Bieber v. Keeler Brass Co.

Neff, J. In these consolidated worker’s compensation cases we are required to interpret § 381(1) of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (wdca), MCL 418.381(1); MSA 17.237(381X1), and resolve the conflict created by two opinions of the Worker’s Compensation Appellate Commission (wcac) that reach opposite results in cases presenting *599 identical factual circumstances for purposes of legal analysis. The wcac affirmed a magistrate’s decision dismissing Edward Bieber, Jr.’s petition for benefits under § 381(1) for failure to file a second claim within two years after he last worked. The wcac affirmed a magistrate’s decision, finding that John Barnard was not barred under § 381(1) from receiving benefits under similar facts. We affirm with respect to Barnard and reverse and remand with respect to Bieber. I The facts are not in dispute in either case. Barnard was injured in the course of his employment on September 18, 1985. Barnard immediately was provided with medical treatment and did not return to work until February 4, 1986. One or two days after Barnard was injured he requested worker’s compensation benefits, which were voluntarily paid until Barnard returned to work. Subsequently, Barnard missed another period of work during which worker’s compensation benefits were again voluntarily paid. Barnard again returned to work and performed light work until his last day of work on December 4, 1987, when Barnard was laid off in connection with a plant closing. Barnard applied for benefits on April 2, 1990, more than two years after his last day of work. Bieber was injured on August 13, 1984. He claimed worker’s compensation benefits, which were voluntarily paid until May 23, 1985. In the interim, Bierber was injured in a nonwork-related automobile accident. Bierber never returned to work for Keeler Brass Company. He filed an application for benefits on February 16, 1988, more than two years after his last day of work in August 1984. *600 II Section 381(1) requires an injured employee to provide a timely notice of injury and a timely claim for compensation. These appeals concern the timeliness of a claim. Generally speaking, § 381(1) requires an employee to make a claim within two years of being injured. Section 381(1) provides: A proceeding for compensation for an injury under this act shall not be maintained unless a claim for compensation for the injury, which claim may be either oral or in writing, has been made to the employer or a written claim has been made to the bureau on forms prescribed by the director, within 2 years after the occurrence of the injury. In case of the death of the employee, the claim shall be made within 2 years after death. The employee shall provide a notice of injury to the employer within 90 days after the happening of the injury, or within 90 days after the employee knew, or should have known, of the injury. Failure to give such notice to the employer shall be excused unless the employer can prove that he or she was prejudiced by the failure to provide such notice. In the event of physical or mental incapacity of the employee, the notice and claim shall be made within 2 years from the time the injured employee is not physically or mentally incapacitated from making the claim. A claim shall not be valid or effectual for any purpose under this chapter unless made within 2 years añer the later of the date of injury, the date disability manifests itself, or the last day of employment with the employer against whom claim is being made. If an employee claims beneñts for a work injury and is thereafter compensated for the disability by worker’s compensation or beneñts other than worker’s compensation, or is provided favored work by the employer because of the disability, the period of time within which a claim shall be made for *601 benefits under this act shall be extended by the time during which the benefits are paid or the favored work is provided. [Emphasis added.] Section 381(1) unambiguously provides that no claim is valid unless made within two years of the date of injury, the date disability manifests itself, or the last day of employment. The last sentence of § 381(1) extends the time in which to make a claim in cases where an employee has already received compensation for the disability. In both of these appeals plaintiffs satisfied the claim requirement of § 381(1) by claiming worker’s compensation benefits well within two years of their injuries. Indeed, within days of the injuries, worker’s compensation benefits were claimed and voluntarily paid. We find nothing in § 381(1) to require plaintiffs to make more than one claim for worker’s compensation benefits to preserve the right to those benefits at a future date. A The two defendants in these cases, and the wcac in Bieber, rely on the last sentence of § 381(1) to support their position that the termination of payment of worker’s compensation benefits triggers a new requirement to claim benefits for the same injury within two years of the last day worked 1 to preserve the right to qualify for further benefits under the wdca. A careful review of the language involved leads to the conclusion that their reliance is misplaced, because that part of § 381(1) does not apply in these cases. In order to understand why this is so, it is necessary to under *602 stand the distinction between the types of benefits to which § 381(1) refers. B Worker’s compensation benefits are benefits payable under the wdca and are different from other 2 benefits to which an