United States v. Cali

BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge. On June 1, 1995, defendant-appellant Philip Cali (“Cali”) pled guilty to count sixty-nine of a seventy-one count indictment charging him with operating an illegal gambling business in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1955, 2. Cali now appeals the fifteen-month sentence of imprisonment he received, contending that the district court enhanced the prison term mandated by the Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) because of the erroneous view that U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 permits a base offense level adjustment for mere management of assets or property. Cali also maintains that the district court’s alternative holding that upward departure was appropriate because his conduct fell outside section 3Bl.l’s heartland was clearly erroneous. We agree that mere management of assets is insufficient for a base offense level adjustment under section 3B1.1, but find that the district court’s alternative determination cures any defect in its holding. Accordingly, we affirm. Jurisdiction stems from 18 U.S.C. § 3742. I. THE FACTS We consider the facts as set forth in the unobjected-to portions of the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) and the transcript of the sentencing hearing. See, e.g., United States v. Peppe, 80 F.3d 19, 20 (1st Cir.1996); United States v. Grandmaison, 77 F.3d 555, 557 (1st Cir.1996). On October 15, 1993, Philip Cali was arrested pursuant to count sixty-nine of a seventy-one count indictment charging him with conducting, financing, managing, supervising, directing, and owning all or part of an illegal gambling business which involved five or more persons between October 1986 and December 1992. The result of an eight year Massachusetts State Police (“State Police”) investigation into large-scale racketeering conspiracies, the indictment named nine individuals, four of whom — Joseph Yerardi (“Yerardi”), William Maguire (“Maguire”), Anthony Grabiec Jr. (“Grabiec”), and Salvatore M. DeAngelis (“DeAngelis”) — -were charged in count sixty-nine with Cali. Cali, who is sixty-five and has a criminal history which includes convictions for gambling-related activities, was not charged in any of the indictment’s other counts. During the course of their racketeering investigation, the State Police obtained authorization to intercept phone conversations over a cellular telephone utilized by Yerardi from June to August 1991. Their surveillance of the telephone revealed that Yerardi presided over extensive loansharking and gambling businesses. The gambling business, which operated under the auspices of Boston’s Winter Hill Gang and generated funds for Yerardi’s loansharking business, *574 included over twenty-five bookmaking agents, two principal offices, and had a gross daily revenue of $2,000.00. Though Yerardi headed the gambling enterprise, Maguire was its principal supervisor and the individual responsible for collecting money owed to the organization and paying out money owed to agents and bettors. Transcripts of numerous calls between Yerardi and Cali intercepted by the State Police revealed that Cali and DeAngelis played the same role in the gambling enterprise, though they operated out of different locations. Yerardi stationed Cali, who frequently placed bets with the business and was often one of its debtors, at one of the business’s principal bookmaking offices to receive calls from the various agents. The agents, who identified themselves by code only and received a percentage of the business’s profits as compensation, communicated information about sporting event bets to Cali. After taking and recording that information, Cali transmitted it directly to Yerardi, with whom he was in daily telephone contact. The majority of the calls intercepted by the State Police were made by Yerardi to Cali at the bookmaking office. Cali often reviewed betting results with and reported agents’ makeup figures — those monies that have to be worked off before any money can be paid out — to Yerardi during these telephone conversations. He also assisted in charting bets for the gambling business. Charting involves tracking daily bets made by agents and monitoring the business’s projected risk of loss on individual sporting events. Though Cali answered directly to Yerardi and was responsible for completing charting analyses, there is no evidence that he received a percentage of the business’s profit or played any role in setting policy regarding odds or bet placement. On June 1,1995, Cali pled guilty to participating in the operation of an illegal gambling business. The district court scheduled a sentencing hearing and prior thereto received a PSI from the Probation Department. The PSI prepared by the Probation Department, to which both the government and Cali registered objections, recommended a total adjusted guideline offense level of ten. This recommendation reflects a two level decrease in the base offense for acceptance of responsibility. See U.S.S.G. §§ 2E3.1(a); 3E1.1. The PSI concluded, based on the information provided by the government and the defendant’s description of his duties that an adjustment for role in the offense would not be warranted. The Probation Department assigned Cali three criminal history points for prior gambling convictions and, as a result, placed him in Criminal History Category II. The district court, however, later found that the Probation Department had erroneously assigned Cali criminal history points for offenses committed while working for Yerardi and identified the appropriate criminal history category as I. Placement in Criminal History Category I, at a total adjusted offense level of ten, results in a sentencing range of six to twelve months. II. THE SENTENCING HEARING At the sentencing hearing, Cali requested a downward departure on the grounds that both he and his wife suffered, inter alia, from serious heart conditions and largely supported themselves on Social Security income benefits that would be unavailable to them for any period that Cali was incarcerated. The government disputed the contention that Cali was entitled to departure on this basis and objected to the two-point adjustment for acceptance of responsibility recommended by the Probation Department. Additionally, the government objected to the PSI’s failure to add four levels under section 3Bl.l(a) for supervisory role, arguing that an enhancement was warranted because Cali managed people and assets within that guideline’s meaning. The government also argued that the Criminal History Category I assignment Cali received did not adequately reflect the seriousness of his past criminal history. The district court denied the objections and requests made by