Horn v. Hefner

OPINION Opinion by Justice BEN Z. GRANT (Assigned). Sherry Horn, individually and as executrix of the estate of Pat Horn (Horn) appeals the jury verdict for Joe Hefner, Hefner Roofing Company, and Perdro Ventura (Hefner). This is a personal injury suit arising out of a vehicle collision that occurred October 14, 1996. Horn alleged Hefner was negligent in causing the collision. Horn contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Hefner’s experiment video into evidence, that she was entitled to a finding of negligence as a matter of law, and that the jury’s verdict was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Hefner Roofing repairs and constructs roofs. Hefner was repairing a roof at a private residence in Pittsburg, Texas, when one of its employees, Ventura, backed a Hefner truck out of the private driveway onto Jefferson Street. Sherry Horn and her late husband (who was killed in an unrelated subsequent accident) were traveling in a Ford Astro minivan on Jefferson Street. The Hefner truck and Horn’s vehicle collided, causing Horn to suffer physical injuries. The jury returned a verdict finding no negligence by Hefner. Out-of-Court Experiment Video Horn’s first point of error is that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted Hefner’s experiment video. The trial court overruled Horn’s objection to the video, but offered to delete the sound because of comments made during the experiment. Horn declined the court’s offer. “When an experiment is conducted out of court and in the absence of opposing counsel, there must be a substantial similarity between the conditions depicted on the video and the actual event that is the subject of litigation. Fort Worth & Denver Ry. Co. v. Williams, 875 S.W.2d 279, 281-82 (Tex.1964). However, the conditions do not need to be identical. Id. *257 When there is dissimilarity in the conditions, the admission of the experiment is within the trial court’s discretion if the differences are minor dr are explained to the jury. Id. at 282. It is within the discretion of the trial court to determine whether the existence of a dissimilarity between those conditions causes evidence of the experiment to confuse rather than aid the jury and, thus, whether the evidence should be excluded. Id. at 382; Sosa By and Through Grant v. Koshy, 961 S.W.2d 420, 430 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied). The standard requiring “substantial similarity” between the experiment and the actual event was developed in Williams. 375 S.W.2d at 281. In Williams, an automobile-train collision caused the death of Williams. Fort Worth Rahway introduced evidence of a motion picture film of an experiment made by their attorney. The experiment sought to show that a beam of light similar to a train’s light would cause a “wall of light,” obstructing the view of a person approaching the beam. Id. In Williams, the Texas Supreme Court held that the admissibility of the experiment testimony was within the trial court’s discretion because the dissimilarities between the experiment and the actual event were minor and could be explained to the jurors without confusing them. Id. at 282. The Texas Supreme Court reversed and remanded for a new trial. Id. at 284. The differences between the experiment and the actual event in Williams were (1) the position of the lights and the distances in the experiment were not clear and the distance of the actual event was 1,300 feet, (2) the only evidence of similarity of the scenes shown on the film and the actual appearance came from an interested non-expert witness, and (3) there was no evidence establishing the similarity of the experiment light’s candlepower and the actual light’s candlepower. Id. at 282-83. In Williams, there was no explanation to the jury concerning the difference between the video and the actual event. To ensure fairness, the Texas Supreme Court remanded the case for a new trial so all the evidence could be fairly considered by a jury. Id. Several courts of appeals have tackled the issue of whether an experiment video was substantially similar to the actual event. See Koshy, 961 S.W.2d at 430 (holding no abuse of discretion because the expert was cross-examined about the differences between the video and the actual event); Univ. of Tex. v. Hinton, 822 S.W.2d 197, 203 (Tex.App.-Austin 1991, no writ) (holding no abuse of discretion because differences were explained to the jury); Lopez v. Foremost Paving, Inc., 796 S.W.2d 473, 481 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1990, writ dism’d) (finding an abuse of discretion because there was no explanation of the differences between the video and the actual event); City of Dallas v. Cox, 793 S.W.2d 701, 734 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1990, no writ) (holding no abuse of discretion because differences were explained to the jury); Garza v. Cole, 753 S.W.2d 245, 247 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (holding no abuse of discretion because there was testimony explaining the differences between the video and the actual event). These decisions hinged on whether the differences between the experiment video and the actual event were explained to the jury. Id. The Houston First Court of Appeals in Koshy found the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted an accident reconstruction video into evidence. 961 S.W.2d at 430. On cross-examination, the accident reconstructionist in Koshy admitted: (1) the video showed no cars in the drive-through even though on the day of *258 the accident there were three or four cars in the drive-through; (2) the video showed a white pickup truck, even though Koshy was driving a car; and (3) the video was made on a sunny day, but the accident occurred on an overcast day. Id. The court of appeals found no abuse of discretion because the expert was vigorously cross-examined about the differences between his reconstruction video and the actual events. The court further found that the comparative differences about the experiment go to its weight, not its admissibility. Id. The Austin Court of Appeals found no abuse of discretion concerning the admission of an out-of-court experiment in Hinton. 