Houfek v. Shafer

Lesinski, C. J. Defendant appeals a filiation order entered as a result of a paternity action brought by plaintiff-complainant. It is uncontested that the parties resided together from early 1960 until May or June, 1961. Prior to the latter date, their relations were intimate, and defendant testified both to having paid plaintiff’s bills and to having bestowed various gifts upon her. In November, 1961, plaintiff went to California and returned the next month. Plaintiff testified— and defendant denied — that they resumed their relations during January, 1962. Plaintiff specifically stated that they had relations on January 23 and 24, and 3 or 4 times a week thereafter, following the onset of her period of January 20, 1962. It is uncontested that whatever relationship existed was terminated by a fight on February 4, 1962. The child, presently living, who provided the raison d’etre for this litigation, was born one month prematurely on September 26, 1962. On September 3, 1963, plaintiff filed her complaint alleging that the child was begotten on or about January 24, 1962. Plaintiff informed defendant of her pregnancy in March, 1962. She contends, and defendant denies, that he offered to pay her medical bills, to take out a life insurance policy naming the child as beneficiary, and that he further agreed to provide support •for the child in the amount of $25 per week. . Defendant admitted to having paid various of plaintiff’s *164 bills through November, 1962, but assigned other reasons for his largesse than an admission of paternity. Defendant sent plaintiff the receipts for her bills paid during her pregnancy, and paid the hospital delivery bill, although the obstetrician’s bill and part of the pediatrician’s bill remained unpaid at the time of the trial — November, 1964. Plaintiff’s attending physician testified that “presumably this lady became pregnant on or about February 1, 1962.” He further stated that “This is very inexact. There can be a variation of a week either way.” On completion of his testimony, plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint to provide that conception occurred between January 24 and February 4 was allowed, over defendant’s objection. Prior to the nonjury trial which commenced on November 16, 1964, the following events transpired. A pretrial conference was scheduled on December 13, 1963, at which plaintiff alleges that defendant sought adjournment so that he could obtain blood tests. The pretrial was again scheduled on March 6, 1964, at which plaintiff states that defendant again sought a blood test, which was scheduled for April 14,1964. The test was not taken on the named date, as the plaintiff was in California. It was rescheduled for October 27, 1964. According to the "Wayne county prosecutor’s records, the test was then taken. The record shows that the report was filed on November 9, 1964. Plaintiff, who was no longer a Michigan resident, requested immediate trial. Several conferences between court and respective counsel followed for which there is no written record. Trial began on November 16,1964, at which time defense counsel objected that a formal pretrial statement had not been served upon him prior to trial. 1 Trial proceeded from November 16 through *165 November 18. It was then adjourned by tbe court without date to allow defendant time to augment bis case. During tbe trial, tbe court bad expressed a desire to give tbe defendant some leeway in tbis area to avoid tbe necessity of retrial because pretrial was somewhat irregular. Plaintiff alleges that in December tbe attorneys were called before tbe court and that defendant said be bad no further defense. Tbe court’s opinion is dated December 1, 1964 — some 13 days after tbe adjournment. A temporary order of filiation was entered on December 11, 1964, and the permanent order on March 16, 1965. Tbe latter included an amount of $25 per week for support. At trial, defendant had given bis occupation as an officer in a family corporation which owned a chain of movie theaters, and as manager of several of them. No inquiry was made into defendant’s financial resources at trial, however, tbe report of tbe friend of tbe court regarding support contained tbis information. Tbe filiation order included payment of an attorney fee in excess of statutory costs. Defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied. Defendant raises five issues on appeal. They are, in essence: 1. Whether tbe GrCE 1963, 301 requirement of a pretrial conference in every contested civil action 2 (and a pretrial summary) applies to tbis paternity action, so as to make nonadherence to said requirement under tbe factual situation here presented reversible error? 2. Whether tbe granting of plaintiff’s motion to amend tbe complaint at trial over defendant’s ob *166 jection, where said complaint alleged the date of conception to have been “on or about January 24, 1962,” to “between January 24 and February 4,” was reversible error? 3. Whether a support order of $25 per week is excessive? •4. Whether the court had statutory authority to order payment of an attorney fee in a paternity action? 