DeBerry v. American Motorists Insurance

CLARK, Judge. The appeal presents three questions: (1) whether plaintiff was “struck by an automobile” as that term is used in the insurance policy; (2) if so, whether defendant’s liability for medical expenses is limited to the amount on each insured car ($500.00) or to the total amount on all insured cars ($1,000.00) ; and (3). whether plaintiff is entitled to attorney’s fees under G.S. 6-21.1. (1) The term “struck by an automobile.” The term “struck by an automobile” is not defined in the policy. In the absence of a definition, nontechnical words are to be given a meaning consistent with the sense in which they are *642 used in ordinary speech, unless the context clearly requires otherwise. Peirson v. Insurance Co., 249 N.C. 580, 107 S.E. 2d 137 (1959). If there is no uncertainty or ambiguity in the language of a policy, there is no occasion for judicial construction. Squires v. Insurance Co., 250 N.C. 580, 108 S.E. 2d 908 (1959). However, any ambiguity or uncertainty as to the meaning of terms in a policy should be resolved against the insurer since it selected the language used. Williams v. Insurance Co., 269 N.C. 235, 152 S.E. 2d 102 (1967). Plaintiff contends that the term does not require physical contact between the automobile and the body of the insured, and relies on Trust Co. v. Insurance Co., 276 N.C. 348, 172 S.E. 2d 518 (1970), wherein the pertinent provisions in the policy were identical to those in the present case. In Tnist Co. the insured was driving a vehicle covered by his policy and was killed when this vehicle collided with another vehicle. There was no physical contact between the body of the insured and the automobile which collided with his vehicle. The insurer paid $5,000.00 under a medical payments provision covering accidental injury incurred while the insured was occupying his own vehicle, but refused to pay $5,000.00 under a medical payments provision covering accidental injury incurred if the insured was “struck by an automobile.” The threshhold question before the court was whether the occupant of a vehicle struck by an automobile had been “struck by an automobile” when there was no physical contact between the body of the insured and the auto-bile. The court stated: “The term ‘struck by an automobile' is not defined in the policy. Consequently, it is to be given the meaning most favorable to the insured which is consistent with the use of the term in ordinary speech. In strict accuracy, the term is limited to a situation in which there is direct, physical contact between the body of the insured and an automobile. In normal speech the term has, however, a broader coverage and would include one who sustains bodily injury through the striking by an automobile of another vehicle or other object, in or upon which the injured person was. Thus, the term ‘struck by an automobile,’ as used in this policy, includes, nothing else appearing, one who is injured when the vehicle, occupied by him, is struck by *643 another automobile and is not limited to collisions between automobiles and pedestrians, or to other situations involving physical contact between the body of the claimant and the automobile in question. (Citations omitted)” (Emphasis added.) 276 N.C. at 356, 172 S.E. 2d at 523. Defendant relies on Gant v. Insurance Co., 197 N.C. 122, 147 S.E. 740 (1929) and Roach v. Insurance Co., 248 N.C. 699, 104 S.E. 2d 823 (1958). In Gant the insured was injured by a plank that was thrown from beneath the rear wheel of an automobile. At the time of the striking the insured was standing twelve to fifteen feet from the automobile. There was no physical contact between the automobile and the body of the insured. The policy under which plaintiff sought recovery insured against loss from injury sustained by “being struck, run down or run over by a moving automobile.” In denying recovery, the court stated that the provision in- the policy was “free from uncertainty or ambiguity,” and that plaintiff had been struck by a plank, not an automobile. In Roach, the other case relied upon by defendant, the insured was fatally injured as a result of being struck and burned by fuel from an exploding airplane. The policy insured against injury by being “struck, knocked down or run over by . . . airplane.” In allowing recovery the court , stated that the provision was to be construed most favorably to the insured and that the fuel was an essential part of the airplane. Defendant contends that Gant was not overruled by implication by Trust Co., and the law in North Carolina is this: (1) physical contact between the body of the insured and the automobile is not required when the insured occupies a vehicle which collides with an automobile, and (2) physical contact between the body of the insured or some object touching the body of the insured and the automobile or essential part thereof is required when the insured is a pedestrian struck by a thrown object. In effect, defendant contends that a distinction exists between the “collision” and “thrown object” cases, such that Trust Co. can be reconciled with Gant. The overwhelming majority rule in the United. States is that physical contact between the body of the insured and the automobile is not necessary in order to recover under a provision compensating for accidental injury incurred by being “struck by an automobile.” Recovery has been allowed in numer *644 ous cases in both the “collision” and “thrown object” situations without physical contact between the insured and the striking vehicle. Annot., 33 A.L.R. 3d 962 (1970). E.g., Bates v. United Security Ins. Co., 163 N.W. 2d 390 (Io. 1968); Wheeler v. Employer’s Mutual Casualty Co., 211 Kan. 100, 505 P. 2d 768 (1973); Black v. Hanover Ins. Co., 30 Misc. 2d 1081, 220 N.Y.S. 2d 168 (Mun. Ct. 1961); McKay v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 27 O. App. 2d 76, 193 N.E. 2d 431 (1963); DiMartino v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 201 Pa. Super. 