy and materiality of this testimony is plain. It tends to show that defendant had her own interest in mind in administering Mr. Speigle’s trust funds and that her interest was also a factor in the trust being established in the first place. Other testimony indicating defendant’s reluctance to make certain purchases for Mr. Speigle’s benefit from the trust fund was also improperly excluded. Still other testimony improperly excluded by the court concerned Mr. Speigle’s health, appearance, and inability to talk coherently at different times during the year that his property was conveyed away and defendant’s interest in A. L. Shaver and Sons, Inc. during the period involved. The evidence as to Mr. Speigle’s health, though insufficient by itself to establish his mental incapacity, was nevertheless relevant on that issue and the other issues, as well, since one in poor physical or mental health is often more susceptible to influence, both undue and otherwise, than are those in good health. And the evidence as to defendant’s relationship with A. L. Shaver and Sons tended to support plaintiffs contention that defendant acted for her own benefit, rather than that of Mr. Speigle’s, since it was during that same period that defendant’s position in the company also improved. New trial. Judges Webb and Johnson concur.