United States v. Hurlich

O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge. Mr. Quentin Hurlich pled guilty to a charge of Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He was originally sentenced, inter alia, to the statutory maximum term of 120 months imprisonment. He appealed his sentence, and we reversed and remanded for resentencing. United States v. Hurlich, 293 F.3d 1223 (10th Cir.2002). 1 On remand, the district court made an upward departure and he was resentenced, inter alia, to seventy-eight months imprisonment. On appeal, he again claims the district court erred in imposing sentence. Exercising jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. Standard of Review The sole issue presented in this appeal is the propriety of the methodology employed by the district court in determining the degree of upward departure. We construe Mr. Hurlich’s appeal as calling into question both the interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines, which we ordinarily review de novo, United States v. Tisdale, 248 F.3d 964, 975 (10th Cir.2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1153, 122 S.Ct. 1120, 151 L.Ed.2d 1013 (2002), and the reasonableness of the degree of departure, which we ordinarily review for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jones, 332 F.3d 1294, 1300 (10th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 2003 WL 22172768 (U.S. Oct.20, 2003) (No. 03-6431). However, because Mr. Hurlich did not object at sentencing, we review for plain error. United States v. Brown, 316 F.3d 1151, 1155 (10th Cir.2003). Background The parties agree that at resentencing Mr. Hurlich’s adjusted offense level was properly determined to be eleven and his criminal history points thirty-nine. According to the Sentencing Table, a per *1221 son with an offense level of eleven and criminal history points of “13 or more” would find himself in a guideline range of twenty-seven to thirty-three months imprisonment. Criminal History Category VI is the highest level of criminal history on the sentencing table, reserved for those with criminal history points of “13 or more.” However, because Mr. Hurlich’s thirty-nine criminal history points were substantially greater than the “13 or more” contemplated for Category VI, the district court concluded the Criminal History Category did not “adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant’s past criminal conduct or the likelihood that the defendant [would] commit other crimes.” United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 4A1.3 (Dec.2000). 2 In determining the degree of upward departure, the court hypothesized that Mr. Hurlich’s criminal history score of thirty-nine would place him in a theoretical Criminal History Category XIV. 3 It equated an eight-step increase in criminal history to eight offense levels, yielding a sentencing range of sixty-three to seventy-eight months. The court imposed the maximum sentence of seventy-eight months imprisonment and explained the degree of departure was “to reflect the seriousness of the offense[,] to assure the need for just punishment for the defendant, [and] to assure proper deterrence from additional criminal activity for the protection of the public in the future.” (R. Vol. II at 4-5). Discussion Mr. Hurlich contends the district court did not adequately explain the basis for the degree of departure. In particular, he argues the way in which the court hypothesized and employed Criminal History Categories beyond Category VI was an incorrect application of the Sentencing Guidelines. 4 In determining whether the degree of a departure from the Guidelines is reasonable, we consider the district court’s reasons for imposing the particular sentence together with factors such as: the seriousness of the offense, the need for just punishment, deterrence, protection of the public, correctional treatment, the sentencing pattern of the Guidelines, the policy statements contained in the *1222 Guidelines, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities. United States v. Collins, 122 F.3d 1297, 1308-09 (10th Cir.1997) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “The district court may use any reasonable methodology hitched to the Sentencing Guidelines to justify the reasonableness of [a] departure, which includes using extrapolation from or analogy to the Guidelines.” Id. at 1309 (quotation marks and citations omitted). “[T]he task of ... the sentencing court[ ] is to attempt to predict what the Sentencing Commission would have established as a guideline range had it adequately considered the circumstances justifying the departure.” United States v. Kalady, 941 F.2d 1090, 1101 (10th Cir.1991). With these principles in mind, we consider the district court’s methodology. Mr. Hurlich suggests we concluded in United States v. Sims, 309 F.3d 739 (10th Cir.2002), that hypothesizing Criminal History Categories beyond Category VI, in and of itself, constituted an incorrect application of the Guidelines. What we disapproved in Sims, however, was not the process of hypothesizing 5 but the purpose to which the hypothesis was subsequently put. In Sims, the district court improperly attributed a six-month increase in guideline range to each incremental rise in Criminal History Category. This was error because “although each level contains a range of six months, these ranges overlap from one level to the next.” Sims, 309 F.3d at 743. 