142, 192 A. 2d 157 (1963) ; American Casualty Co. v. Cutshall, 205 Tenn. 234, 326 S.W. 2d 443 (1959). Majority rule jurisdictions have nonetheless denied recovery in certain fact situations involving an automobile where it could not be said that the insured had been “struck by an automobile” according to the common and ordinary meaning of that phrase. See e.g., Houston Fire & Casualty Ins. Co. v. Kahn, 359 S.W. 2d 892 (Tex. 1962). A very small minority of jurisdictions have denied recovery on the ground that physical contact between the automobile and the body of the insured is required. See Annot., 33 A.L.R. 3d 962 § 3(c). But only South Carolina has done so since 1945. Defendant has cited no jurisdiction which has allowed recovery in the “collision” situation but denied it in the “thrown object” situation. Our research reveals that the Supreme Court of South Carolina appears to have done so on the ground that the situations are “factually distinguishable.” Elrod v. Prudence Mutual Casualty Co., 246 S.C. 129, 142 S.E. 2d 857 (1965) (collision); Quinn v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 238 S.C. 301, 120 S.E. 2d 15 (1961) (piece of timber thrown). With all due respect to the Supreme Court of South Carolina, we fail to see any reason why the factual distinction between a collision and a thrown object should have any legal significance. One insured may be injured when the vehicle in which he is riding is struck by an automobile, and another insured may be injured when the parked vehicle next to which he is standing is struck by an automobile and is propelled against the insured’s body. The common and ordinary meaning of the phrase “struck by an automobile” compels the conclusion that the insured has indeed been “struck by an automobile” in both these situations. To create a distinction with legal significance between a collision situation where an automobile collides with a car occupied by the insured and a collision situation where an automobile collides with some other object which strikes the insured is to *645 engage in metaphysical hairsplitting completely at odds with the common and ordinary meaning of “struck by an automobile.” In Trust Co. the court did not explicitly overrule Gant. It did however apply a rule of construction contrary to that applied in Gant in interpreting a provision virtually identical to that interpreted in Gant. Gant required physical contact with the body of the insured. Trust Co. stated that the term “struck by an automobile” is not limited to “situations involving physical contact between the body of the claimant and the automobile in question.” 276 N.C. at 356, 172 S.E. 2d at 523. The fact that the plaintiff in Gant was a pedestrian while the plaintiff in Trust Co. was an occupant of a vehicle has no legal significance. We must conclude that by implication Trust Co. overruled Gant, and that the trial judge committed no error in concluding that plaintiff had been “struck by an automobile” within the meaning of the terms of her policy with defendant. (2) Limits of liability under the policy. The second question on appeal is whether the limit of defendant’s liability is the amount on each ($500.00) or both ($1,000.00) of plaintiff’s cars. Defendant now contends that Trust Co. v. Insurance Co., supra, is the controlling case. In that case the Court adopted the minority rule that an insurance policy covering more than one vehicle is one contract and denied plaintiff’s contention that the $5,000.00 limit on each of the two vehicles insured should be added to make the limit of the insurer’s liability $10,000.00. There the plaintiff was claiming that there were two contracts and that medical expenses should be allowed under one clause in each contract, viz, in the policy on Car A, under the clause covering accidental injury sustained while driving Car A, and in the policy on Car B, under the clause covering accidental injury sustained by being “struck by an automobile.” Plaintiff contends that the present case is distinguishable since no vehicle insured under the policy in question was involved in the accident and recovery is being sought under only one clause, albeit for an amount equal to that provided for each vehicle multiplied by the number of insured vehicles. We fail to see how that fact has any legal significance given the clear holding in Trust Co. that there is but one contract. If there were two contracts, then a reason exists for adding the limits of liability; but no such reason exists if there is but one contract. *646 Moreover, in Trust Co., the court cited with approval Sullivan v. Royal Exchange Assurance, 181 Cal. App. 2d 644, 5 Cal. Rptr. 878 (1960), in support of its construction of the policy. Unlike the plaintiff in Trust Co. and like the plaintiff in the present case, the plaintiff in Sullivan sought recovery solely under the clause for accidental injury by being “struck by an automobile,” and contended the coverage per vehicle should be multiplied by the number of insured vehicles to reach the limit of liability under that clause. The rejection of this contention in Sullivan and the citation of that case in Trust Co. support our conclusion that the distinction urged by plaintiff in this case is not determinative. Where there is no ambiguity in an insurance policy, the court must enforce the contract as it is written and may not rewrite the contract so as to impose upon the insurer a liability which it did not assume and for which the policyholder did not pay. Huffman v. Insurance Co., 264 N.C. 335, 141 S.E. 2d 496 (1965). We conclude that the trial judge erred in concluding that the limit of defendant’s liability exceeded $500.00. (3) Attorney’s fees. The final issue upon appeal is whether the trial judge erred in denying attorney’s fees under G.S. 6-21.1. G.S. 6-21.1 provides in pertinent part that “ . . . upon a finding by the court that there was an unwarranted refusal by the defendant insurance company to pay the claim . . . the presiding judge may, in his discretion, allow a reasonable attorney fee . . . . ” Under the statute to support an award for an attorney fee from an insurance company the presiding judge must first find “an unwarranted refusal” to pay the claim. Such finding was not made by the trial judge in this case. The statute should be construed liberally by the presiding judge to accomplish the obvious purpose to provide relief for a person who has a claim so small that, if he must pay an attorney out of his recovery, it may not be economically feasible to bring suit. Hubbard v. Casualty Co., 24 N.C. App. 493, 211 S.E. 2d 544 (1975). However, the circumstances of this case do not warrant the conclusion that the failure of the trial judge to find that there was an unwarranted refusal to pay the claim was error. *647 The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and this cause is remanded with the direction that judgment be entered for plaintiff in the amount of $500.00. Affirmed in part and reversed in part. Judges Morris and Parker concur.