Scudder v. Annapolis Hospital

Per Curiam. On November 15, 1978, plaintiffs filed a complaint stating, in part, that the defendant hospital was being operated as a business and, therefore, could not be afforded the protection of governmental immunity. On June 17, 1980, defendant moved for summary judgment on the grounds of governmental immunity. On June 24, 1980, plaintiffs replied to defendant’s argument regarding governmental immunity. The trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs appeal as of right. In Parker v Highland Park, 404 Mich 183; 273 NW2d 413 (1978), the Supreme Court held that government-operated hospitals were no longer protected by governmental immunity since they were essentially businesses. The Supreme Court subsequently decided that the Parker decision was to have limited retroactive effect, "to all cases pending on December 27, 1978, in which an expressed challenge to the defense of governmental immunity was made and preserved as well as all cases *282 started after that date”. Murray v Beyer Memorial Hospital, 409 Mich 217, 221; 293 NW2d 341 (1980). The Court in Murray later stated that "[a]pplying the ruling prospectively with the exception of that case and cases pending on appeal in which the issue was raised and preserved is an attempt to limit any such unfairness”. 409 Mich 223. This Court, in Berrie v Marvin, 117 Mich App 134; 323 NW2d 625 (1982), found that merely filing a complaint did not create an express challenge to governmental immunity not triggering retroactive effect to the Parker decision. In this appeal, we must first consider whether plaintiffs’ specific allegation denying the application of governmental immunity is distinguishable from Berrie and, then, whether Murray applies to cases which were at the trial level on December 27,1978. Plaintiffs specifically averred in their complaint: "That the defendant hospital, Annapolis Hospital, is a corporation having its principal place of business located in the County of Wayne, State of Michigan, and conducted the operation of a hospital as a business and, therefore, such is not a governmental function. Further, that the payment of fees by those members of the public, including the plaintiff, for the hospital’s rendition of care and services, constitutes a proprietary function.” This paragraph of plaintiffs’ complaint rather clearly is "an express challenge to the defense of governmental immunity” as required by the Court in Murray, supra, p 221. Since plaintiffs did more than merely file a complaint, we feel that the holding in Berrie is distinguishable. The Court in Berrie stated: "[I]n the instant case, defendant filed an answer on June 24, 1977, raising governmental immunity as a defense. Plaintiffs did noth *283 ing to respond, contest or otherwise challenge defendant’s answer until after defendant filed a motion for summary judgment on June 3, 1980. This was some 17 months after the cut-off date of December 27, 1978, set forth in Murray.” 117 Mich App 140-141. In this case, plaintiffs had done everything they possibly could to contest defendant’s assertion of governmental immunity. It would have been improper for them to do anything further until defendant brought a motion for summary judgment. We do not read Berrie to require plaintiffs to have filed some unspecified form of motion to further contest the assertion of governmental immunity after the pleadings had been filed but before the Parker decision was rendered. Any delay that occurred in filing the motion for summary judgment was caused by the defendant. Plaintiffs had no duty to encourage the defendant to bring this motion. Thus, even though plaintiffs more fully argued against governmental immunity long after the Parker decision, plaintiffs should not be prejudiced by defendant’s delay. Upon finding that Berrie, supra, is applicable, we must decide whether the Supreme Court in Murray, supra, intended to apply the Parker decision to cases at the trial level in which the validity of governmental immunity has been expressly questioned. The Court in Berrie specifically avoided making this determination. 117 Mich App 142. In dicta, however, the Court stated: "In determining Parker's retroactivity, the Supreme Court used two apparently contradictory phrases: 'all cases pending’, and 'all cases pending on appeal’. Were we to hold that Murray allows application of Parker to cases pending in trial or pre-trial stages, the words 'on appeal’ would be rendered meaningless. Moreover, it is appropriate to apply the specific language of 'pending *284 on appeal’ rather than the general 'pending’, as a commonly applied rule of construction is that an express term controls and limits a general term in the same document.” 117 Mich App 140, fn 3. This apparently was an attempt to interpret the Supreme Court’s decision with rules of statutory construction. Specifically, the Court in Berrie seemed to be applying the principle of ejusdem generis in which general words following a designation of particular subjects will ordinarily be presumed to be, and construed as, restricted by the particular designation. People v Smith, 393 Mich 432; 225 NW2d 165 (1975). This rule does not apply to the language used in Murray since the general term is used before the more specific one. We decline to follow the dicta in Berrie because of the misapplication of this rule of construction. Even if the rule of ejusdem generis were applicable, it should not be invoked in every case where general words follow specific words. Core v Traverse City, 89 Mich App 492; 280 NW2d 569 (1979). The rule should not be applied to subvert the intent of the document being construed. In this case, the intent of the Court in Murray is expressly stated. The Court in Murray noted that Murray’s injury occurred two months after Parker’s injury. The Court indicated that it would be unfair to allow one to recover while denying the other. The Court in Murray also cited Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638, 662-668; 275 NW2d 511 (1979), in which the Court gave limited retroactive effect to comparative negligence. The Court held that comparative negligence is applicable to cases "in which application of the doctrine was requested at the trial court and the issue preserved for appeal. Finally, comparative negligence shall be the applicable rule in any case *285 commenced but not submitted to the trier of fact prior to the date of this decision, but in no case shall it apply unless there is an appropriate request by counsel prior to submission to the trier of fact.” 405 Mich 667-668. We feel that the Court in Murray intended to apply the same type of retroactive effect as was applied in Placek. This clearly rejects defendant’s contention that Murray limited retroactive effect to cases on appeal. We also feel that it would be illogical to limit retroactivity to cases on appeal. There is no reason for discriminating between parties at the trial level who are contesting the validity of governmental immunity and parties on appeal who are arguing the same issue. Defendant, in its brief, argues that "the Supreme Court was persuaded that plaintiffs such as the Murrays who had spent considerable amounts of time, energy and money challenging the doctrine of immunity should not be denied a cause of action”. This reasoning is unpersuasive since the instant plaintiffs are spending a considerable amount of time, energy and money challenging the doctrine of immunity. According to the defendant’s rationale, plaintiffs should not be denied a cause of action. Defendant also claims that "the crushing blow of removing immunity could be severely detrimental to hospital institutions and, therefore, cases like the case now before the Court in which the complaint had just been filed should be dismissed to provide the hospital institutions some breathing room by which to satisfy those claims pending and allow for the preparation of those cases to come”. The hospital seems to be arguing that we should create an island of cases preserving immunity so they can recover from the crushing blow of being treated like any other business. According to defendant, *286 immunity should not be applied to older cases in which the trial had been completed and an appeal had been taken, but should be applied to newer cases which have not even gone to trial by the date of the Parker decision. We do not feel that such irrational discrimination was intended in Murray. The Court in Murray seems to have been more concerned with whether the defendant had been given notice that governmental immunity was being challenged than whether the case was on appeal or at trial. In the second paragraph of their complaint, plaintiffs specifically stated that they were challenging the doctrine of governmental immunity as applied to defendant since the defendant was essentially being operated as a private business. In Parker, four justices found that "the modern hospital, whether operated by a city, a church or a group of private investors, is essentially a business”. 404 Mich 195. (Footnote omitted.) In the instant case, defendant cannot claim that it lacked notice that plaintiffs were contesting its assertion of governmental immunity. In their complaint, plaintiffs offered the same argument against immunity that was accepted by the four justices in Parker. We find that the Court in Murray intended Parker to be applied to cases such as the instant case. Therefore, the decision of the lower court is reversed. Reversed and remanded.