Montgomery v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Texas, Inc.

CARROLL, Chief Justice. Pursuant to Rule 79 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, this Court, on its own motion, elected to resubmit this case en banc. Tex.R.App.P. 79. Appellants, Richard Montgomery, Shirley Montgomery, and their daughter Stacy Montgomery (“the Montgomerys”), appeal an order granting summary judgment in favor of appellee Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas, Inc. (“Blue Cross”) and denying their motion for partial summary judgment. We will reverse the summary judgment in favor of Blue Cross and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. BACKGROUND Employees Retirement System of Texas (“ERS”) was created by statute to offer health insurance to state employees and their dependents. See Tex.Ins.Code Ann. § 3.50-2 (West 1981 & Supp.1996). As a result, ERS established the Uniform Group Insurance Program and Plan (“the Plan”), and Blue Cross was selected to administer the Plan on behalf of ERS. As an employee of the State Comptroller’s Office, Richard Montgomery and his family were covered under a group life and health insurance policy through Blue Cross. In December 1989, Stacy Montgomery underwent a reduction mammaplasty to correct a hereditary congenital disease known as mammary hypertrophy, and Blue Cross recommended only partial payment be made on the claim. In response to the Montgomerys’ request for reconsideration of their claim, Blue Cross not only again denied the claim, contending that the surgery was cosmetic, but further requested that the Montgomerys refund the benefits they had already received. The Montgomerys appealed this denial to ERS which upheld the denial but directed that there be no refund of those benefits previously paid. The Montgomerys then appealed to the Board of Trustees of ERS requesting a contested case hearing, but before the hearing took place, Blue Cross agreed to pay the claim and the administrative proceeding was settled. Because of Blue Cross’s conduct in handling their initial insurance claim, the Mont-gomerys filed suit in March 1992 against Blue Cross in Travis County District Court (cause no. 92-03489). The Montgomerys asserted a breach of a claimed duty of good faith and fair dealing, violation of article 21.21 of the Texas Insurance Code, and violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act (“extra-contractual claims”). See Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 21.21 (West 1981 & Supp.1996); Tex.Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.41-17.63 (West 1987 & Supp.1996). While this suit was pending, the Montgom-erys, apparently in an attempt to respond to this Court’s opinion in Testoni v. Blue Cross *149 & Blue Shield of Texas, Inc., 861 S.W.2d 387 (Tex.App. — Austin 1992, no writ), asked ERS to consider these extra-contractual claims. 1 ERS denied the request for a hearing, and the Montgomerys appealed this denial. An administrative law judge heard the appeal and issued a Proposal for Decision in which he recommended denial of the Montgomerys’ appeal; the ERS Board of Trustees adopted the Proposal. After their motion for rehearing was overruled by operation of law in March 1994, the Montgomerys sought judicial review of the Board’s denial of their appeal in Travis County District Court (cause no. 94-06290). This suit for judicial review was consolidated into the Montgomer-ys’ original suit for extra-contractual damages (cause no. 92-03489). In April 1995, Blue Cross filed a Motion to Dismiss and Motion for Summary Judgment. Blue Cross sought to dismiss that portion of the consolidated proceeding that was a judicial review of the Board of Trustees’ denial of the Montgomerys’ appeal on the ground that the Montgomerys failed to serve ERS, a state agency, with the petition to initiate judicial review. See Tex.Gov’t Code Ann. § 2001.176 (West 1996). Blue Cross also sought summary judgment as to the remaining portion of the proceeding which consisted of the suit for extra-contractual damages filed directly in district court in March 1992. In support of its motion for summary judgment, Blue Cross asserted that the Mont-gomerys were barred by res judicata from pursuing these claims. The Montgomerys also filed a motion for partial summary judgment claiming that res judicata did not bar their claims since ERS does not have the authority or jurisdiction to adjudicate extra-contractual claims. In May 1995, the trial court granted both Blue Cross’s motion to dismiss and its motion for summary judgment and denied the Mont-gomerys’ motion for partial summary judgment. On appeal, the Montgomerys do not challenge the trial court’s order as to Blue Cross’s motion to dismiss. DISCUSSION In their sole point of error, the Montgom-erys assert that the trial court erred in granting Blue Cross’s motion for summary judgment and in denying their motion for partial summary judgment. The standards for reviewing a summary judgment are well established: (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). The purpose of the summary judgment rule is to eliminate patently un-meritorious claims and defenses, rather than to deprive litigants of the right to a jury trial. Dallas Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. G.T.E. Directories Corp., 905 S.W.2d 318, 319 (Tex.App.