Araim v. Painewebber, Inc.

ORDER FORRESTER, District Judge. This securities action is before the court on the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and to stay court proceedings and on the defendants’ motion for leave to file a supplemental brief in support of that motion. The latter motion is unopposed and is therefore GRANTED. Because the court is unwilling to anticipate the demise of Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), as more fully discussed below, the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and to stay proceedings will be GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The plaintiff’s complaint, originally filed in Fulton County Superior Court and removed to this court, states claims alleging breach of fiduciary duties, fraud, negligence, unjust enrichment, and violations of the Georgia Securities Act, Georgia RICO, the Securities Act of 1933, and Federal RICO. The defendants seek to compel arbitration of all of the plaintiffs claims. The plaintiff concedes that arbitration of his state law claims may be compelled but opposes compelled arbitration of his Federal RICO and 1933 Act claims. I. ARBITRABILITY OF FEDERAL RICO CLAIMS In Shearson/American Express, Inc. v. McMahon, — U.S. —, 107 S.Ct. 2332, 2346, 96 L.Ed.2d 185 (1987), the Court held that Federal RICO claims are arbitrable under the terms of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1, et seq. The plaintiff contends that, notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s holding in McMahon, the arbitration clause in these parties’ agreement incorporated the law existing at the time and is not altered by subsequent changes in the law. 1 The plaintiff’s argument cannot be accepted because it is completely inconsistent with the results reached in McMahon and subsequent cases. If the plaintiff is correct, the Supreme Court erred in requiring arbitration of the McMahons’ Federal RICO claims, since the law in the Second *1417 Circuit prior to McMahon was that Federal RICO claims were not arbitrable. Id. at 2336. Likewise, the Eleventh Circuit erred in Adrian v. Smith Barney, Harris, Upham and Company, Inc., 841 F.2d 1059 (11th Cir.1988), in giving McMahon retroactive application to the very Federal RICO claim held not arbitrable in Driscoll. Significantly, the court held in Adrian that an SEC regulation in force at the time the parties’ arbitration agreement was signed but later rescinded could no longer be used as a defense to arbitration. Id. at 1061-62. See also Noble v. Drexel, Burnham, Lambert, Inc., 823 F.2d 849 (5th Cir.1987) (giving McMahon retroactive application). Accordingly, the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and to stay proceedings with regard to the plaintiff’s Federal RICO claims is GRANTED. II. ARBITRABILITY OF 1933 ACT CLAIMS In 1953, the Supreme Court held in Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168, that claims arising under section 12(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 (1933 Act) are not subject to compulsory arbitration. After Wilko, most federal courts, including the Eleventh Circuit, found “no principled ground for distinguishing between” 1933 Act claims and claims under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (1934 Act). Wolfe v. E.F. Hutton and Company, Inc., 800 F.2d 1032, 1037 (11th Cir.1986). Just last term, however, the Supreme Court concluded in McMahon that Wilko does not preclude arbitration of 1934 Act claims. The Supreme Court’s treatment of Wilko in McMahon raises serious questions about the vitality of Wilko’s holding against arbitration of 1933 Act claims. According to the Court, “Wilko must be read as barring waiver of a judicial forum only where arbitration is inadequate to protect the substantive rights at issue.” 107 S.Ct. at 2339. The Court also noted that “the mistrust of arbitration that forms the basis for the Wilko opinion in 1953 is difficult to square with the assessment of arbitration that has prevailed since that time,” id. at 2341, and that “pfjndeed, most of the reasons given in Wilko have been rejected subsequently by the Court as a basis for holding claims to be non-arbitrable.” Id. at 2340. However, since the arbitrability of 1933 Act claims was not an issue in McMahon, the Court properly expressed no direct opinion on the continued vitality of Wilko. The Court did note that “stare decisis concerns may counsel against upsetting Wilko ’s contrary conclusion under the [1933 Act].” Id. at 2341. In short, the central question on the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration of the plaintiff’s 1933 Act claims is whether Wilko is still good law. Since McMahon, federal courts have split on the issue. Some have concluded that “[although the Supreme Court in McMahon questioned the rationale underlying