Stalls v. Penny

PHILLIPS, Judge. In reversing the order suspending petitioner’s driving privileges, the trial judge concluded that petitioner’s arrest was unconstitutional for the reason that his statement that he was driving the car was elicited by the officer before he was advised of his Miranda rights. The propriety of this conclusion is the decisive question presented by this appeal. Before addressing it, a recital of some of the legal principles that apply to accident investigations by police officers is in order. “One who is detained by police officers under a charge of driving while under the influence of an intoxicant has the same constitutional and statutory rights as any other accused.” State v. Hill 277 N.C. 547, 553, 178 S.E. 2d 462, 466 (1971). Such rights include the right to be given Miranda warnings before being submitted to custodial interrogation. See generally, Church v. Powell, Comr. of Motor Vehicles, 40 N.C. App. 254, 252 S.E. 2d 229 (1979). However, Miranda warnings are not required when a suspect is not in custody, or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. State v. Parker, 59 N.C. App. 600, 297 S.E. 2d 766 (1982); State v. Sykes, 285 N.C. 202, 203 S.E. 2d 849 (1974). Nor are Miranda warnings required when a mere investigation is being conducted. State v. Clay, 297 N.C. 555, 256 S.E. 2d 176 (1979); State v. Sykes, supra. “The questioning of a driver of a stopped car on an open highway by one policeman, without more, cannot be characterized as a ‘police dominated’ situation or as ‘incummunicado’ in nature. . . .” State v. Carlisle, 25 N.C. App. 23, 26, 212 S.E. 2d 217, 220 (1975), quoting Lowe v. United States, 407 F. 2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1969). And that the interrogation is not conducted at the accident scene but elsewhere later makes no difference. State v. Gwaltney, 31 N.C. App. 240, 228 S.E. 2d 764, appeal dismissed, 291 N.C. 449, 230 S.E. 2d 767 (1976). In Gwaltney the defendant lost control of her car, which ran into a ditch and overturned, and the police officer, after completing the accident scene investigation, went to the hospital *513 where defendant, who he had not seen, was awaiting treatment. Upon inquiring about the accident, she admitted driving her automobile and gave her version of the occurrence. After she was released from the hospital, she was charged with operating under the influence. In holding that her incriminating statement was properly received, notwithstanding that no Miranda warning preceded it, the Court pointed out that the questioning was investigatory, rather than accusatory. However, as State v. Lawson, 285 N.C. 320, 204 S.E. 2d 843 (1974) shows, all interrogations at the accident scene are not immune to the Miranda rule. In that case the patrolman arrested the defendant for public drunkenness at the wreck scene, placed him in a patrol car, and warned him of his Miranda rights before obtaining an admission that he was the driver of the car. Since the defendant, highly intoxicated and in custody, made no response to the warning, however, it was held that an intelligent waiver of his rights had not been shown and that the statement could not be used against him. Applying these principles to the record before us, it is plain that the petitioner’s constitutional rights were not violated and that the trial court’s ruling to the contrary is without foundation. When the officer approached the petitioner and asked him what happened, the petitioner was, at most, a mere suspect in a traffic case and possibly just an uninformed, uninvolved onlooker, standing by a wrecked car. On the other hand, the officer was just beginning to investigate an accident, about which he knew only that there had been one and that petitioner was there at the scene; he did not know who was in the car when it wrecked or how many; whether he, she or they had been hurt and were still in the car obscured from view, or thrown from it; whether another vehicle was involved, and, if so, what had happened to it. In short, the officer had accused no one of anything and knew virtually nothing about an accident that it was his statutory duty to investigate and report on. G.S. 20-166.1. In beginning the investigation, as he did, with the sensibly appropriate inquiry “What happened?” the officer impinged upon no right of the petitioner of any kind. No one at an accident scene has a legal or constitutional right not to be asked what happened by an investigating officer. In concluding otherwise, the Superior *514 Court judge misperceived the purpose and scope of the Constitution and the Miranda rule. The right, in situations of this kind, that Miranda and the Constitution protects is the right that those accused of crime have not to be intimidated by the police, when under their thumb and sway. The main purpose of the Miranda rule, on the other hand, is to prevent the police from imposing their will upon and swaying those accused of crime who are under their dominion and control. The Miranda rule is not concerned with the routine, investigative questioning of people at the scene of a motor vehicle accident. That the officer may have suspected that petitioner had driven the car and even that he was under the influence of some intoxicant makes no difference. Any suspicion that he then had was without any evidentiary basis whatever to support it. If officers in such situations were required by the law to proceed as though their suspicions had been verified, and thus treat mere suspects as if they had been accused of violating the law, it would be destructive, rather than protective, of personal rights and the public good. Though the law must be ever alert in protecting personal rights, it must do so with some regard for the rights, activities and concerns of others and society as a whole. Accidents involving damage and injury to property or persons, and possible violations of the law, must be investigated. The investigation conducted here, voluntarily cooperated in by the petitioner, violated no right of the petitioner, constitutional or otherwise. We, therefore, reverse the Superior Court order appealed from and direct that the respondent’s suspension order be reinstated. Reversed and remanded. Judges Arnold and Becton concur.