Sellers v. City of Asheville

PARKER, Judge. A city has power to zone only as delegated to it by enabling statutes, and “a zoning ordinance or an amendment thereto which is not adopted in accordance with the enabling statutes is invalid and ineffective.” Heaton v. City of Charlotte, 277 N.C. 506, 513, 178 S.E. 2d 352, 356 (1971); accord, Keiger v. Board of Adjustment, 281 N.C. 715, 190 S.E. 2d 175 (1972). We agree with the trial court’s ruling that defendant City in this case failed to comply with applicable enabling statutes insofar as it attempted to extend its zoning ordinance to property outside of its corporate limits. Accordingly, we affirm. *548 The North Carolina enabling statutes granting cities power to zone are now contained in Chapter 160A, Article 19, of the General Statutes. Pertinent to this appeal are the following: “G.S. 160A-360. Territorial jurisdiction.— (a) All of the powers granted by this Article may be exercised by any city within its corporate limits. In addition, any city may exercise these powers within a defined area extending not more than one mile beyond its limits. . . . (Emphasis added.) (b) Any council wishing to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction under this Article shall adopt, and may amend from time to time, an ordinance specifying the areas to be included based upon existing or projected urban development and areas of critical concern to the city, as evidenced by officially adopted plans for its development. Boundaries shall be defined, to the extent feasible, in terms of geographical features identifiable on the ground. . . . The boundaries specified in the ordinance shall at all times be drawn on a map, set forth in a written description, or shown by a combination of these techniques. . . . (Emphasis added.) * .■¡c G.S. 160A-364. Procedure for adopting or amending ordinances under Article. — Before adopting or amending any ordinance authorized by this Article, the city council shall hold a public hearing on it. A notice of the public hearing shall be given once a week for two successive calendar weeks in a newspaper having general circulation in the area. The notice shall be published the first time not less than 15 days nor more than 25 days before the date fixed for the hearing.” In attempting to make its zoning ordinance applicable to property outside its city limits, defendant City in this case failed to comply with the foregoing statutes in two respects: first, it failed to give notice of a public hearing, as required by G.S. 160A-364, adequate to alert owners of property outside the city that their rights might be affected; and, second, it failed to define the boundaries of the extraterritorial area affected in the manner required by G.S. 160A-360. *549 Of the three notices which were published, the third and final one was published only once, and that on the day immediately prior to the date on which the public hearing was to be held. G.S. 160A-364 requires that the notice be published once a week for two successive weeks, the first publication to be not less than 15 nor more than 25 days before the date fixed for the hearing. None of the notices informed the public that the City intended, for the first time in its history, to make its zoning ordinance applicable to property outside its city limits. The mere reference in the first and second notices to G.S. 160A-364 would certainly not do so, for that statute would be equally applicable if the contemplated amendments to the ordinance affected only property within the city. By reading the notice, even the most diligent owner of property outside the city would have no reasonable cause to suspect that his property might be affected by the City’s contemplated amendment to its ordinance. To be adequate, the notice of public hearing required by G.S. 160A-364 must fairly and sufficiently apprise those whose rights may be affected of the nature and character of the action proposed. The notices which defendant City published in the present case failed to do this insofar as owners of property outside its limits were concerned. In exercising the power delegated to a city by G.S. 160A-360(a) to zone property “within a defined area extending not more than one mile beyond its limits,” the city council is required by G.S. 160A-360(b) to adopt an ordinance “specifying the areas to be included,” based on certain criteria, and in doing so the boundaries of such areas must “be defined, to the extent feasible, in terms of geographical features identifiable on the ground.” Further, the statute requires that such boundaries “shall at all times be drawn on a map, set forth in a written description, or shown by a combination of these techniques.” In adopting the ordinance involved in the present case, the city council of defendant City failed to comply with these statutory requirements. The only “written description” of the “defined area” over which defendant City attempted to exercise its extraterritorial zoning authority is the description contained in Section 30-1-3 of the ordinance. This merely refers to “the territory beyond the corporate limits for a distance of one mile in all directions.” The “Zoning Map of the City of Asheville,” which was made a part of the ordinance and a copy of which was filed with the *550 record on this appeal, shows the “mile boundary” drawn in sweeping curves, except where the city bordered upon adjacent municipalities. Both the general description in Section 30-1-3 of the ordinance and the sweeping “mile boundary” line on the map fail to comply with the mandate of the statute that “ [b] oundaries shall be defined, to the extent feasible, in terms of geographical features identifiable on the ground.” (Emphasis added.) The obvious purpose of this statutory mandate is that boundaries be defined, to the extent feasible, so that owners of property outside the city can easily and accurately ascertain whether their property is within the area over which the city exercises its extraterritorial zoning authority. The ordinance and map here in question do not make that possible, at least as to the owner of property near the one mile limit. It is not a sufficient answer that, from an engineering point of view, it would be possible for a competent surveyor to measure on the ground a distance of exactly one mile beyond the city limits and thereby ascertain with certainty whether a particular lot is, or is not, within the area over which the City exercises its extraterritorial zoning authority. It was precisely to avoid the necessity of such a costly remedy that the statute requires that the boundaries be defined, to the extent feasible, in terms of geographical features identifiable on the ground. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the boundaries of the extraterritorial zone in this case “failed to meét the required definitiveness” mandated by the statute. Plaintiff has attempted by “Cross Assignments of Error” to question the trial court’s action in limiting the injunction to plaintiff’s property rather than making it applicable to the properties of all other affected citizens. This question is not properly before us. Quite apart from any question as to plaintiff’s standing to represent the interests of persons who are not parties to this litigation, plaintiff did not appeal from the judgment entered. Rule 10(d) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure does permit an appellee to “cross-assign as error any action or omission of the trial court to which an exception was duly taken or as to which an exception was deemed by rule or law to have been taken, and which deprived the appellee of an alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment, order, or other determination from which appeal has been taken.” (Emphasis added.) The action of the trial court in limiting the injunction to plaintiff’s property did not deprive plaintiff of *551 “an alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment,” and Rule 10(d) is not applicable in this case. The judgment appealed from is Affirmed. Judges Britt and Clark concur.