— Dallas 1995, writ denied) (citing Gulbenkian v. Penn, 151 Tex. 412, 252 S.W.2d 929, 931 (1952)). The Montgomerys argue that summary judgment based on res judicata, the sole ground alleged by Blue Cross in its motion, was inappropriate. The Montgomerys claim that the extra-contractual causes of action could not have been finally adjudicated in a prior suit because ERS lacked subject matter jurisdiction over such claims and, therefore, res judicata is inapplicable. The Montgom-erys further assert that, because the statute only provides ERS with jurisdiction to adjudicate the question of coverage under the insurance policy, there were no possible administrative remedies to exhaust. In other words, the Montgomerys claim that it would be futile to seek remedies from an administrative agency with no statutory authority to grant those remedies. According to the Montgomerys, the only remedy ERS can grant is the payment of contractual benefits under the policy, and state employees would therefore be left without a remedy if they are *150 forced to submit extra-contractual claims to ERS. The Montgomerys note that article 3.50-2 of the Insurance Code does not provide that its remedies are exclusive of those provided by common law and by other statutes and that the legislature could easily have written in such a provision had it intended such a result. In response, Blue Cross contends that, by failing to challenge on appeal the trial court’s ruling that it lacked jurisdiction to consider their administrative appeal, the Montgomer-ys have waived any error by the trial court or by ERS. Blue Cross asserts that, because of this waiver, we are precluded from considering whether ERS has jurisdiction and authority to consider the extra-contractual claims. Even if we were to consider this argument, Blue Cross contends that this Court’s opinion in Testoni v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas, Inc., 861 S.W.2d 387 (Tex.App. — Austin 1992, no writ), is disposi-tive of this appeal. The district court’s order in this case fails to specify on what basis it granted Blue Cross’s motion for summary judgment. However, the sole ground in the motion asserts that the Montgomerys are barred by res judicata from asserting their extra-contractual claims, and we must affirm the summary judgment if that theory is meritorious. See State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. S.S., 858 S.W.2d 374, 380 (Tex.1993); Rogers v. Ricane Enter. Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 79 (Tex.1989). The doctrine of res judicata, or claims preclusion, prohibits an individual from relit-igating, in a second suit, any claims that have been finally adjudicated as well as related matters that, with the use of diligence, should have been litigated. Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp., 837 S.W.2d 627, 628 (Tex.1992). “The policies behind the doctrine reflect the need to bring all litigation to an end, prevent vexatious litigation, maintain stability of court decisions, promote judicial economy, and prevent double recovery.” Id. at 629. Res judicata only applies if there is an existing final judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction. Public Util. Comm’n v. Coalition of Cities for Affordable Util. Rates, 776 S.W.2d 224, 226 (Tex.App.— Austin 1989, no writ [leave denied]). The doctrine is also applicable to the relitigation of claims previously determined by an administrative agency. See Al-Jazrawi v. Texas Bd. of Land Surveying, 719 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex.App. — Austin 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see also Coalition of Cities, 776 S.W.2d at 227. Res judicata does not bar a claim if the court rendering judgment in the initial suit lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. Browning v. Navarro, 887 F.2d 553, 558-58 (5th Cir.1989) (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1)(C) (1982)). In other words, a claim is not barred by res judicata if it could not have been brought. Holloway v. Starnes, 840 S.W.2d 14, 19 (Tex.App. — Dallas 1992, writ denied), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 828, 114 S.Ct. 93, 126 L.Ed.2d 60 (1993). ERS can only exercise those powers conferred upon it by the clear and express language of the statute or those necessarily implied from such statutorily-conferred authority. See City of Sherman v. Public Util. Comm’n, 643 S.W.2d 681, 686 (Tex.1983). The Texas Employees Uniform Group Insurance Benefits Act (the “Act”) established a plan for the purchase of group life, accident, and health insurance for State employees. Tex.Ins.Code Ann. art. 3.50-2 (West 1981 & Supp.1996). The administration and implementation of the Act is vested solely in the “trustee,” which is the Board of Trustees of ERS. Id. §§ 3(a)(ll), 4. The Act delegates to the executive director of ERS the exclusive authority to decide in the first instance “all questions relating to enrollment in or payment of claims arising from programs or coverages provided under authority of this Act. ” Id. § 4B(a) (emphasis added). 2 In Beyer v. Employees Retirement System, 808 S.W.2d 622 (Tex.App. — Austin 1991, *151 writ denied), the Board of Trustees of ERS ordered that Eileen Beyer, as the beneficiary of a state employee’s group life policy, was entitled to $70,000 in insurance proceeds, but refused to additionally award her interest, attorney’s fees, and 12 percent additional damages for the delay in payment of the proceeds. Id. at 624. On judicial review, the district court upheld the Board’s final order, and Eileen Beyer appealed to this Court. In affirming the judgment of the district court, we stated: Section 4B [of article 3.60-2] ... limits the Board’s authority to deciding “questions” which relate to the “payment of claims arising from programs or coverages provided under authority of this Act.” If Eileen has a legal right to interest, attorney’s fees, and the 12% additional damages, it must therefore be a legal right authorized by the terms of the Act. Nothing in the Act explicitly gives the right to recover such additional sums in proceedings before the Board_ Indeed, the Board determined, in Eileen’s ease, that it lacked the authority to create that right. Id. at 626. Notably, Beyer attempted to justify the award of additional damages by relying on article 3.62 of the Texas Insurance Code. However, because article 3.62 was not included within the Act [article 3.50-2], the Board in that ease refused to construe it as applicable to the proceedings at the agency level. Id. at 627. In 1992, this Court issued an opinion in a case involving similar issues and some of the same parties as the case at bar. See Testoni, 861 S.W.2d 387. In Testoni, Ernest Testoni unsuccessfully appealed the denial of a claim under his medical policy to ERS. Testoni then sought judicial review of ERS’s ruling in district court and asserted, for the first time, certain extra-contractual claims. 