John K. Harrison Holdings, LLC v. Strauss

OPINION DAVID GAULTNEY, Justice. This case involves competing ownership claims to a real estate lot in Montgomery County. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Background Taxes on the lot were not paid from 1986 through 1992. The taxing units filed suit to recover delinquent taxes and obtained a judgment. A tax sale of the lot was held in 1996. Appellee R.M. Strauss, in his trustee capacity, purchased the property from James Winkler, trustee, the purchaser of the property at the tax sale. Appellant John K. Harrison Holdings, LLC claimed ownership of the lot through a 2001 quitclaim deed, and asserted the claim in a lawsuit filed against Strauss in February 2003. Although Harrison describes its claim as a “cause of action [to] quiet title[,]” the suit, in effect, is a challenge to the validity of the tax sale. Harrison argues the 1995 tax judgment and the 1996 constable’s deed did not pass title to Strauss’s predecessor, because the “named defendants [in the tax suit] had no ownership interest in the property[.]” Further, Harrison argues the tax judgment and sale are void, “because known and/or record owners of the property at the time were not made parties to the tax suit or notified of the sale.” Finally, Harrison contends the Tax Code “limitations provisions” are unconstitutional. 1 Analysis We begin with issue three, the issue in which Harrison attacks the constitutionality of the Tax Code limitations provisions, because those provisions govern issues one and two. Strauss pled a limitations defense under sections 34.08(b) and 33.54 of the Texas Tax Code. See Tex. *788 Tax Code Ann. §§ 33.54, 34.08(b) (Vernon 2001). Section 34.08 provides in part as follows: (b) A person may not commence an action challenging the validity of a tax sale after the time set forth in Section 33.54(a)(1) or (2), as applicable to the property, against a subsequent purchaser for value who acquired the property in reliance on the tax sale. The purchaser may conclusively presume that the tax sale was valid and shall have full title to the property free and clear of the right, title, and interest of any person that arose before the tax sale, subject only to recorded restrictive covenants and valid easements of record set forth in Section 34.01(n) and subject to applicable rights of redemption. The applicable portions of section 33.54 provide as follows: (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), an action relating to the title to property may not be maintained against the purchaser of the property at a tax sale unless the action is commenced: (1) before the first anniversary of the date that the deed executed to the purchaser at the tax sale is filed of record; (b) If a person other than the purchaser at the tax sale or the person’s successor in interest pays taxes on the property during the applicable limitations period and until the commencement of an action challenging the validity of the tax sale and that person was not served citation in the suit to foreclose the tax lien, that limitations period does not apply to that person. (c) When actions are barred by this section, the purchaser at the tax sale or the purchaser’s successor in interest has full title to the property, precluding all other claims. The Constable’s Deed was filed of record on June 19, 1996. Harrison did not obtain the quitclaim deed until 2001 and did not file suit against Strauss until 2003; neither Harrison nor its predecessors-in-title filed suit within one year of the 1996 filing of the Constable’s Deed. Harrison only paid taxes for 2002. The requirement of section 33.54(a)(1) was not met. Subsection (b) does not apply because no tax payment was made by Harrison’s predecessors-in-title, or by Harrison, during the applicable limitations period. The limitations provisions preclude Harrison’s claim. See Jordan v. Bustamante, 158 S.W.3d 29, 39-40 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (Limitations provision in section 33.54 barred action challenging tax sale purchaser’s title.). In its brief, Harrison says the limitations provisions “would appear to equally validate tax deeds which convey nothing and tax deeds which are void,” but it contends the statutes are “unconstitutional as applied to an owner who is not a party to the tax judgment.” An analysis of a statute’s constitutionality begins with a presumption of validity. In re Commitment of Fisher, 164 S.W.3d 637, 645 (Tex.), cert. denied, -U.S.-, 126 S.Ct. 428, 163 L.Ed.2d 326 (2005). The burden is on the party attacking the statute to show the statute is unconstitutional. See Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 66 (Tex.2003). In an “as-applied” constitutional challenge, the reviewing court evaluates the statute as it operates in practice against the particular plaintiff. Tex. Mun. League Intergovernmental Risk Pool v. Tex. