Brenner v. Little Red School House, Ltd.

ARNOLD, Judge. Defendant raises fourteen assignments of error on appeal. These alleged errors in essence attack four rulings of the trial court. Defendant’s first argument, in essence, attacks the trial court’s reliance on the 1981 Supreme Court opinion in this case. *70 That opinion found that when the defendant’s headmistress agreed to refund the plaintiffs money, a contract modification occurred. Before a contract modification is effective there must be consideration to support it. Wheeler v. Wheeler, 40 N.C. App. 54, 252 S.E. 2d 106 (1979), rev’d, on other grounds, 299 N.C. 633, 263 S.E. 2d 763 (1980); 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 376 (1963). Consideration can be found in benefit to the promisor or detriment to the promisee. [TJhere is a consideration if the promisee, in return for the promise, does anything legal which he is not bound to do, or refrains from doing anything which he has a right to do, whether there is any actual loss or detriment to him or actual benefit or not. Carolina Helicopter Corp. v. Cutter Realty Co., 263 N.C. 139, 147, 139 S.E. 2d 362, 368 (1964), and cases cited therein. The defendant argues that there was no consideration given by the plaintiff because the plaintiff as promisee suffered no detriment. But as the Supreme Court observed, [i]n return for the defendant’s promise to refund the tuition paid, plaintiff would relinquish his right to have his child educated in defendant school. ... It is well established that any benefit, right, or interest bestowed upon the promisor, or any forbearance, detriment, or loss undertaken by the prom-isee, is sufficient consideration to support a contract. 302 N.C. at 215, 274 S.E. 2d at 212. The record shows that plaintiff was relinquishing the opportunity to have his child educated by the defendant when he testified “From the time . . . [the defendant] first told me that she would refund the tuition to me and from that point on, I did not expect the school to do anything else in regard to providing services or anything else on behalf of Russ Brenner.” Although the plaintiff also stated that he never withdrew his son from the school, and that he was trying to get his former wife to send him to the school, the record as quoted above shows sufficient consideration to support the modification in this case. As a result, there is no error in the trial judge’s instruction on the consideration issue or his reliance on the Supreme Court’s holdings on this issue in its earlier opinion in this same case. *71 Defendant next attacks the charge by the trial judge on matters other than consideration. A careful reading of the charge as a whole shows that it is not so erroneous as to warrant a new trial. “A charge to a jury must be read and considered in its entirety . . . and not in detached fragments.” Gregory v. Lynch, 271 N.C. 198, 203, 155 S.E. 2d 488, 492 (1967). The third attack by defendant alleges that the trial judge’s conduct of the trial portrayed the defendant in an unfavorable light in the jury’s eyes. He also assaults an instruction that the jury should apply the law as the judge states it, and not as either counsel phrased it. From our examination of the record these arguments appear feckless. The criterion for judging any improper comments by the trial judge is their effect upon the jury. Worrell v. Hennis Credit Union, 12 N.C. App. 275, 182 S.E. 2d 874 (1971). Although some of the trial judge’s actions and statements were ill-advised here, there is no evidence that they were outcome determinative so as to constitute error. It should be remembered by defendant that a trial judge can control the course of a trial, including admonishing counsel not to pursue a prohibited line of questioning. See Greer v. Whittington, 251 N.C. 630, 111 S.E. 2d 912 (1960). It was not error for the trial judge to charge the jury that It is absolutely necessary that you take the law as I give it to you and not as you think it is or you might like it to be. What Mr. Early [plaintiffs counsel] and Mr. Ballinger [defendant’s counsel] have told you is the law is not the law. It is proper for the trial judge to tell the jury to take the law as the court states it. Spivey v. Newman, 232 N.C. 281, 59 S.E. 2d 844 (1950). The fact that the charge mentioned both counsel eliminates any prejudice to the defendant. Finally, defendant attacks the restriction of his cross-examination of plaintiff and his former wife, and the grant of a motion in limine that denied defendant any chance to refer to a lawsuit by the plaintiff against his former wife for tuition that he had paid. But as plaintiff points out, defendant was not harmed because the court allowed him to ask plaintiffs former wife about the suit against her by the plaintiff. Defendant was allowed to read parts of the complaint into the record and to question plain *72 tiffs former wife about her answer to the lawsuit. There is no error on this point. No error. Judges Hedrick and Hill concur.