Anne Easley v. New Century Mortgage Corp.

OPINION BARRY, Circuit Judge. Anne Easley sued Deutsche Bank National Trust Company (“Deutsche Bank”) and other entities after Deutsche Bank foreclosed on the mortgage it held on Eas-ley’s Pennsylvania home. The District Court dismissed the complaint under Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and (6), and Easley timely appealed. She seeks review of the dismissal of her claim under the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law, 73 Pa. Stat. Ann. §§ 201-1 et seq. (the “CPL”) 1 against Deutsche *947 Bank, 2 seeking, inter alia, compensation for damage to her credit rating. I.Background Easley purchased a home in August 2004 with a loan secured by a home mortgage. Thirteen months after she bought the home, she filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition. In August 2006, she entered into a stipulation with New Century Mortgage Corporation (“New Century”), under which New Century was to remain bound by the automatic stay and Easley was to make monthly payments of $2,409.98. According to New Century, Easley failed to make her required payments in February and March 2007. Easley denies this and claims that she made all the payments on time. She did not, however, dispute New Century’s certification of default or oppose New Century’s April 2007 motion for relief from the automatic stay. The Bankruptcy Court granted New Century’s motion and gave it permission to foreclose on the mortgage. Around that same time, New Century assigned the mortgage to Deutsche Bank, and the latter commenced a mortgage foreclosure action against Easley in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas in August 2007. Easley did not answer or defend the action, and the court entered a default judgment against her. In June 2008, the property was sold to Deutsche Bank at a sheriffs sale. Easley.then brought this rather sweeping federal action, accusing New Century and Deutsche Bank of misrepresentation, deception, unfair trade practices, wrongful use of the foreclosure process, and a host of other wrongs related to the mortgage and foreclosure. The District Court dismissed the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, citing the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, and for failure to state a claim, citing res judicata. II.Jurisdiction and Standard of Review The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review, and, regardless of “[wjhether the order of the District Court is more appropriately viewed as having dismissed the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), or for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), our standard of review is the same: we accept as true [plaintiffs] material allegations, and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to [her].” Alston v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 585 F.3d 753, 758 (3d Cir.2009). III.Discussion Easley argues that the District Court erred in concluding that it lacked jurisdiction over her CPL claim, and that the Roolcer-Feldman doctrine does not apply because she sought damages which she was not entitled to seek in the Pennsylvania foreclosure action. “The Roolcer-Feldman doctrine precludes lower federal courts from exercising appellate jurisdiction over final state-court judgments because such appellate jurisdiction rests solely with the United States Supreme Court.” In re Madera, 586 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir.2009) (quotation marks omitted). “The Roolcer-Feldman doctrine is implicated when, in order to grant the federal plaintiff the relief sought, the federal court must determine that the state court judgment was erroneously entered or must take action that would render that *948 judgment ineffectual.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Thus, “a claim is barred by Rooker-Feldman ... if the federal claim is inextricably intertwined with the state adjudication, meaning that federal relief can only be predicated upon a conviction that the state court was wrong.” Id. at 232 (quotation marks omitted). The doctrine applies only when a plaintiff seeks redress for an injury caused by the state court judgment itself, not when a plaintiff merely seeks to relitigate a claim or issue already litigated in state court. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 292-93, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005). Here, at least in part, Easley seeks damages stemming directly from the state court’s judgment in the foreclosure action. For example, she seeks compensation for, inter alia, the damage to her credit rating caused by the foreclosure. That part of her CPL claim was properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rooker-Feldman. Easley’s CPL claim is also based on allegations of fraud, deception and other wrongs which pre-dated the foreclosure action. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine will only bar that part of the CPL claim to the extent that adjudicating it would mean that “(1) the federal court must determine that the state court judgment was erroneously entered in order to grant the requested relief, or (2) the federal court must take an action that would negate the state court’s judgment....” In re Knapper, 407 F.3d 573, 580 (3d Cir.2005). The allegations of fraud and other pre-foreclo-sure wrongs were not presented to the state court (which granted default judgment), and the state court’s judgment would not be implicated by a finding that Deutsche Bank was liable under the CPL for fraud and/or other pre-foreclosure wrongs. We explained in Turner v. Crawford Square Apts. III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 543 (3d Cir.2006), that “courts have applied [the Rooker-Feldman doctrine] beyond its appropriate boundaries.” Just as in Turner, where we refused to apply Rooker-Feldman because the plaintiffs damages were caused by conduct which was not at issue before the state court, here, the pre-foreclosure part of Easley’s CPL claim “did not complain of injuries ‘caused by the state-court judgment.’ ” Id. at 547 (quoting Exxon, 544 U.S. at 291, 125 S.Ct. 1517). Thus, Rooker-Feldman does not apply to that part of Easley’s CPL claim. To the limited extent that the District Court is not barred from hearing Easley’s CPL claim under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the claim itself is barred under res judicata. In Pennsylvania, 3 a claim is barred under res judicata if it shares four conditions in common with an earlier claim: “(1) the thing sued upon or for; (2) the cause of action; (3) the persons and parties to the action; and (4) the capacity of the parties to sue or be sued.” Turner, 449 F.3d at 548. Easley’s CPL claim is based on allegations related to her mortgage, including events leading up to its execution, and events leading up to and including the foreclosure. The “thing sued upon” is therefore the same, as are the parties, whose capacities to sue and be sued are not in dispute. The only contentious issue is the cause of action. Easley did not assert a CPL counterclaim (or any counterclaim at all) in the mortgage foreclosure action, and she did not make a CPL claim in her bankruptcy case. In Pennsylvania, res judicata bars “claims that were or could have been raised,” Turner, 449 F.3d at 550 n. 13 *949 (quoting Balent v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 542 Pa. 555, 669 A.2d 309, 315 (1995) (emphasis in original)). Easley argues that Pennsylvania law would not have permitted her to assert a CPL counterclaim in response to a foreclosure action. She cites several cases in support of this argument, but none is persuasive. For example, in Cunningham v. McWilliams, 714 A.2d 1054, 1057 (Pa.Super.1998), the court rejected a counterclaim based on a sales contract which was separate from the mortgage, and held that a counterclaim could be brought as long as it was “incident to the creation of the mortgage relationship itself.” Nothing in that case leads to the conclusion that a CPL claim based on fraud and deception in the creation of a mortgage and wrongful foreclosure of that mortgage would not be a viable counterclaim in a foreclosure action. Likewise, in Green Tree Consumer Disc. Co. v. Newton, 909 A.2d 811, 814-15 (Pa.Super.2006), the court explained that “the general rule is that a recoupment claim is an improper defense to a mortgage foreclosure” (apparently because most claims for recoupment implicate tangential transactions, such as the sale of the property itself, rather than the creation of the mortgage), but held that counterclaims related to the mortgage itself are “clearly ... permissible.” The CPL claim before us is intimately tied to the creation of the mortgage and subsequent foreclosure (and not the sale of the home, or any other tangential transaction), and, thus, Easley could have brought it as a counterclaim in the foreclosure proceeding. Therefore, the CPL claim is barred by virtue of res judicata. 4 Easley is also precluded under res judi-cata from raising the CPL claim if she could have brought the claim in the bankruptcy proceeding. In Eastern Minerals & Chemicals Co. v. Mahan, 225 F.3d 330, 337-38 (3d Cir.2000), we held that “[cjlaim preclusion [does not bar] every conceivable claim that could have been brought in the context of a bankruptcy case,” and that “a claim should not be barred unless the factual underpinnings, theory of the case, and relief sought against the parties to the proceeding are so close to a claim actually litigated in the bankruptcy that it would be unreasonable not to have brought them both at the same time in the bankruptcy forum.” We cannot imagine how her claim could be any more closely related to New Century’s assertions in the bankruptcy case that it held the mortgage and that payments were due. Finally, Easley argues that she should have been given leave to file an amended complaint. We need not address this argument because, regardless of how Easley phrases her claims and allegations, amendment of the complaint would be futile given that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and res judicata would require dismissal of the CPL claim. IV. Conclusion We will affirm the order of the District Court. Footnotes [1] The complaint also included claims under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the federal Bankruptcy Code, the Pennsylvania Fair Credit Extension Uniformity Act and other statutes, along with Pennsylvania common law claims. These claims are not at issue in the appeal. [2] The complaint also named the original mortgagee, New Century Mortgage Corporation, and "John Does 1-10.” [3] Federal courts are required to give state court judgments the same preclusive effect that the issuing state courts would give them. See Rycoline Prods., Inc. v. C & W Unlimited, 109 F.3d 883, 887 (3d Cir.1997). [4] Parenthetically, we reject Easley’s argument that she is not collaterally estopped from raising the issues decided in the mortgage foreclosure proceeding because the judgment was entered based on her default and the issues were not litigated. See Fox v. Gabler, 534 Pa. 185, 626 A.2d 1141, 1143 (1993) (“[W]e long ago concluded that the judgment by default is res judicata and quite as conclusive as one rendered on a verdict after litigation insofar as a defaulting defendant is concerned.”).