Cieszko v. Clark

PARKER, Judge. As a preliminary matter, we find it necessary to clarify the scope of our review in this appeal. Plaintiffs, bring forward nine assignments of error, many of which are directed to findings of fact and conclusions of law made by the trial court in support of its order. The entry of summary judgment presupposes that there *293 are no issues of material fact; so findings of fact are not required. Insurance Agency v. Leasing Corp., 26 N.C. App. 138, 142, 215 S.E. 2d 162, 165 (1975). Nevertheless, it may be helpful in some cases for the trial court to summarize the undisputed facts which justify its order. Id. If findings of fact are needed to resolve a material issue, however, summary judgment is improper and any such findings are disregarded on appeal. Id. Accordingly, we must determine whether the trial court’s order is supported by the undisputed facts as they appear in the record without regard to the trial court’s findings of fact. In addition to its findings of fact, the trial court made conclusions of law which show that its decision was based upon the doctrine of laches. In their brief, defendants argue that other grounds existed to justify summary judgment in their favor. Plaintiffs have filed a reply brief in which they contend that defendants have not properly raised the issue of whether alternate grounds to support summary judgment exist because defendants have not cross-assigned error to the trial court’s conclusions as required by Rule 10(d) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. Plaintiffs argue that the scope of review on this appeal is limited to a determination of whether summary judgment was appropriate on the grounds stated by the trial court. We disagree. In Ellis v. Williams, 319 N.C. 413, 355 S.E. 2d 479 (1987), our Supreme Court held that a party appealing from the entry of summary judgment is not required to list exceptions and assignments of error in the record on appeal. The Court reasoned as follows: Thus, although the enumeration of findings of fact and conclusions of law is technically unnecessary and generally inadvisable in summary judgment cases, . . . summary judgment, by definition, is always based on two underlying questions of law: (1) whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and (2) whether the moving party is entitled to judgment .... . . . Exceptions and assignments of error are required in most instances because they aid in sifting through the trial court record and fixing the potential scope of appellate review. See Commentary, Drafting Committee Note, N.C.R. App. R. 10(a). We note that the appellate court must carefully *294 examine the entire record in reviewing a grant of summary judgment. . . . Because this is so, no preliminary “sifting” of the type contemplated by [Rule 10(a)] need be performed. Also, as previously observed, the potential scope of review is already fixed; it is limited to the two questions of law automatically raised by summary judgment. Ellis v. Williams, 319 N.C. at 415-16, 355 S.E. 2d at 481 (citations omitted). We are of the opinion that the Court’s reasoning in Ellis is applicable to Rule 10(d) as well as Rule 10(a). It would be incongruous to require an appellee to list cross-assignments of error when the appellant is not required to list assignments of error. Furthermore, trial courts generally do not specify the grounds for summary judgment. Thus, appellees are generally free to argue on appeal any ground to support the judgment. We shall not limit the scope of review on this appeal merely because the trial court specified the grounds for its decision. In accordance with the Supreme Court’s decision in Ellis, we must now determine whether, based upon the record before us, the trial court could have properly concluded that (i) no genuine issue of material fact exists and (ii) defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We first consider defendants’ arguments concerning the alternate grounds to support the judgment. Defendants first argue that summary judgment was proper because, after voluntarily dismissing their first action in 1984, plaintiffs failed to bring their second action within one year of the dismissal. This argument is without merit. Rule 41(a) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure provides that, following a voluntary dismissal without prejudice, “a new action based on the same claim may be commenced within one year after such dismissal. . . .” (Emphasis added.) This Court has held that Rule 41(a) may extend the general statute of limitation but does not limit the time in which a second action may be brought when the general statute of limitation has not expired. Whitehurst v. Transportation Co., 19 N.C. App. 352, 198 S.E. 2d 741 (1973). Plaintiffs’ action is not barred by any statute of limitation; therefore, the