Biege v. Sallie Mae Servicing, L.P. (In Re Biege)

OPINION 1 JOHN J. THOMAS, Bankruptcy Judge. The complaint the Plaintiffs’ have against the above-captioned Defendants has historical roots dating back to September 6, 2001, which is the date that the Debtors filed their Chapter 13 Petition together with their Chapter 13 Plan. Thereafter, on December 3, 2001, the Plan was confirmed by Order of this Court. The case was closed following a discharge of the Debtors entered on June 23, 2007. On May 20, 2008, after hearing, the Court entered an Order granting the Motion of the Debtors to reopen the underlying bankruptcy case in order to file the instant Complaint. The Complaint contains two Counts. Count One, which requests judgment against all captioned Defendants, alleges a violation of the confirmation and discharge Orders. Count Two, against ECMC and Sallie Mae, Inc., alleges violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The Complaint was initially met by a Motion to Dismiss filed by all Defendants with said Motion being denied on February 17, 2009. Subsequent to the filing of an Answer by all defendants, the parties filed cross Motions for Summary Judgment. The Plaintiffs have filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on Count One only while Defendants’ Cross-Motion is for summary judgment on both Counts. The controversy more particularly surrounds the following language contained in the Chapter 13 Plan and its treatment of the debt owed to “Sallie Mae.” CLASS FOUR — UNSECURED DEBT THAT CANNOT BE DISCHARGED UNDER 11 U.S.C. 1328(a) d) The Sallie Mae student loan that is being collected by the Student Loan Marketing Association is in forbearance until November 24, 2001. Under 11 U.S.C. 1328(a) and 523(a)(8) it cannot be discharged. The payoff on this loan is *699 approximately $39,902.00. Debtors will pay off this loan through the Plan as a CLASS FOUR claim. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count One (Exhibit A) (Doc. # 15-1). The Court notes that the Plan was confirmed with no objections being filed thereto. Prior to confirmation of the Plan, on October 15, 2001, a Proof of Claim in the total amount of $40,726.47 was filed indicating the creditor as Sallie Mae. Several years later, on November 2, 2006, the Debtors and the Chapter 13 Trustee entered into a Stipulation, (Doc. # 13), which provided that the Debtors would make additional payments of $2,070.00 to the Trustee to complete the Debtors’ obligation under the Plan. While there are many nuances to the arguments of both parties, they can be summarized as follows. The Plaintiffs argue that the post-bankruptcy attempts by the Defendants to collect interest and other charges accrued during the pendency of the Plan violated the discharge injunction and confirmation Order because the Defendants were attempting to collect a debt fully satisfied by the Debtors’ Chapter 13 Plan. The argument continues that the payments into the Plan paid for the full amount of the creditor’s claim as submitted in the creditor’s Proof of Claim. The Defendants had proper notice of the Plan and, in all respects, participated fully in the underlying bankruptcy case by filing a Proof of Claim stating the amount that was to be repaid over the lifetime of the Plan, but which Proof of Claim failed to include accruing postpetition interest. Plaintiffs assert Defendants knew that it was the clear intent of the Debtors to pay off the student loan in full. With no objection being made to the Plan, Plaintiffs argue that this Court should acknowledge the finality and res judicata effects of the confirmed plan as contemplated by the Third Circuit cases of In Re Mansaray-Ruffin, 530 F.3d 230, 2008 WL 2498048 (3rd Cir.2008) and In Re Szostek, 886 F.2d 1405 (3rd Cir.1989). The Defendants respond that they agree the claim was paid in full, but the entire student loan was not satisfied by the payments through the Plan. The claim, as filed, only represented what was due and owing on the underlying debt on the date of the filing of the petition and did not take into consideration the post-petition accrual of interest and other charges. Furthermore, as a matter of law, the Defendants argue that interest is permitted to accrue on a nondischargeable debt, like a student loan debt, during the term of the entire bankruptcy case which later can be recovered against the Debtor personally. Addressing the Plaintiffs’ position that the Proof of Claim was for the entire amount of the debt, the Defendants respond they are not permitted to include unmatured interest in a Proof of Claim under 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(2). The Defendants acknowledge that it was the Plaintiffs’ intention to pay off the loan in its entirety by the language of the Plan. Defendants further acknowledge that the Trustee paid the Proof of Claim in the amount filed by the Defendants. Ultimately, their argument is the loan was not paid in full because of the failure to account for the post-petition interest which accrues on nondis-chargeable debt. In this regard, Defendants rely primarily on the Third Circuit decision in Leeper v. Pa. Higher Education Assistance Agency, 49 F.3d 98 (3rd Cir.1995). I begin my analysis by determining how the Bankruptcy Code treats guaranteed student loans in a Chapter 13 case. 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a)(2) instructs that guaranteed student loans are excepted from the Chapter 13 discharge. *700 Can interest accrue on the underlying, nondisehargeable student loan during the pendency of the Chapter 13 case? In general, this proposition has been addressed, and it has been determined that creditors may accrue, as to the debtor personally, post-petition interest on non-disehargeable debts during the course of a bankruptcy proceeding. See Bruning v. United States, 376 U.S. 358, 84 S.Ct. 906, 11 L.Ed.2d 772 (1964). This is a position supported by Collier on Bankruptcy (“Most courts find that interest continues to accrue on all prepetition debt even if such interest cannot be charged against the estate.”) 