6 We also identified error because the Sentencing Guidelines specifically direct: Where the court determines that the extent and nature of the defendant’s criminal history, taken together, are sufficient to warrant an upward departure from Criminal History Category VI, the court should structure the departure by moving incrementally down the sentencing table to the next higher offense level in Criminal History Category VI until it finds a guideline range appropriate to the case. USSG § 4A1.3 (emphasis added); Sims, 309 F.3d at 742. Here, avoiding the methodology we disapproved in Sims, the district court accounted for the hypothesized eight-step increase in Criminal History Category by increasing eight offense levels, as directed by § 4A1.3. The result was a reasoned, measured and appropriate application of the Guidelines. United States v. Akers, 215 F.3d 1089, 1106 (10th Cir.), cert denied, 531 U.S. 1023, 121 S.Ct. 591, 148 L.Ed.2d 506 (2000); United States v. Lowe, 106 F.3d 1498, 1503 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 521 U.S. 1110, 117 S.Ct. 2494, 138 L.Ed.2d 1001 (1997). A close examination of the Sentencing Table reveals that within Zone D (most serious offenses), for the most part, a one-step increase in Criminal History Category is equivalent to a one-step increase in offense level. 7 The exception is a band embracing offense levels eight through thirty in Criminal History Categories III, IV and V. But within Zone *1223 D, an increase in Criminal History Category from V to VI is uniformly a one-to-one ratio (one Criminal History Category increase equals one offense level increase). 8 Presumably, and logically, if the Table were extended with additional Criminal History Categories the ratio would be no less than one-to-one. Thus, consistent with the structure and purpose of the Guidelines, the district court could reasonably analogize to higher criminal history categories provided it translated that analogy into higher offense levels, which it did — finding a guideline range appropriate to the case by increasing eight offense levels. The methodology adopted by the district court was reasonable and the judge succinctly, but adequately, explained the reasons for the degree of departure from the Guidelines. We identify no error, plain or otherwise. 9 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the sentence of the district court. *1224 [[Image here]] Footnotes [1] We reversed and remanded due to: 1) failure to provide the factual basis for an upward departure in offense level for possession of a firearm in connection with another felony; and 2) failure of the district court to articulate its reasons for upward departure based on under-representation of criminal history. United. States v. Hurlich, 293 F.3d 1223, 1227-28 (10th Cir.2002). [2] Mr. Hurlich argues the district court erred in deciding to depart from the heartland at all. He raised the identical issue in his first appeal, where we decided the district court did not abuse its discretion in its heartland departure. Hurlich, 293 F.3d at 1228. The matter is thus precluded from further review as law of the case. Rohrbaugh v. Celotex Corp., 53 F.3d 1181, 1183 (10th Cir.1995). Even if we apply a de novo standard of review to the decision to depart from the heartland, we identify no error. See Jones, 332 F.3d at 1299 (applying de novo review to heartland departure decision, as required by the Prose-cutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (“PROTECT Act”), Pub.L. No. 108-21, 117 Stat. 650 (2003), even though the sentencing court’s decision to depart upward took place prior to passage of the Act). [3] The district court arrived at this conclusion by identifying three criminal history points in each ascension in Criminal History Category. Beginning with the fact that Category VI included criminal history points thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, the court reasoned that Category XIV would include criminal history points thirty-seven, thirty-eight and thirty-nine. [4] Mr. Hurlich also claims the district court erred because it did not employ this methodology in the first sentencing. He offers no authority for this proposition. In our remand for resentencing, we instructed the district court to "specify the basis for [the] particular sentence imposed.” Hurlich, 293 F.3d at 1229. Irrespective of the propriety of the methodology the court employed, to which we will next turn, it is in answer to our instruction that the court employed it. Mr. Hurlich's claim is thus without merit. [5] "The district court was correct in assuming that at level III and beyond, each criminal history category encompasses three criminal history points.” Sims, 309 F.3d at 743 n. 2. [6] In Sims, the defendant presented an adjusted offense level eight and Criminal History Category VI (with a criminal history score of twenty-two). The district court hypothesized a three-step increase from Criminal History Category VI to IX to account for the twenty-two criminal history points, and then improperly added eighteen months to the bottom and top limits of the range provided under Category VI, offense level eight. This resulted in a range of thirty-six to forty-two months. Id. Simply enhancing three offense levels under Category VI (basically the approach used here) would have resulted in a range of twenty-seven to thirty-three months. [7] See attached table. [8] This is true except when a life sentence is involved. [9] We admonish appellant’s counsel for failing to include in her brief a copy of the order we have been asked to review. See 10th Cir. R. 28.2(A)(1).