failure to reinstitute the action within one year of the prior dismissal does not bar the action. *295 Defendants next contend that plaintiffs are estopped from claiming an easement over land which they themselves conveyed by warranty deed without reservation. In Sparks v. Choate, 22 N.C. App. 62, 205 S.E. 2d 624, cert. denied, 285 N.C. 662, 207 S.E. 2d 762 (1974), this Court held that one who conveys land by warranty deed without reservation is thereafter estopped from claiming an easement over the land. In Sparks, however, the plaintiffs claim was based upon a reservation in a prior deed. The present case is distinguishable because plaintiffs are claiming an easement by necessity. An easement by necessity is an easement implied by law under certain circumstances. See Smith v. Moore, 254 N.C. 186, 190, 118 S.E. 2d 436, 438 (1961). Such easements are most commonly implied in favor of grantees who have no access to their land except over other lands owned by the grantor or a stranger; the law will imply an easement over the grantor’s land in such a situation. See id.; Oliver v. Ernul, 277 N.C. 591, 599, 178 S.E. 2d 393, 397 (1971). The circumstances of the present case present the converse situation: the grantors’ only access to their land is over the land of the grantees. A majority of jurisdictions will imply an easement over the land of a grantee in favor of a grantor where the conveyance leaves the grantor with no other suitable access to the retained lands. 2 G. Thompson, Real Property § 362 (repl. ed. 1980). The right to such an easement is not waived merely because the land was conveyed by warranty deed. Id. at 392. Although our courts have not explicitly recognized a grantor’s right to an implied easement by necessity, the existence of such a right is strongly supported by prior case law. In Blankenship v. Dowtin, 191 N.C. 790, 133 S.E. 199 (1926), the Court quoted with approval from J. Gould, Gould on Waters § 354 (3d ed. 1900): “The general rules relating to severance of tenements are that a grant by the owner of a tenement or part of that tenement, as it is then used and enjoyed, passes to the grantee by implication ... all those easements which the grantor can convey, which are necessary to the reasonable enjoyment of the granted property . . . and that, except in the case of ways or easements of necessity, there is no corresponding implication in favor of the grantor . . . .” *296 Blankenship, 191 N.C. at 793-94, 133 S.E. at 201 (emphasis added). See also Goldstein v. Trust Co., 241 N.C. 583, 588, 86 S.E. 2d 84, 87-88 (1955) (quoting Blankenship, supra). In Herndon v. R.R., 161 N.C. 650, 77 S.E. 683 (1913), the plaintiff had granted a right of way to a railroad which divided the plaintiffs lands. The plaintiff brought suit to enforce his right to an underpass providing access from one side of his property to the other. Although the Court decided the case on other grounds, it noted the merit in plaintiffs claim for an implied easement. Herndon v. R.R., 161 N.C. at 657, 77 S.E. at 686. In a concurring opinion, Chief Justice Clark explicitly recognized the grantor’s right to an implied easement by necessity: If a railroad splits a farm open, whether it acquires its right of way by condemnation or by conveyance, the owner has a reservation, without express words, from necessity and by implication of law. Such passways are necessary to preserve the proper use and enjoyment of the land. The law presumes that a vendor did not intend to convey a portion of his land in such a way as to deprive himself of full use of the remainder. Id. at 658, 77 S.E. at 686 (Clark, C.J., concurring). On the weight of the above-cited authority, we hold that, under the appropriate circumstances, the law of this State will imply an easement by necessity in favor of a grantor. Accordingly, plaintiffs in this case are not estopped to claim such an easement over defendants’ lands. Having established that plaintiffs are not estopped to claim an implied easement by necessity, we also hold that their complaint adequately alleges the two essential elements to support such an easement: (i) the claimed dominant tract and the claimed subservient tract were once held in common ownership that was severed by a conveyance and (ii) the necessity for the easement arose out of the conveyance. Harris v. Greco, 69 N.C. App. 739, 745, 318 S.E. 2d 335, 339 (1984). As the party moving for summary judgment, defendants carried the burden to establish the lack of any triable issue of fact and their entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. Vassey v. Burch, 301 N.C. 68, 72, 269 S.E. 2d 137, 140 (1980). Defendants presented no evidence to negate the essential elements of plaintiffs’ claim. *297 The only question remaining for our consideration is whether defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiffs’ claim is barred under the doctrine of laches. Laches is an affirmative defense that must be pled, and the burden of proof is upon the party who pleads it. Taylor v. City of Raleigh, 290 N.C. 608, 622, 227 S.E. 2d 576, 584 (1976). The defense of laches will bar a claim when the plaintiffs delay in seeking a known remedy or right has resulted in a change of condition which would make it unjust to allow the plaintiff to prosecute the claim. Id. Defendants in this case properly raised the defense in their answer. They contend that plaintiffs’ claim is barred because the conveyance giving rise to the claim occurred in 1974 and, since that time, defendants have begun to develop their land as a residential subdivision. Plaintiffs contend that laches may not be asserted as a bar to a claim for an easement by necessity. We do not accept this contention. Easements by necessity cannot be lost through mere misuse over a period of time. 2 G. Thompson, Real Property § 368, at 429 (repl. ed. 1980). The doctrine of laches, however, is not based upon mere passage of time; it will not bar a claim unless the delay is (i) unreasonable and (ii) injurious or prejudicial to the party asserting the defense. Taylor v. City of Raleigh, 290 N.C. at 622-23, 227 S.E. 2d at 584-85. Whether a delay constitutes laches depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Teachey v. Gurley, 214 N.C. 288, 294, 199 S.E. 83, 88 (1938). Therefore, we decline to hold that laches may never bar a claim for an easement by necessity. Nevertheless, we do hold that defendants in this case have not met their burden to prove that plaintiffs’ claim is barred as a matter of law. We first note that, although defendants bore the burden of proof both on their motion for summary judgment and on the defense of laches, defendants’ only proof appearing of record is the affidavit of their attorney concerning plaintiffs’ prior action. The trial court made findings of fact concerning the extent to which defendants have developed their land and certain other matters which are not supported by evidence in the record. Defendants argue in their brief that these findings should be taken as true because they are based on “uncontroverted statements made to the court in argument on summary judgment.” This argument is completely without merit. Facts required to support sum *298 mary judgment must be established by pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions or affidavits. Rule 56(c), N.C. Rules Civ. Proc. As we have already stated, findings of fact to support summary judgment will be disregarded on appeal if not supported by evidence in the record. Defendants cannot cure their failure to submit appropriate proof by requesting findings based upon their arguments to the trial court. In opposition to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs submitted the affidavit of plaintiff Edward Cieszko. Mr. Cieszko averred that plaintiffs conveyed the lands in 1974 pursuant to the request of defendants and their predecessors to straighten the boundary between the properties; that the deeds were prepared by the grantees; that defendants began developing their property in 1981, at which time a ditch was dug across the path of the easement; and that plaintiffs did not realize that their easement had been cut off until 1981. In determining whether a delay constitutes laches, the court must consider whether the claimant knew of the existence of the grounds for the claim and whether the defendant had knowledge of the claim. McRorie v. Query, 32 N.C. App. 311, 323, 232 S.E. 2d 312, 320, disc. rev. denied, 292 N.C. 641, 235 S.E. 2d 62 (1977). Here, plaintiffs have offered evidence to show that they did not know of the grounds for their claim until 1981. Defendants had notice of plaintiffs’ claim at least as early as 1983, when plaintiffs filed their first action. Plaintiffs’ evidence also shows that defendants did not begin developing their land until 1981. Thus, the change of conditions required to support a defense of laches did not exist until that time, and any prejudice to defendants must have occurred, if at all, between 1981 and 1983. Furthermore, Mr. Cieszko averred that the path of the easement is located on the center of a street shown on the map of defendants’ subdivision. Therefore, plaintiffs may be able to obtain access to their land with very little disruption of defendants’ development. Under these circumstances, issues of fact remain as to whether plaintiffs’ delay in bringing this action was unreasonable and whether defendants were prejudiced by the delay. Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. *299 For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s order of summary judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Reversed and remanded. Judges Eagles and Smith concur.