3 The district court found that res judicata barred his extra-contractual claims against Blue Cross. This Court reversed the district court’s judgment insofar as it was based on res judicata grounds, but we did not remand the cause for a new trial because we held that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the extra-contractual claims as well as the review of the administrative agency decision. Id. at 390. In our analysis in Testoni, we noted that Testoni’s insurance coverage under his ERS policies was created by the Legislature, rather than the common law. Id. (citing Employees Retirement Sys. v. Blount, 709 S.W.2d 646, 647 (Tex.1986)). Further, we noted that the Texas Supreme Court has held that when the Legislature creates a right, it may also restrict the available remedies as well as the means of determining their enforcement. Id. (citing Texas Catastrophe Property Ins. Ass’n v. Council of Co-Owners of Saida II Towers Condo. Ass’n, 706 S.W.2d 644, 646-46 (Tex.1986)). Relying on Blount and Saida Towers, we stated in Testoni that we have “required all statutory causes of action arising on a legislatively created claim to be brought before the agency as part of a contested hearing.” Id. We then, however, included in our discussion the statement that: Testoni was required first to file all of his claims for relief related to the insurance coverage denial at the agency level before pursuing them on review in district court. He failed to do this with his extra-contractual claims against Blue Cross. Therefore, those claims were barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, and the district court had no jurisdiction. Id. A careful reading of Testoni indicates that we considered the extra-contractual claims as having more of a collateral posture in the case especially when compared to the main issues, which were res judicata and agency jurisdiction. To the extent, however, that Testoni can be read to require the filing of extra-contractual claims at the agency level under article 3.50-2, we overrule it. Article 3.50-2 does not specifically provide ERS with the authority or jurisdiction to handle extra-contractual claims, and we refuse to infer such authority or jurisdiction. See Sexton v. Mount Olivet Cemetery *152 Ass’n, 720 S.W.2d 129, 137 (Tex.App. — Austin 1986, writ refd n.r.e.). Accordingly, the Montgomerys were not required to file their extra-contractual claims at the agency level, and the district court erred in awarding summary judgment to Blue Cross. Summary judgment in this case would unjustly deprive the Montgomerys of their right to be heard on their extra-contractual claims. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s' order granting summary judgment to Blue Cross. Typically, in a situation where the trial court grants summary judgment and the losing party successfully appeals, the appellate court reverses the judgment and remands the case for a new trial. Jones v. Strauss, 745 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.1988). An exception arises, however, when both parties move for summary judgment and the trial court grants one of the motions and denies the other. Brooks County Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Tipperary Energy Corp., 847 S.W.2d 592, 594 (Tex.App. — San Antonio 1992, no writ); Fort Bend Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Hines Wholesale Nurseries, 844 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Tex.App. — Texarkana 1992, writ denied). In that case, the appellate court should consider all issues presented and may reverse the judgment of the trial court and render such judgment as the trial court should have rendered, including rendering judgment for the other movant. Jones, 745 S.W.2d at 900; Fort Bend Cent. Appraisal Dist., 844 S.W.2d at 859. Before an appellate court may reverse summary judgment for one party and render judgment for the other party, all parties must have sought final judgment relief in their cross-motions for summary judgment. Runyan v. Mullins, 864 S.W.2d 785, 790 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth 1993, writ denied); see Bowman v. Lumberton I.S.D., 801 S.W.2d 883, 889 (Tex.1990). In this case, the Montgomerys only made a motion for partial summaiy judgment. Because they have not sought final judgment relief, we cannot render judgment on their motion even if we were so inclined to do so. CONCLUSION Because we agree that ERS does not have the jurisdiction or authority to dispose of the Montgomerys’ extra-contractual claims and because res judicata is therefore not applicable to this case, we reverse the summary judgment granted in favor of Blue Cross and remand the case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Footnotes [1] As will be discussed later in this opinion, we used language in Testoni that could be construed as requiring the submission of extra-contractual claims to ERS for decision. [2] Although the executive director’s authority is described as exclusive, the Act provides for an administrative appeal to the “trustee” as well as for judicial review of the "trustee’s" decision. Id. § 4B(c), (d); see Beyer v. Employees Retirement Sys., 808 S.W.2d 622, 625-26 (Tex.App. — Austin 1991, writ denied). [3] These claims included breach of contract and warranty, violation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and violation of both the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act and article 21.21 of the Texas Insurance Code.