5. Whether the judgment below was against the great weight of the evidence? Defendant’s first issue on appeal places before this Court a question which has perplexed legal scholars for over a century. What defendant would have us determine is the nature of a paternity suit, i.e., is it a civil or a criminal proceeding? If it is the former, then defendant says reversal is indicated since conformity to GCR 1963, 301, is mandatory in every contested civil action. It should be noted that there is no claim by the defendant of any prejudice resulting from failure to conform to the rule, nor, from the record before us, is there any basis for a claim of prejudice. In 1956, the legislature replaced the bastardy act with the paternity act. 3 Since that date two opinions of the attorney general 4 have dealt with the problem of characterizing an action brought under it. In both, the determination was that the proceedings were intended to be civil in nature. In answer to a question as to whether the proceedings were legal or equitable (No 3020), the attorney general’s analysis concluded that such a proceeding was of a hybrid nature and could be considered a “special proceeding.” It is noteworthy that GCR 1963, 730, entitled “Actions under the paternity act” is listed *167 under the division in the court rules “Special proceedings.” ■With a background of appellate case law replete with statements concerning the difficulty of assigning'the nomenclature of either “civil” or “criminal” to proceedings of this nature, 5 we face the issue before us in the instant case. Here pretrial conferences were had; the blood tests sought were made ; 6 apparently conferences between court and counsel preceded trial; and an adjournment was allowed prior to judgment to allow defendant time to augment his defense, during which no further defense was offered. The summary which the court rule demands was not made and served as required. However, to hold that under the circumstances of this case this omission requires reversal for a new trial is unwarranted. Whereas we have held in the past that it is reversible error to fail to hold pretrial conferences and conform with the court rule in relation thereto, under the circumstances of this case we do not do so because of the special nature of this action. A reading of GrCR 1963, 730.3, clearly indicates that a pretrial was intended in paternity proceedings as it is the latest time to exercise the right to request a blood test under the act. Had the court not adjourned the cause sufficiently long to allow the defendant to augment his defense, we might have been constrained to reverse. Had the defendant indicated any prejudice by the court’s failure to provide the pretrial statement within *168 10 days of trial, likewise we might have been constrained to reverse. Where the trial judge, as here, with painstaking care seeks to protect the rights of the defendant, we will not reverse on a technicality in the rules of procedure where no prejudice is shown. The present paternity act still contains provisions with criminal overtones; e.g., CLS 1961, § 722.714 (e) as amended by PA 1962, No 238 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 25.494 [e]) which states that: “Upon the filing of the complaint the court shall issue a warrant against the alleged father directed to any peace officer in the State which may be executed in any part of this State. Upon the alleged father being brought before the court by virtue of the warrant, the court thereupon, or as soon thereafter as may be, shall proceéd with the trial of the case.” The Michigan Supreme Court has never held proceedings under the prior act civil for all purposes. The uniqueness of the proceeding and the duality of purposes which it seeks to serve preclude our doing so under the present act where such a determination is not compelled by precedent and would prejudice the minor and the public, who are the ultimate beneficiaries, by an unnecessary prolonging of litigation. Neither do we find it necessary to classify the act as civil for the purposes of the case at bar. The second issue raised by defendant questions the lower court’s ruling which allowed amendment of the complaint discussed above, and cites to this Court Hull v. People (1879), 41 Mich 167. Hull was distinguished in People v. Cole, supra. Cole explained that in Hull the complainant had been permitted to fix another time (at which the child was begotten) several weeks earlier, and in another place than that stated with particularity and with the *169 reasons therefor, in the complaint. Cole found the proceedings so far civil as to permit amendment, so long as opportunity is given defendant to meet them, and affirmed the lower court which permitted such amendment of a complaint which alleged a date of “on or about August 19th” where trial showed that the act took place on or about August 21st at a different place. It is noteworthy that the defendant here was given additional time — therefore an opportunity — to meet the charge. Defendant here is in the paradoxical position of urging this Court to hold the proceedings civil for purposes of the first issue raised, but would have us hold the amendment to the more stringent standard of a criminal cause for purposes of his second issue. However, even under the standard for amendment of a criminal cause of action, there was no error. As stated in 1 Grillespie, Michigan Criminal Law and Procedure (2d ed), §185, p 220: “Where the complaint sets forth a criminal offense, so the defendant is appraised of the charge he is called upon to meet, any defect in form or substance, when raised by timely objection, may be cured by amendment.” See, also, People v. Leneschmidt (1932), 260 Mich 671. The defendant in the instant case can show no prejudice from the amendment. We cannot agree with defendant’s contention that the amendment was un abuse of discretion. Through his third issue, defendant seeks a determination by this Court that a support order of $25 per week is “excessive.” As Mr. Justice Talbot Smith stated in his dissent in People v. Stoeckl (1956), 347 Mich 1, 8: “The memory of man runneth not to the time when society has not been confronted with the problem of the