822 S.W.2d at 203. In Hinton, the plaintiff sued the University of Texas for negligence because a plastic grate from a light fixture fell about five feet and struck Hinton in the head. Id. at 199. Hinton introduced a video into evidence that showed a plywood cutout, the size of the plastic grate, falling and striking a dummy. Id. at 202. The cutout represented the plastic grate; the dummy represented Hinton. Id. The University argued the heavier plywood cutout struck the dummy with much greater force than the plastic grate struck Hinton, leaving the jury with an erroneous and prejudicial impression in that regard. Id. at 202-03. However, Hinton’s expert testified the videotaped experiment was not meant to be an exact duplication of the incident in which Hinton was injured. Id. at 203. Plywood was used in the re-creation of the accident, instead of a plastic grate, because they could' not access a grate similar to the one which fell on Hinton. Id. On cross-examination, the expert testified the purpose of the exhibit was to show how the grate fell, not how forcefully the grate struck Hinton. Id. The Austin Court of Appeals found there was no abuse of discretion because the differences were explained to the jury and there was no evidence of confusion. Id. The Dallas Court of Appeals found no abuse of discretion when the trial court admitted an experiment video in Cox. 793 S.W.2d at 734. The experiment in Cox was a ballistics test, designed to demonstrate the effects of bullets on Cox’s body. The Dallas court found there was no abuse of discretion because the test involved conditions substantially similar to the occurrence at issue, and necessary dissimilarities were explained adequately to the jury. Id. The San Antonio Court of Appeals found the trial court abused its discretion by admitting an experiment video in Lopez, 796 S.W.2d at 481. The court held the video could have been perceived as a simulated re-enactment of the incident. Id. Further, there was no explanation to the jury of the differences between the experiment and the actual event. Id. The video did not purport to illustrate any specific principle but, according to the defendants, was shown to demonstrate “how the accident occurred.” Id. What the jurors observed on the video was a pickup truck suddenly veering across visible and obvious center stripe markings into the pathway of a tractor-trailer rig. Id. The producers of the video made no attempt to portray the fog or the darkness in which the accident actually occurred. Id. The impact on the jurors’ minds of this dissimilar simulation of the accident could have been considerable. Id. In Garza, the Houston Fourteenth Court of Appeals held there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court concerning the admission of an experiment video. 753 S.W.2d at 247. The Garza video was an accident reconstruction video. There was testimony that weather conditions were similar to the day of the accident; that the *259 video was made traveling in the same direction as the appellee; and that the vehicle was traveling at the same speed at which the appellee was driving. Id. There was also testimony of the differences between the video and the actual accident. Id. The court held the discrepancies were adequately explained and went to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. Id. In the present case, the trial court viewed the video in question outside the presence of the jury. The trial court ultimately determined the video was substantially similar to the actual events and the discrepancies were either minor or they were explained to the jury. We have reviewed the differences between the video and the testimony concerning the actual occurrence. We find that most of those differences were explained by the examination and cross-examination of the expert witnesses. We find the video served the jurors to the extent it gave them an opportunity to see the scene of the collision. Further, we find that with the explanations provided to the jury, the dissimilarities did not create a prejudicial effect on the jury. This point of error is overruled. Findings as a Matter of Law Horn contends she was entitled to a verdict as a matter of law. To the extent these contentions are based on disputed facts that are discussed under the next point, relief under this point is denied. A portion of this argument is based on negligent entrustment, including Ventura not having a driver’s license, not being trained to drive the truck involved in the collision, the keys being left in the truck, and the failure to inform Hefner’s officers and director Ventura was not to be allowed to drive the Hefner construction truck. The allegation cannot be a basis for causation unless there was a finding that these alleged acts of negligence or Ventura’s negligence caused the collision and damages. Verdict Against Great Weight and Preponderance of the Evidence Horn contends the jury’s verdict was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Courts of appeals are to weigh all the evidence in a case to determine if the verdict is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629 (Tex.1986). Central to our system of justice is reliance on the fact-finder to resolve disputed issues of fact. Jaffe Aircraft Corp. v. Carr, 867 S.W.2d 27, 28 (Tex.1993). This usually means a jury will be entrusted -with the vital responsibility to act as “the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. (citing Tex.R. Civ. P. 226a(III)). This court may review the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury’s finding to prevent a manifestly unjust result, but we cannot set aside such a finding merely because we would have reached a different and more reasonable result had we been jurors. Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 634. Factual sufficiency review must be as fair to a defendant challenging an appellate reversal of a negative jury finding as it is to a plaintiff who challenges appellate reversal of an affirmative jury finding. Cropper v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 754 S.W.2d 646, 649-53 (Tex.1988). Horn had the burden to establish that Hefner was negligent by a preponderance of the evidence. Horn raised evidence to establish negligence, but this evidence was controverted by Hefner’s expert. Horn testified that she saw the Hefner truck *260 already backed into the roadway when she reached the top of the hill she was traveling on Jefferson Street and that she immediately applied the brakes and tried to stop. She further testified Ventura was backing the truck and straddled the lane in which Horn was driving. She also testified there was no indication Ventura applied the brakes or was moving forward at the time of the accident. The investigating officer, Sue Presley, did not testify, but her report was entered into evidence. Officer Presley concluded Ventura caused the collision by backing without safety and failing to yield the right-of-way when backing from a private drive. Because Officer Presley did not testify, there is no direct showing of the basis of her conclusion. There is no indication she saw the vehicles before the collision or during the collision. She observed the vehicles’ locations after the collision. She may have also talked to Ventura. Nothing in the record states what Ventura might have said to her. The police report was introduced into evidence without objection. -The jury had a right to believe or disbelieve Presley’s conclusions. John Painter, the expert for the defense, assumed Ventura stopped at the edge of the road and looked both ways before backing into the street. Painter based his conclusion on what he called the “instinct of preservation.” While this is a recognized principle of psychology, the law of torts does not assume everyone follows this practice. If such an assumption were made, it would be assumed people do not run stop signs or stop lights, do not speed, do not consume alcohol while driving, do not consume drugs that would be hazardous to the consumer’s health, and many other assumptions that the law recognizes frequently occur in human experiences. This is not a legal basis for us to determine Ventura did not yield the right-of- way. On the other hand, we recognize that a motorist has the right to assume an approaching motorist will abide by the traffic laws. See Whitehead v. Tobias, 7 S.W.3d 658, 663 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1999, op. on reh’g). However, there is no direct evidence as to whether Ventura stopped and looked both ways before entering the street. We cannot infer from the officer’s report Ventura made an admission against interest to that effect. Such an inference could have been made by the jury, but was not. Hefner raised the last clear chance doctrine in its brief. The Texas Supreme Court in French v. Grigsby, 571 S.W.2d 867 (Tex.1978), held that the doctrine of last clear chance or discovered peril was subsumed with the advent of comparative negligence in Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 2212(a) (repealed 1985). See B & B Auto Supply, Sand Pit, & Trucking Co. v. Central Freight Lines, Inc., 603 S.W.2d 814, 816 (Tex.1980); Davila v. Sanders, 557 S.W.2d 770 (Tex.1977); de Anda v. Blake, 562 S.W.2d 497 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1978, no writ). Much of the testimony concerning causation was brought to the jury in the form of the confrontation between the expert witnesses. Painter estimated Horn would have been able to see the Hefner truck anywhere from 310 to 318 feet. Painter estimated Horn had 6.8 seconds from the time she saw the vehicle until she struck the truck. Painter testified it would be ludicrous or highly improbable that Ventu-ra sat in the road for 6 seconds. Painter calculated it had taken Ventura 4 or 5 seconds to back up (or to back out of the driveway) after his last opportunity to check the crest of the hill, partially because he had to look in both directions, and before he began to move the vehicle, another 2 seconds were taken, and after Ventura reached the road, and came to a full stop so he could go forward, then he *261 had to initiate a gear change, which would take another 1 to 2 seconds. Based on that calculation, and the calculation of how long Horn had the Hefner truck in sight, Ventura would have already entered the road before Horn would have come into his view. This is in conflict with Horn’s expert, Andy Irwin. Irwin testified Ventura could have seen Horn before he entered the street. Horn testified the Hefner truck was still backing at the time of impact. However, Painter concluded that because of the distance the truck was knocked forward by the impact, the Hefner truck was either in neutral or forward gear — thus, Ventura could not have been going backward at the time the truck was struck. There was evidence on both sides of the issue from which the jury could have decided. The jury accepted the defense’s version of how the collision occurred and answered the jury questions accordingly. We cannot say this was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence so as to be manifestly unjust. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.