United States v. Frank Steffensen

MEMORANDUM * A jury convicted Frank Steffensen of knowingly possessing with intent to distribute five grams or more of a mixture or substance containing cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). The district court sentenced him to 168 months’ imprisonment. Steffensen timely appeals. The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of other acts committed by Steffensen under Federal Rules of Evidence 404(b) and 403. The government presented sufficient evidence to support a finding by the jury that Stef-fensen committed the other acts, see United States v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir.1997), and his 1993 offense of conviction was “sufficiently similar to the charged conduct to render it probative despite the passage of time,” id. After a careful review of the record, we find unpersuasive Steffensen’s contentions that admission of the “other acts” evidence violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972), or Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.2. The district court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Special Agent Nyfeler to testify both as a fact witness and as an expert witness. See United States v. *441 Anchrum, 590 F.3d 795, 804 (9th Cir.2009). The admission of Nyfeler’s testimony was not plain error in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b), see United States v. Gomez-Norena, 908 F.2d 497, 502 (9th Cir.1990), and Nyfeler did not engage in improper vouching, see United States v. McKenna, 327 F.3d 830, 842 (9th Cir.2003) (“Improper vouching occurs where the prosecutor places the prestige of the government behind a witness .... ” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The district court did not abuse its discretion by failing to give Steffensen’s Proposed Instruction No. D or by failing to require the jury to return a special verdict on the quantity of cocaine base he possessed for his personal use. See United States v. Echeverry, 759 F.2d 1451, 1455 (9th Cir.1985). Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by failing to give Stef-fensen’s proposed “addict” instruction, see United States v. Vgeri, 51 F.3d 876, 881 (9th Cir.1995), or by instructing the jury that an intent to distribute need not entail a financial motive, see United States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913, 923 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc). Steffensen’s equal protection challenge to the statutory minimum sentence prescribed by § 841(b)(1)(B) is foreclosed by United States v. Harding, 971 F.2d 410, 414 (9th Cir.1992), and his Eighth Amendment challenge is foreclosed by United States v. Norwood, 603 F.3d 1063, 1071 (9th Cir.2010). Giving due deference to the district court’s consideration of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), see Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007), we conclude that Steffensen’s sentence is not substantively unreasonable. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Footnotes [*] This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.