John Cannon Agency v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co.

Per Curiam. Plaintiff appeals as of right the grant of defendant’s motion for summary judgment for failure to state a claim. In its complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant changed plaintiffs telephone number and promised to inform callers dialing the old number of the new number. Defendant failed to do so and, *474 instead, gave callers the number of a different party. That party told callers that no Mr. Cannon was there. As a result, plaintiff allegedly suffered losses in its business. A motion based on GCR 1963, 117.2(1) challenges the legal sufficiency of a plaintiff’s claim and is to be considered by an examination of the pleadings alone. The job of a reviewing court is to accept as true the well-pleaded facts in the plaintiff’s complaint and determine whether the claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recovery. Ready v Clark Equipment Co, 91 Mich App 474, 478; 283 NW2d 650 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 888 (1979). The lower court granted summary judgment, holding that defendant’s liability was limited by the following tariff approved by the Michigan Public Service Commission: "2. The liability of the Telephone Company for damages arising out of mistakes, omissions, interruptions, delays, errors or defects in transmission, or failures or defects in facilities furnished by the Telephone Company, occurring in the course of furnishing service or other facilities and not caused by the negligence of the customer, or of the Telephone Company in failing to maintain proper standards of maintenance and operation and to exercise reasonable supervision shall in no event exceed an amount equivalent to the proportionate charge to the customer for the period of service during which such mistake, omission, interruption, delay or error or defect in transmission, or failure or defect in facilities occurs. Tariff MPSC No 7, third revised sheet, effective December 15, 1970.” The grant of summary judgment and the present appeal concern only those damages in excess of the limitation on liability contained in the tariff. *475 Plaintiff first argues that the phrase in the tariff "not caused by the negligence of the customer, or of the Telephone Company” precludes application of the tariff to a claim based on negligence. We do not agree. The tariff applies to defendant’s negligence in providing telephone service, except where the negligence is in "failing to maintain proper standards of maintenance and operation and to exercise reasonable supervision”. In its motion for summary judgment, defendant argued that the tariff precluded liability for damages from all negligent provision of service, impliedly including negligence stemming from faiíure to maintain proper standards of maintenance and operation and failure to exercise reasonable supervision. The lower court’s grant of the motion for summary judgment was based on this incorrect interpretation of the tariff. We cannot presume that plaintiff would not have amended its complaint had the lower court interpreted the tariff correctly. Plaintiff’s claim is not so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recovery. Under the circumstances, the reasons for the alleged negligent provision of service might not become clear until plaintiff has engaged in discovery. For that reason, the cause must be remanded to the lower court. If after discovery plaintiff does not find grounds to amend its complaint to include a claim that defendant was negligent by failing to maintain proper standards of maintenance and operation and to exercise reasonable supervision, the grant of summary judgment shall be affirmed. Plaintiff’s second argument on appeal is that the limitations on liability contained in a tariff approved by the Public Service Commission do not apply to a court action alleging negligence. In *476 Valentine v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 388 Mich 19, 26; 199 NW2d 182 (1972), the Supreme Court stated: "the code or tariff is part of the contract between the parties and limits of liability therein contained are presumptively valid. Any claim based upon the contractual obligation of the parties is limited to validly promulgated provisions of the tariff or code within the authority of the Public Service Commission.” Plaintiffs claim, although phrased in tort, is clearly one which is based upon the contractual obligations of the parties. The only duty alleged in plaintiff’s complaint is based upon defendant’s promise to inform persons who dialed plaintiffs old telephone number of plaintiffs new telephone number. Plaintiffs argument must be rejected on the authority of Valentine, supra. Courts in other jurisdictions have been virtually unanimous in upholding provisions limiting a public utility’s liability for negligence so long as the provisions do not purport to grant immunity or limit liability for gross negligence. Garrison v Pacifíc Northwest Bell, 45 Or App 523, 531; 608 P2d 1206, 1211 (1980). Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.