Eason v. Grimsley

MooRe, J. The sole question is whether or not the court erred in granting nonsuit. When considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the evidence tends to show: On 25 March 1960, about 8:30 A.M., plaintiff was owner of and a passenger in an automobile, driven by his son. It was drizzling rain. The automobile was proceeding eastwardly on *496 Plighway 97 in or near Leggett. The driver observed a slow-moving tractor-trailer ahead, proceeding in the same direction. The highway was straight, and the speed of the automobile about 35 miles per hour. When about 50 yards from the tractor-trailer, the driver of the automobile sounded the horn and pulled to the left to pass. He saw “no indication of the blinker lights blinking off and on the” tractor-trailer. He “saw no signals whatsoever.” As the automobile got even with the cab of the tractor, the tractor turned left to enter a narrow, dirt side-road or path at the north edge of the highway. There is no highway marker indicating a side road at this point. The bumper and left fender of the tractor struck the automobile on the right front fender just behind the head lights. The automobile “was close to two feet from the center line when the collision occurred.” The tractor-trailer was to the right of the center line when the automobile started to pass. The investigating patrolman found “a little dirt on the center line and approximately 18 inches to 2 feet north or left of the center line.” When he examined the electric turn signals on the tractor-trailer and turned them on, the lights on the rear “did not blink; they just came on and stayed on.” All of the rear lights were completely covered with mud or road scum, and you could not see them over a distance of 12 or 14 feet to tell whether they were on or off. They were very dim.” The driver of the tractor-trailer stated to the patrolman that “he looked in the mirror and did not see a vehicle behind him and that just as he started to turn he looked in the rear view mirror again, and the car was right up along side of him,” and that “he gave a signal, but did not hear a horn blow.” Defendants offered evidence contradicting, in material part, most of plaintiff’s evidence. “Where the defendant introduces evidence G.S. 1-183 requires (on motion to nonsuit) a consideration of all the evidence; even so, it is clear that only that part of defendant’s evidence which is favorable to plaintiff can be considered, since otherwise the court would have to pass upon the weight and credibility of the evidence.” (Parentheses ours). 3 Strong’s Index, Negligence, s. 24a, p. 471; Wall v. Bain, 222 N.C. 375, 23 S.E. 2d 330. From the evidence favorable to plaintiff the inference is permissible that defendants were negligent in that they failed to give a “plainly visible” signal of intention to turn left, did not keep a proper lookout, and did not heed plaintiff’s warning horn, and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the collision. G.S. 20-154; Jones v. Mathis, 254 N.C. 421, 119 S.E. 2d 200; Grimm v. Watson, 233 N.C. 65, 62 S.E. 2d 538. Other inferences of negligence on the part of defendants may be drawn from the evidence, but they were not pleaded and cannot be *497 considered. There must be both allegation and proof. Poultry Co. v. Equipment Co., 247 N.C. 570, 572, 101 S.E. 2d 458. Defendants insist that plaintiff’s evidence shows that he was con-tributorily negligent as a matter of law. It is the contention of defendants that the negligence of the automobile driver is imputed to plaintiff, owner-passenger, and therefore plaintiff was contributorily negligent in that the driver (1) failed to pass the tractor-trailer “at least two feet to the left thereof,” G.S. 20-149(a), and (2) failed to keep a proper lookout and to give heed to defendants’ turn signal. The owner of an automobile, riding therein as a passenger, ordinarily has the right to control and direct its operation. The negligence, if any, of a party operating an automobile with the owner-passenger’s permission or at his request is, nothing else appearing, imputed to the owner-passenger. Shoe v. Hood, 251 N.C. 719, 112 S.E. 2d 543; Dosher v. Hunt, 243 N.C. 247, 90 S.E. 2d 374; Baird v. Baird, 223 N.C. 730, 28 S.E. 2d 225. The evidence, when considered as a whole, does not establish as an uncontradicted fact that plaintiff’s automobile failed to pass at least two feet to the left of the tractor-trailer. G.S. 20-149 (a) does not require a vehicle to pass “at least two feet to the left” of the center line of the highway; the requirement is that it pass at least two feet to the left of the other vehicle involved. The evidence on this point will admit of contrary conclusions and under proper pleadings would be for the jury. Darden v. Bone, 254 N.C. 599, 119 S.E. 2d 634. Defendants do not allege, either directly or indirectly, a violation of G.S. 20-149 (a) on the part of plaintiff, and the failure of plaintiff to comply with that statute, in the absence of proper allegation, cannot be the basis for nonsuit or a jury verdict. Defendants point out that plaintiff shows by the testimony of the patrolman that defendant Grimsley “said he gave a signal.” And defendants insist that the declarations of the automobile driver that he did not see a signal only tend to show he was not keeping a proper lookout, and that on this point the case is controlled by the language in Moore v. Boone, 231 N.C. 494, 496, 57 S.E. 2d 783. Defendants overlook the testimony of the patrolman that the rear lights of the tractor-trailer would not blink when turned on, would come on and stay on, and were so covered with mud and scum that they were very dim and could be seen at a distance of only 12 or 14 feet away. Whether the lights would blink, and whether, if they would blink, they were “plainly visible” as required by G.S. 20-154, are questions for the jury. Furthermore, even if the lights were blinking and plainly visible, it was a question for the jury, under all the circumstances, whether plaintiff had the duty to yield. The giving of a turn signal *498 indicates the intention of the signaler to make the indicated turn and requires other motorists involved to observe caution and use reasonable care, but it does not vest in the signaler an absolute right to make the turn immediately, regardless of circumstances. The signaler must first ascertain that the movement may be made in safety. G.S. 20-154(a). When circumstances do not allow the signaler a reasonable margin of safety, other motorists affected have the right to assume he will delay his movement until it can be safely made. Simmons v. Rogers, 247 N.C. 340, 346, 100 S.E. 2d 849; Ervin v. Mills Co., 233 N.C. 415, 419, 64 S.E. 2d 431. Nonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence may not be- entered when it is necessary to rely in whole or in part upon defendant’s evidence, or when diverse inferences upon the question are reasonably deducible from plaintiff’s evidence. Bundy v. Powell, 229 N.C. 707, 51 S.E. 2d 307. The judgment below is Reversed.