United States v. Clayton

HARTZ, Circuit Judge. Defendant Dale Clayton pleaded guilty to one count of distribution of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The plea agreement included the following waiver of his right to appeal his conviction and sentence: 9. Waiver of Appeal and Collateral Attack. Defendant knowingly and voluntarily waives any right to any appeal or collateral attack on any matter in connection with. this prosecution and sentence, except that defendant reserves the right to appeal the district court’s finding relating to offense conduct or relevant conduct pursuant to U.S.C.G. § 1B1.3. The defendant is aware that Title 18, U.S.C. § 3742 affords a defendant the right to appeal the sentence imposed.... In other words, the defendant waives the right to appeal the sentence imposed in this case except to the extent, if any, the court departs upwards from the applicable sentencing guidelines range determined by the court. Plea Agreement ¶ 9, R. Vol. I Doc. 35. The issue before us is whether the waiver is enforceable when the government did not filé a timely motion to dismiss the appeal under United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir.2004) (en banc). We hold that it is. Based on Defendant’s prior convictions, the presentence report (PSR) concluded that he was a career offender. See United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 4B1.1. His base offense level of 32, see USSG § 4Bl.l(b)(C), reduced three levels for acceptance of responsibility, see USSG § 3El.l(a)-(b), yielded a total offense level of 29. The resulting guidelines range at criminal history category VI, see USSG § 4Bl.l(b), is 151 to 188 months. Defendant filed four objections to the PSR, none related to the career-offender determination. All were mooted by that determination, because a career offender convicted of Defendant’s offense is subject to a minimum base offense level of 32 and a criminal-history category of VI. See USSG § 4Bl.l(b)(C). On September 24, 2004, the district court sentenced Defendant to 151 months’ imprisonment. On appeal Defendant argues that it was structural error under United States v. Booker , — U.S. —, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), for the district court to sentence him under mandatory guidelines. We have recently- held that a knowing and voluntary waiver may preclude an appeal based on Booker error if the error is within the scope of the waiver. Compare United States v. Maldonado, 410 F.3d 1231 (10th Cir.2005) (per curiam) (Booker error was waived) and United States v. Taylor, *1238 413 F.3d 1146 (10th Cir.2005) (Booker error was outside scope of waiver). Defendant suggests only one reason why the waiver is unenforceable: Citing Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1328, he notes the government’s failure to file a timely motion to enforce the waiver. In Hahn this court established a procedure by which the government could enforce appeal waivers in criminal cases before having to address the merits of the appeal. We held that the government could file a “Motion for Enforcement of the Plea Agreement,” and announced that Tenth Circuit Rule 27.2(A)(1) would be amended to allow the government to file such a dispositive motion. Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1328. Rule 27.2(A) presently provides: (A) Motions to dismiss or affirm. (1) Types. A party may file only the following dispositive motions: (a) a motion to dismiss the entire case for lack of appellate jurisdiction; (b) a motion for summary disposition because of a supervening change of law or mootness; or (c) a motion to remand for additional trial court or administrative proceedings. (3) Time to file. The motion must be filed within 15 days after the notice of appeal is filed. A motion filed later must explain why it could not have been filed in the 15-day period. The core of Defendant’s argument is Paragraph 3, which requires the motion to be filed within 15 days of the notice of appeal. The government relies on Paragraph 3’s exception to the 15-day limit when delayed filing is properly explained. It argues that its failure to file within 15 days of the notice of appeal is excusable because “the defendant did not identify his grounds for appeal until submission of his opening brief.” Aplee. Br. at 14. It contends that it could not have known whether Defendant’s unidentified grounds were among those excepted from the waiver. This argument is dubious on two grounds. First, the district court did not depart upward from the guidelines range, so the government could assume that the appeal fell within the waiver. Second the government knew the grounds of appeal when it received Defendant’s brief, but it still did not seek enforcement of the waiver for another 20 days. But all this is beside -the point. The government seeks enforcement of the waiver in its brief, not by motion. Nothing in Rule 27.2 provides that a contention that can be raised by motion must be raised by motion, on pain of forfeiture. Rather, Rule 27.2 is a convenience to parties who have motions that, if meritorious, moot issues that would otherwise need to be briefed. The 15-day deadline for filing such motions prevents the tactical use of a motion to delay briefing. Certainly, failure to file a motion under Rule 27.2(A)(1)(a) to dismiss for lack of appellate jurisdiction does not foreclose raising the issue in a brief, or even at oral argument, because lack of jurisdiction can be raised at any time in the proceedings, see United States v. Bustillos, 31 F.3d 931, 933 (10th Cir.1994)(“[A] challenge to the court’s jurisdiction may be raised at any time-”). And we remand for additional proceedings based on arguments in the briefs without considering whether the issue was waived by failure to file a motion under Rule 27.2(A)(1)(c). See Clifton v. Chater, 79 F.3d 1007 (10th Cir.1996). *1239 Nor does anything in Hahn require the government to file a Rule 27.2 motion to enforce a waiver of the right to appeal. Hahn’s stated purpose in allowing a Rule 27.2 motion was “[t]o preserve the benefit of the government’s bargain.” Hahn, 359 F.3d at 1328. We approved this procedure because our prior practice of referring the government’s motion to dismiss to the merits panel and ordering briefing on the merits “in effect, rob[bed] [the government] of the benefit of its bargain.” Id. But the government is still free to forego some of the benefit — not being required to file a brief addressing the merits — without losing the entire benefit. A Rule 27.2 motion is one method whereby the government may choose to enforce the waiver, but the rule does not prevent the government from seeking enforcement through other means, such as its brief on the merits. Because Defendant’s appeal is within the scope of an enforceable waiver, we need not address the merits. The appeal is DISMISSED.