support of the illegitimate child.” *170 Today we face it again. In his opinion (No 3020, supra), as attorney general, Mr. Justice Thomas M. Kavanagh of the Michigan Supreme Court found both from analysis of posttrial procedures under the paternity act and from the authority given the court after verdict has been entered “the recognizable characteristics of equity.” In Ronk v. Ronk (1948), 322 Mich 43, wherein the Court found an oral agreement for partial support, followed by an oral agreement for full support, the Court stated that $10 a week was not excessive for the support and clothing of a 12-year-old girl. Defendant places reliance upon Whybra v. Gustafson (1961), 365 Mich 396, which will be discussed infra, for the fourth issue on appeal where the Court said, at p 400: “Any support order should, of course, take into account the living situation of the child, the amount of care and support available to it from the mother, and the father’s ability to pay.” Evidence was introduced at trial to show defendant’s ability to pay the amount ordered as well as evidence which tended to prove an agreement to support. This order followed the recommendation of the friend of the court. CLS 1961, § 722.712 (Stat Ann 1957 Eev § 25.492), reads in part: “The parents of a child so born out of wedlock are liable for the necessary support and education of the child.” Nothing in this statement or the standard - enunciated in Whybra, supra, is contradicted by the support order of $25 per week. Case law and the evidence combine to defeat the defendant’s contention. Defendant’s fourth assignment of error questions the court’s authority to award attorney fees in a *171 paternity action, citing Whybra v. Gustafson, supra, wherein the Court construed a phrase, in the paternity act, CLS 1961, § 722.714 (Stat Ann 1957 Rev § 25.494), which read: “The complaint may he reduced to writing and such proceedings initiated and conducted by an attorney of the mother’s own choosing at her own ex pense.” (Emphasis supplied.) The Whybra Court stated that the italicized phrase “seems to indicate a definite legislative intent to forbid the award of attorney’s fees when she sees fit to procure her own counsel rather than to rely on the prosecuting attorney.” This was a December, 1961 decision. By an amendment, PA 1962, No 238, effective March 28, 1963, the phrase construed in Whybra was deleted. The deletion of the language construed in Whybra eliminates any necéssity for us to follow law founded upon language which no longer exists. The amendment became effective prior to the commencement of action in the instant case. In this regard we look to other language in the statute and find that CLS 1961, § 722.717(b), as amended by PA 1962,.No 238 (Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 25.497 [b]),- which deals with the contents of a filiation order, states that it shall specify the sum to be paid weekly or. otherwise, provides for the payment of various other expenses, and concludes with the phrase “and such expenses, in connection with the pregnancy of the mother or of the proceedings as the court deems proper.” (Emphasis supplied.) This wording provides ample justification for the order below. Cases cited by the defendant from out-of-state, as set forth in 40 ALR2d 961, which hold contra, in the main construe their respective statutory provisions, or refer to the absence thereof, and we do not find the reasoning there *172 in sufficiently persuasive to be adopted into our jurisprudence. The fifth and final issue raised questions the denial of defendant’s motion for a new trial, and as stated previously, contends that the decision in this non-jury case was against the great weight of the evidence. There was a contested question of fact — paternity — on which conflicting evidence was presented, and which was determined in the plaintiff’s favor. It is hardly necessary to cite authority for the proposition that weight of the evidence and credibility of those testifying were for the trier of fact. The court’s opinion, wherein he stated his factual findings, discussed his determinations as to the credibility of the testimony he heard from the witnesses before him. The defendant’s prime contention here is that some other man is the father of the child. Since there was conflicting evidence on this point — as to whether defendant was the father of plaintiff’s child — the court could believe the evidence for paternity rather than against it. The court’s opinion, referred to above, gave his reasons for doing just this, based upon the credibility of the witnesses he listened to and observed. "We find no abuse of discretion in the denial of a new trial. Affirmed. Costs to appellee. Burns and Levin, JJ., concurred. Footnotes [2] GCR 1963, 301.1 reads in part: “In every contested civil action the court shall direct the attorneys for the parties to appear before it for a conference.” [3] CLS 1961, § 722.711 et seq., as amended Toy PA 1962, No 238 (Stat Ann 1957 Bev and Stat Ann 1965 Cum Supp § 25.491 et seq.). [4] 1 OAG, 1957, No 2883, p 160 and 1 OAG, 1957, No 3020, p 495. [5] The following citations are a partial listing of cases where the Michigan Supreme Court lias wrestled with this recurring problem in a variety of situations: Cross v. People (1860), 8 Mieh 113; Semon v. People (1879), 42 Mich 141; People v. Cole (1897), 113 Mich 83; Cady v. St. Clair Circuit Judge (1905), 139 Mich 618; People v. Finks (1955), 343 Mieh 304; People v. Stoeckl (1956), 347 Mich 1; People v. McFadden (1956), 347 Mich 357. [6] GCR 1963, 730.3 provides that application for a blood test under the paternity act shall be made at or prior to the pretrj,§.l conference!.