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 502.03[3][b] at 502-29 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed. rev.). Does the general proposition established by Bruning apply to student loans? This issue was answered affirmatively by the Third Circuit in the case of Leeper, supra. A further related question is whether Bruning applies to student loans or other nondisehargeable debt which have been paid in full during the course of the Chapter 13 case. Relying on its earlier decision in Hugh H. Eby Co. v. United States, 456 F.2d 923 (3rd Cir.1972), the Leeper Court found that the Bruning reasoning applies in both instances where the underlying debt has been paid partially or in full. See Leeper, 49 F.3d at 103. I find Leeper, supra., to be controlling in this case. Plaintiffs argue that they paid the student loan obligation in full pursuant to the Defendants’ Proof of Claim. They add, if there was post-petition interest accruing, the Defendants failed to include that figure in the Proof of Claim. In response, Defendants argue that the Proof of Claim reflects what was owed at the time the bankruptcy was filed, and it may not include future, unmatured interest. “Under the Bankruptcy Code, creditors are not entitled to include unmatured (or ‘post-petition’) interest as part of their claims in the bankruptcy proceedings.” See Leeper, 49 F.3d at 101, citing 11 U.S.C. § 502(b)(2) and Sexton v. Dreyfus, 219 U.S. 339, 344, 31 S.Ct. 256, 257, 55 L.Ed. 244 (1911). Recognizing that non-disehargeable claims can accrue post-petition interest, I agree with the Defendants that the Proof of Claim did not encompass the entire debt between the parties. Regardless of whether interest accrues on nondisehargeable debt post-petition, did the Plaintiffs draft their Plan in such a way that foreclosed the possibility of the Defendants collecting accrued post-petition interest against the Debtors after the case was closed? But, perhaps, I need not reach a conclusion on that issue because the Plan, in this case, simply did not go that far. 2 In summary, the language employed by the Plaintiffs in the Plan of reorganization did not accomplish what they intended, namely; the payment of the entire underlying debt. Furthermore, the Defendants relying on that language in the Plan rightfully expected to collect the post-petition accrued interest after the case was closed from the Debtors individually. I have, several times, embraced the finality concept of In Re Szostek, supra. Here, too, I can infer that there is a presumption that the Plan was accepted by the Defendants by reason of their absence *701 of objection. Szostek and the proffer of its application to this case by the Plaintiffs does not change the result. Defendants were bound by the terms of the Plan, which, however, did not include either the payment of or prohibition against, the accrual of post-petition interest. 3 Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds that the Defendants did not violate the discharge injunction imposed by the United States Bankruptcy Code and, therefore, will deny the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and will grant the Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment on Count One. Defendants have also filed a Cross Motion for Summary Judgment on Count Two (Violation of FDCPA [15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.] v. ECMC and Sallie Mae, Inc. Only). Defendants answered paragraph 7 of the Complaint alleging this Court does not have jurisdiction to hear the allegations made under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) and that the allegations of Count Two do not arise under Title 11 and are not a core proceeding. This Court’s jurisdiction over post-case activities is certainly questionable. Does the matter present a related or non-core proceeding? The usual articulation of the test for determining whether a civil proceeding is related to bankruptcy is whether the outcome of that proceeding could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy. E.g., In re Hall, 30 B.R. at 802; In re General Oil Distributors, Inc., 21 B.R. 888, 892 n. 13 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1982); In re U.S. Air Duct Corp., 8 B.R. 848, 851 (Bankr.N.D.N.Y.1981); 1 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 3.01 at 3-49. Thus, the proceeding need not necessarily be against the debtor or against the debt- or’s property. An action is related to bankruptcy if the outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities, options, or freedom of action (either positively or negatively) and which in any way impacts upon the handling and administration of the bankruptcy estate. Pacor v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3rd Cir.1984). I find that resolution of Count Two has no conceivable affect on the estate being administered or to be administered, and therefore, I find that this matter does not present a related or non-core proceeding. Moreover, Count Two does not invoke a substantive right provided by Title 11 nor is it a proceeding which by its nature could arise only in the context of a bankruptcy case, and therefore, I find that this matter does not present a core proceeding. Having no violation of the Confirmation Order or discharge injunction and there being no nexus between the alleged FDCPA violations and the bankruptcy estate, I find that I have no jurisdiction over Count Two of the Complaint. Based upon the foregoing, I will dismiss Count Two of the Complaint because of a lack of jurisdiction. My Order will follow. ORDER For those reasons indicated in the Opinion filed this date, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count One (Doc. # 15) is denied; and IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants* Cross Motion for Summary Judgment on Count *702 One of the Complaint (Doc. # 17) is granted; and IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Count Two of Plaintiffs’ Complaint is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Footnotes [1] Drafted with the assistance of Richard P. Rogers, Law Clerk. [2] In Andersen v. UNIPAC-NEBHELP, 179 F.3d 1253 (10th Cir.1999), an untimely objection to a Chapter 13 Plan was denied based upon the concept of finality and the creditors nonparticipation in the case. A lower court decision was upheld by affirming that a Chapter 13 Plan was res judicata as to the issue whether full payment of a student loan would constitute an undue hardship. The language of the Plan excepting the education loan from discharge would be an undue hardship on the debtor and its dependents. Confirmation of the plan' constituted a finding to that effect thereby discharging the debt. [3] Presumably, the Debtors could have modified the loan contract in their Plan so as to terminate the accrual of post-petition interest. II U.S.C. § 1322(b)(2).