Wilko, the Court nevertheless did not overrule that decision, and it continues to govern us.” Chang v. Lin, 824 F.2d 219, 222 (2d Cir.1987). See also Osterneck v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 841 F.2d 508 (3d Cir.1988); Terra Resources v. Burgin, 674 F.Supp. 1072 (S.D.N.Y.1987); Shultz v. Robinson-Humphrey/American Express, Inc., 666 F.Supp. 219 (M.D.Ga.1987); Continental Service Life and Health Insurance Company v. A.G. Edwards and Sons, Inc., 664 F.Supp. 997 (M.D.La.1987). Other courts have concluded that “Wilko is now untenable.” Kavouras v. Visual Products Systems, Inc., 680 F.Supp. 205, 207 (W.D.Penn.1988). See also, Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Lehman Brothers, Inc., 845 F.2d 1296 (5th Cir.1988); Aronson v. Dean Witter, Reynolds, Inc., 675 F.Supp. 1324 (S.D.Fla.1987); Staiman v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 673 F.Supp. 1009 (C.D.Cal.1987). See also Noble, 823 F.2d at 850 n. 3 (“McMahon undercuts every aspect of [Wilko ]; a formal overruling of Wilko appears inevitable —or, perhaps, superfluous”). District courts are not always required to adhere slavishly to Supreme *1418 Court precedents that have not been explicitly overruled. Doctrinal developments need not take the form of an outright reversal of the earlier case. The Supreme Court may indicate its willingness to reverse or reconsider a prior opinion with such clarity that a lower court may properly refuse to follow what appears to be binding precedent. Indianapolis Airport Authority v. American Airlines, Inc., 733 F.2d 1262 (7th Cir.1984). Hardwick v. Bowers, 760 F.2d 1202, 1209 (11th Cir.1985). The Indianapolis Airport decision cited by the Eleventh Circuit in Hardwick v. Bowers noted that lower federal courts “may properly decline to follow a U.S. Supreme Court decision when convinced that the Court would overrule the decision if it had the opportunity to do so.” 733 F.2d at 1272. Though the defendants have tried mightily, this court is not convinced that the Supreme Court will overrule Wilko given the opportunity to do so. As Justice Stevens noted in a different context, any longstanding interpretation of a statute by the Supreme Court “creates a strong presumption ... that any mistake that the courts may have had in interpreting the statute is best remedied by the legislative, not the judicial, branch.” McMahon, 107 S.Ct. at 2359 (dissenting opinion). It was precisely these stare decisis concerns that the majority in McMahon recognized “may counsel against upsetting Wilko’s ... conclusion” that 1933 Act claims are not arbitrable. Id. at 2341. See also Schultz, 666 F.Supp. at 220 (absent an explicit rejection of Wilko by the Supreme Court, “stare decisis requires this Court to find that plaintiffs Section 12(2) claims are not arbitrable”). McMahon’s reference to stare decisis and the Supreme Court’s traditional reluctance to reverse longstanding interpretation of a statute, as opposed to the Constitution, make this court unwilling to conclude that the overruling of Wilko is a near certainty. Accordingly, the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration of the plaintiffs 1933 Act claims is DENIED. The motion to stay proceedings in this court on the 1933 Act claims pending arbitration of the plaintiffs other claims is also DENIED. See Jaskevich v. Paine Webber, Inc., No C86-981A (N.D.Ga., November 20, 1986) [available on WESTLAW, 1986 WL 21354]; Rosenfield v. Paine Webber, Jackson and Curtis, Inc., No. C86-415A (N.D.Ga., November 18, 1986) [available on WESTLAW, 1986 WL 21355]. See also Chang, 824 F.2d at 222 (“an agreement to arbitrate state claims and arbitrable federal claims usually should have no effect on the pursuit of overlapping nonarbitrable federal securities claims”). III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and to stay proceedings is GRANTED as to the plaintiff’s state law claims and Federal RICO claims. Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 4, the plaintiff is DIRECTED to choose a forum of arbitration within fifteen (15) days of receipt of this order, and the parties are DIRECTED to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The arbitration proceedings shall be held in this district. Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3, the court hereby STAYS proceedings on those claims pending the outcome of that arbitration. The defendants’ motion to compel arbitration and to stay proceedings is DENIED as to the plaintiff’s 1933 Act claims and those claims will continue in this court. The defendants’ motion for leave to file a supplemental brief is GRANTED. Footnotes [1] Prior to McMahon, the Eleventh Circuit had held that Federal RICO claims were not subject to arbitration. See, e.g., Driscoll v. Smith Barney, Harris, Upham & Company, 815 F.2d 655 (11th Cir.1987).