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 74 S.W.3d 377, 381 (Tex.2002). The chain of title here is a complicated one. There is a nonjudicial foreclosure in 1983, which was challenged in a 1985 wrongful foreclosure suit that a court later dismissed for want *789 of prosecution. One of the corporations in the chain of title forfeited its charter in 1987 prior to the suit for foreclosure of the tax lien. Apparently, one section of the property at issue, Lot 10A, was carved out of Lot 10. The descriptions of Lot 10 and Lot 10A in some of the deeds and the listings on the tax rolls may have been incorrectly interchanged. Some entities in the chain of title appear to have deeded more property than they had the authority to deed. One 1983 deed was not recorded until 2002. At the time the taxing unit instituted suit for the delinquent taxes, the chain of title appears to indicate conflicting ownership. When Strauss disclaimed any interest in the property, the taxing units amended the suit to add Commonwealth Land, a predecessor-in-title, as a party. There appear to be discrepancies in the tax rolls and in the deeds. What is clear is that no taxes were paid on the property by anyone, including Harrison’s predeeessors-in-title, between 1986 and 1992. Section 83.54(b) provides a means for a person — “not served citation in the suit to foreclose the tax hen” — to avoid application of the statutory limitations period by paying the property taxes during that “period and until the commencement of an action challenging the validity of the tax sale.... ” It is reasonable to expect one claiming an ownership in property to pay the taxes on the property to avoid the limitations bar. No taxes were paid on the property by Harrison or its predecessors until 2002. Although section 33.54(b) provides a means of avoiding the bar of limitations, neither Harrison nor its predecessors availed themselves of it. Statutes of limitations serve to further the policy that one must diligently pursue legal rights at the risk of losing them if they are not timely asserted. City of Murphy v. City of Parker, 932 S.W.2d 479, 481-82 (Tex.1996). As applied, sections 33.54 and 34.08(b) are not unconstitutional. Harrison also failed to comply with section 34.08(a) of the Tax Code. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.08(a). Harrison asserts an “as-applied” constitutional challenge to section 34.08(a). The statute requires a party challenging the tax sale to deposit into the trial court’s registry an amount equal to the delinquent taxes, penalties, and interest specified in the tax hen foreclosure judgment, or file “an affidavit of inability to pay under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.” See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.08(a). Though the court provided Harrison with an opportunity to satisfy the requirement, Harrison did not. Harrison relies on Eustis v. City of Henrietta, 90 Tex. 468, 39 S.W. 567, 569 (1897). 2 There, the City employed a summary tax sale procedure without suit or judgment and sold the property. See City of Henrietta v. Eustis, 87 Tex. 14, 26 S.W. 619, 619-20 (1894). The costs assessed for the sale exceeded the correct amount. See id. Subsequently, the City sued the Eustises for trespass to try title in order to recover the land sold for taxes. Id. at 619. Although the City’s suit was not a challenge to the tax sale, the Eustises defended their ownership despite the sale. The Supreme Court explained that a purchaser at a tax sale — where requirements of the law are not complied with — acquires “neither title nor any right whatever” against the owner of the property. Eustis, 39 S.W. at 569. The Court explained, “In so far as article 518, Rev. St. 1895, makes the payment of taxes by the owner to the city, or to one who has purchased at a void sale *790 or claims the property under a void deed, a condition precedent to his resisting the claim made upon his property under such void proceeding, it is violative” of the state and federal constitutions. Eustis, 39 S.W. at 569. “In plain words, his property would be declared forfeited and taken from him without any judicial investigation.” Id. Eústis is distinguishable. The statute involved in this case is different and there was no summary tax sale procedure. Here, the taxing entities sued to foreclose the tax lien on the property, joined certain defendants, and obtained a judgment. There was notice by publication of the sale. The statute provides a means for a person not joined in the proceeding to contest the tax sale within one year, or longer if taxes were being paid by the person prior to commencement of the proceeding attacking the sale. Several years after the tax deed was filed as a matter of record, and without any payment of taxes by its predecessor-in-title, Harrison obtained- a quitclaim deed and then sued the successor-in-interest to the purchaser at the tax sale. Without complying with the statutory requirement, Harrison, in effect, sought to challenge the validity of the tax judgment, sale, and deed. We consider whether the deposit or affidavit requirement under section 34.08(a) imposes an unreasonable financial requirement on access to the courts, and whether the legislative purpose outweighs