Baker v. Mauldin

JOHNSON, Judge. The sole issue on appeal is whether the court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of defendant. We hold that under the circumstances of this case summary judgment was improvidently granted. Plaintiff positively alleged in her complaint that defendant was mentally and physically impaired by the consumption of beer in violation of G.S. 20-138.1. Defendant admitted the truth of this allegation in his answer. Defendant is bound by his pleadings. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Saunders, 235 N.C. 369, 70 S.E. 2d 176 (1952). Hence, plaintiffs allegation is conclusive. It is negligence per se to operate a vehicle while impaired within the meaning of G.S. 20-138.1. King v. Allred, 309 N.C. 113, 116, 305 S.E. 2d 554, 556 (1983); Davis v. Rigsby, 261 N.C. 684, 686, 136 S.E. 2d 33, 34-35 (1964) (with reference to now repealed G.S. 20-138). The evidence manifestly shows that defendant’s negligence was a proximate cause of plaintiffs decedent’s death. Hence, the threshold issue is whether the actions of the deceased James Reginald Hickman constitute negligence which proximately contributed to his injuries and death as a matter of law, thereby barring recovery by his administratrix for his death. Southern Nat’l Bank of N.C. v. Lindsey, 264 N.C. 585, 588, 142 S.E. 2d 357, 360 (1965). When the defendant establishes a complete defense to the plaintiffs claim, he is entitled to the quick and final disposition of *407 that claim which summary judgment provides. Ballinger v. Secretary of the N.C. Dept, of Revenue, 59 N.C. App. 508, 512, 296 S.E. 2d 836, 839 (1982), cert. denied, 307 N.C. 576, 299 S.E. 2d 645 (1983). The party moving for summary judgment has the burden of establishing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Long v. Long, 15 N.C. App. 525, 190 S.E. 2d 415 (1972). All inferences of fact must be drawn against the movant and in favor of the party opposing the motion. Page v. Sloan, 281 N.C. 697, 706, 190 S.E. 2d 189, 194 (1972). It is well established that if one enters an automobile with knowledge that the driver is impaired and voluntarily rides with him, he is guilty of contributory negligence per se. Davis v. Rigsby, supra, at 686-87, 136 S.E. 2d at 35. Further, when a gratuitous passenger becomes aware that the driver is driving the vehicle in which he is riding in a reckless and dangerous manner, the duty devolves upon him in the exercise of due care for his own safety to caution the driver and, if the warning is disregarded, to request him to stop so that the passenger may be permitted to leave the vehicle. Beam v. Parham, 263 N.C. 417, 420, 139 S.E. 2d 712, 714 (1965). Where conflicting inferences may be drawn from the evidence, it is for the jury to decide whether the failure of the passenger to take affirmative action for his own safety should constitute contributory negligence. Id. at 420-21,139 S.E. 2d at 714. The question of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiffs decedent is also properly left to the jury when there is some evidence of willful and wanton conduct by the defendant. Jackson v. Jackson, 4 N.C. App. 153, 156, 166 S.E. 2d 541, 543 (1969). Plaintiffs evidence shows that on or about the evening of 28 April 1983 at approximately 7:00 p.m. James Reginald Hickman and Dennis Vick entered a vehicle owned and operated by defendant. Shortly thereafter they went to the home of Alicia Ward and picked her up. The four purchased beer and placed it in a cooler in the vehicle. Defendant drove them around Lee County while all four consumed beer. Between 8:00 and 9:30 p.m. defendant took Alicia Ward home. The threesome continued driving around until the accident occurred at approximately 1:30 a.m. There is a conflict in the testimonies of defendant and Vick as to whether defendant had drunk any beer prior to meeting Hickman and Vick. *408 There is also a conflict in the evidence regarding the amount of beer consumed by defendant. Vick testified at his deposition that they purchased two cases of beer and that defendant drank fifteen or sixteen beers during the period from 6:00 p.m. until 1:00 a.m. Vick’s later affidavit stated that they purchased “a couple of six packs of beer.” Defendant testified that he drank anywhere from four to seven beers that evening and none after returning Alicia Ward to her home. Although defendant testified that James Reginald Hickman handed defendant each beer that he drank, he also testified that Hickman was “dozing off’ in the rear seat. Vick testified at his deposition and alleged in his affidavit that defendant’s driving was “normal” and that defendant “did [nothing] that made me think that his driving was affected by any beer that he may have drunk.” Resolving all inferences from the above evidence in favor of plaintiff, we cannot find contributory negligence as a matter of law. When conflicting inferences may be drawn regarding whether defendant was intoxicated when Hickman entered the vehicle and whether defendant’s driving or level of alcohol consumption was such as to impose upon Hickman an affirmative duty to take action to protect his safety, these questions are for the jury. See Jackson v. Jackson, supra, at 156, 166 S.E. 2d at 542. The jury should decide, inter alia, whether, under the circumstances, an ordinarily prudent person would have asked to get out of a vehicle on a rural road late at night rather than risk a ride with defendant. Beam v. Parham, supra, at 421, 139 S.E. 2d at 715. Moreover, although there is some evidence that defendant was not driving as though intoxicated, there is also evidence that immediately prior to the accident defendant was driving 100 miles per hour. This is some evidence to support plaintiffs allegation that defendant’s conduct was willful and wanton. Accordingly, the issue of defendant’s gross negligence should also be left to the jury. Jackson v. Jackson, supra, at 156, 166 S.E. 2d at 543. Ordinarily, contributory negligence on the part of a plaintiffs decedent does not bar recovery when the willful and wanton conduct of a defendant is a proximate cause of the plaintiffs decedent’s injuries. See Brewer v. Harris, 279 N.C. 288, 297, 182 S.E. 2d 345, 350 (1971). Summary judgment for defendant is *409 Reversed. Judges BECTON and COZORT concur.