employee may be entitled 3 on account of a work-related injury and that are not governed by the wdca. The last sentence of § 381(1) first makes reference to an employee who "claims benefits for a work injury,” meaning any benefits of any type. The last clause of the sentence extends 4 the period for making a claim "for benefits under the act,” referring exclusively to a claim for worker’s compensation benefits. In other words, if an employee makes a claim for any beneñts, the last sentence of § 381(1) extends the time to claim worker’s compensation benefits, unless the employee has already made a claim for worker’s compensation benefits. Therefore, the last sentence of § 381(1) applies when an employee claims benefits other than worker’s compensation benefits. Under these circumstances an extension of time to file a claim for worker’s compensation benefits may become necessary if no claim for worker’s compensation benefits has yet been made by the employee. The tolling provision of the last sentence of § 381(1) then becomes operative while the employee receives the benefits. It is irrelevant if the employer neverthe *603 less provides worker’s compensation benefits on its own; in that case, the last sentence still applies where the employee has not made a claim for worker’s compensation benefits. But if an employee claims worker’s compensation benefits in a timely fashion, i.e. within the two-year time period, the last sentence of § 381(1) is unnecessary and does not apply, because the claim for benefits under the act has been made and the right to benefits preserved. 5 This statutory scheme avoids needless, duplicative worker’s compensation claims and, at the same time, it protects the rights of employees to claim worker’s compensation benefits when other benefits run out. Once the other benefits become unavailable, the employee has the same two years in which to claim worker’s compensation benefits as does any other injured worker. C On the facts of these two cases, there was no need to extend the period to make a claim for worker’s compensation benefits, because the timely claims already had been made within the two-year period. To interpret the statute as defendants argue would lead to extending a period for making a claim when the claim has already been made and no extension is needed. Constructions of statutes which lead to absurd results are to be avoided. Oak Park Village v Gorton, 128 Mich App 671, 677; 341 NW2d 788 (1983). *604 We hold that the last sentence of § 381(1) has no applicability where employees claim worker’s compensation benefits in a timely fashion, i.e., within two years after the occurrence of their injuries. III As noted, in these casés plaintiffs satisfied the two-year claim requirements of § 381(1) by making claims for worker’s compensation benefits well within two years of the occurrence of their injuries, and the statute does not require plaintiffs to make an additional claim for worker’s compensation benefits even though they received prior worker’s compensation benefits on account of their injuries. Under these circumstances, a claim might not be litigated until more than two years after the injury. However, defendants and other employers have the benefit of the two-year-back rule, MCL 418.381(2); MSA 17.237(381X2), and the one-year-back rule, MCL 418.833(1); MSA 17.237(833)(1). Indeed, if we accepted defendants’ construction of the last sentence of § 381(1), the two-year-back rule would be virtually meaningless. If an employee is always barred from applying for benefits more than two years after last working or last receiving benefits, there could be no loss to compensate more than two years old. Such a construction would lead to reading § 381(2) out of the statute. This Court avoids any construction that would render a statute, or any part of it, surplusage or nugatory, and will, as far as possible, give effect to every phrase, clause, and word. See Jenkins v Great Lakes Steel Corp, 200 Mich App 202, 209; 503 NW2d 668 (1993). The wcac’s decision in Barnard, No. 169848, is *605 affirmed. The wcac’s decision in Bieber, No. 167566, is reversed and that matter is remanded to the wcac for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Footnotes [1] The last dates of employment are the key dates in these cases, because they are later than the dates of injury or the dates the disabilities were manifested. [2] Other benefits available to injured employees include social security benefits, wage continuation payments, unemployment compensation, group disability benefits, sickness and accident benefits, and so on. Maner v Ford Motor Co, 196 Mich App 470, 478-480; 493 NW2d 909 (1992), aff'd 442 Mich 620; 502 NW2d 197 (1993). [3] Employees may be entitled to other benefits by statute other than the wdca or as a matter of contract. Maner, supra. [4] Among the definitions of "extend” in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1974) is "to cause to be longer: prolong in time.” [5] Defendants’ reliance upon Sullivan v Dep’t of Corrections, 185 Mich App 157; 460 NW2d 253 (1990), and Hunt v General Motors Corp, 184 Mich App 348; 457 NW2d 160 (1990), is misplaced. In both cases the injured employee sought and received sickness and accident benefits and at a much later date sought worker’s compensation benefits. The request for sickness and accident benefits was not sufficient to constitute a claim for worker’s compensation benefits, and the only other claim either employee could show was a petition that was filed beyond the two-year limit.