any interference with access. See Cent. Appraisal Dist. of Rockwall County v. Lall, 924 S.W.2d 686, 689-90 (Tex.1996); R Commc’ns, Inc. v. Sharp, 875 S.W.2d 314, 315 (Tex.1994); Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 449 (Tex.1993). In the Texas Tax Code, the Legislature has implemented a tax collection process that seeks to ensure taxes are paid, and to provide a system of selling the property to obtain delinquent taxes. The Tax Code provides that if a tax sale is determined to be void or defective, “[t]he purchaser at a void tax sale ... is subrogated to the rights of the taxing unit in whose behalf the property was sold.... ” Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.07(a) (Vernon 2001). “In lieu of pursuing the subrogation rights,” the purchaser may elect to sue the taxing entities, within a limitation period, to recover as provided by the statute. Id. at (d), (f). Therefore, the State has a legitimate interest in requiring a party challenging the tax sale to deposit the taxes into the registry of the court. Harrison did not file an affidavit of inability to pay. Appellant does not contest the amount of the deposit or that taxes were unpaid; rather, it contests the requirement of any deposit. In Central Appraisal District, 924 S.W.2d at 690, the Supreme Court found constitutional a required deposit of admittedly-due taxes, before a person could make a judicial challenge to the tax assessment. The tax provisions are constitutional as applied here. Issue three is overruled. In issue one, Harrison argues the constable’s deed conveyed, as the statute states, only the interest “owned by the defendant in the property subject to the foreclosure!)]” See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.01(n) (Vernon Supp.2006). Harrison contends the defendants in the tax lien foreclosure suit owned no interest in the property, and therefore the constable’s deed could not have conveyed the property to the grantee through that deed. Nevertheless, the judgment foreclosed a lien on property that includes, as Harrison acknowledges, the metes and bounds description of the property in question; the recorded deed on its face purports to convey the property described. It is undisputed no taxes were paid by Harrison’s predecessors-in-title. The tax deed was *791 recorded before Harrison obtained the quitclaim deed. The Tax Code provides for challenges to tax sales by persons not served. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 34.08 (Vernon 2001). A challenge must be timely filed, and must be accompanied by a deposit of the taxes into the registry of the court or an affidavit of inability to pay. See Tex. Tax Code Ann. §§ 34.08(a), 33.54 (Vernon 2001). Harrison did not comply with the statute. Issue one is overruled. In issue two, Harrison contends the tax suit judgment and sale of the property are void, because known and recorded owners of the property were not made parties to the judgment or notified of the sale. The parties stipulated there was notice of the sale by publication prior to the sale. The failure to join all interested parties in a suit for delinquent taxes does not deprive the trial court of the power to render a valid judgment against those actually named. Jordan v. Bustamante, 158 S.W.3d 29, 38-39 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); Loper v. Meshaw Lumber Co., 104 S.W.2d 597, 599-600 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1937, writ dism’d). Even if all the parties claiming ownership were not joined in the suit, the judgment would not be entirely void. See Jordan, 158 S.W.3d at 38-39. The Tax Code provides a method for those not bound by the judgment to challenge the validity of the tax sale. The statute requires that the person show payment of the taxes owed during the limitations period and prior to commencement of the lawsuit in order to avoid the limitations bar. Harrison’s predecessors did not pay taxes on the property, and the statute barred an attack on the tax sale deed before Harrison obtained the quitclaim deed. Issue two is overruled. Because Harrison did not comply with the Tax Code’s requirements for its challenge, the trial court properly denied Harrison’s claim. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed. AFFIRMED. Footnotes [1] The parties stipulated to the facts and submitted the case to the trial court for a decision on the law. Harrison now argues the procedure was not in compliance with the Rules of Civil Procedure because, other than the "supplemental motion” for summary judgment filed by Harrison, no written motion for summary judgment was filed. Harrison agreed to the procedure followed by the trial court, however. Appellant made no complaint about the procedure before the trial court. The issue was not preserved for appeal. See Tex.R.App. P. 33.1; see also, generally, Tex.R. Civ. P. 263 ("Agreed Case”). [2] The case is cited in appellant's reply brief. We see nothing in the record to indicate Harrison relied on Eustis in the trial court, or brought Eustis to the attention of the trial court.