both Cali and the government. It refused Cali’s request for a health-related departure, concluding that the factors cited by the defense did not, “separately or together, justify departure.” It *575 also rejected the government’s objection to the two-point adjustment for acceptance of responsibility recommended by the PSI. Finally, the court found that the severity of Cali’s criminal history was not underrepresented by the amended criminal history calculation and denied the government’s request for a four-level adjustment under section 3Bl.l(a). Nevertheless, the court found that Cali’s role in Yerardi’s gambling enterprise warranted some enhancement in his sentence and concluded, over Cali’s objection, that a three level increase in the offense level was appropriate. It found that section 3B 1.1(b) and Application Note 2’s role in the offense provisions permitted him to make a direct adjustment to Cali’s base offense level, but added that, should this Court determine that section 3B1.1 does not permit such an adjustment, it would employ an upward departure, under United States v. Rivera, 994 F.2d 942 (1st Cir.1993), to impose a sentence outside the range prescribed by the Guidelines to reach the same final sentence. Either calculus results in a total adjusted offense level of thirteen, which corresponds to a sentencing range of twelve to eighteen months. Accordingly, the court sentenced Cali to a fifteen-month term of imprisonment and two years of supervised release. It assessed Cali $50.00, as required by statute, and imposed a fine of $3,000.00, without interest. In light of Cali’s medical problems, the court also made a recommendation that Cali be placed in a facility, as close to Massachusetts as possible, where adequate medical treatment would be available to him. III. STANDARD OF REVIEW Appellate review of a district court’s application of the Guidelines is a two-part process. United States v. Joyce, 70 F.3d 679, 681 (1st Cir.1995), cert. denied,U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1556, 134 L.Ed.2d 657 (1996). We first determine the applicability of the guideline to a particular case de novo. United States v. McCarthy, 77 F.3d 522, 535 (1st Cir.1996); United States v. St. Cyr, 977 F.2d 698, 701 (1st Cir.1992). After determining the guideline’s scope and meaning, we review the district court’s factual determinations for clear error, “giv[ing] due deference to the district court’s application of the guidelines to the facts.” Joyce, 70 F.3d at 681; see also Koon v. United States, - U.S. -,-, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 2043, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996); McCarthy, 77 F.3d at 535; St. Cyr, 977 F.2d at 701. Because “[t]he determination of a defendant’s role in an offense is fact-specific,” Joyce, 70 F.3d at 682, we will only disturb the district court’s findings regarding Cali’s role in Yerardi’s gambling enterprise if they are clearly erroneous or based on a mistake of law. See United States v. Frankhauser, 80 F.3d 641, 653 (1st Cir.1996); United States v. Rostoff, 53 F.3d 398, 413 (1st Cir.1995); United States v. Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d 105, 110-11 (1st Cir.1995). IV. DISCUSSION The small, but nevertheless real, difference between a twelve and fifteen month prison term is ultimately what is at stake in this appeal. Cali contends that he is entitled to a reduction in his fifteen-month sentence because twelve months is the maximum prison term he should have received under the Guidelines. In support of this, he maintains that the district court erroneously concluded that section 3B 1.1(b) permits a base offense level enhancement in the absence of a finding that a defendant organized, lead, managed, or supervised one or more participants in an illegal enterprise involving five or more participants. Additionally, Cali argues that the court’s alternative holding — that an upward departure was appropriate in the event section 3B1.1 precluded adjustment — was clearly erroneous because his conduct falls squarely within the heartland of 18 U.S.C. § 1955 offenses. We begin by reviewing the claim that, absent a finding that a defendant managed individuals, U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) precludes an enhancement in the base offense level and discuss the requirements for a § 3B1.1 upward departure thereafter. *576 U.S.S.G. § 3B 1.1(b) Role in the Offense Adjustments U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 punishes defendants in large-scale criminal enterprises according to their relative responsibility, meting out the most severe sentences to individuals who hold leadership or management positions. Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 111; United States v. Fones, 51 F.3d 663, 665 (7th Cir.1995); United States v. Parmelee, 42 F.3d 387, 395 (7th Cir.1994), ce rt. denied sub nom. Brozek-Lukaszuk, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 63, 133 L.Ed.2d 25 (1995). The district court used this guideline to elevate Cali’s sentence on the theory that section 3Bl.l(b) permits an enhancement in a defendant’s base offense level for both management of individuals and assets. Cali assigns error, contending that an enhancement in base offense level can only be based on a finding that the defendant managed other individuals. The government concedes this point, but maintains that Cali’s argument is moot because the district court found that Cali’s responsibilities in Yerardi’s gambling business included managing individuals, as well as assets. To make sense of these positions, we briefly review section 3B1.1 and its history. Section 3B1.1 provides: Based on the defendant’s role in the offense, increase the offense level as follows: (a) If the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive, increase by 4 levels. (b) If the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels. (c) If the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity other than described in (a) or (b), increase by 2 levels. Prior to 1993, courts were split as to whether a finding that a criminal-enterprise defendant managed individuals was a prerequisite to a section 3B1.1 base offense level adjustment. See United States v. McFarlane, 64 F.3d 1235, 1237 (8th Cir.1995). This Circuit took the view that “the defendant must have exercised some degree of control over others involved in the commission of the offense or ... must have been responsible for organizing others for the purpose of carrying out the crime.” United States v. Fuller, 897 F.2d 1217, 1220 (1st Cir.1990); see also United States v. Fuentes, 954 F.2d 151, 153 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 977, 112 S.Ct. 2950, 119 L.Ed.2d 573 (1992); United States v. Mares-Molina, 913 F.2d 770, 773 (9th Cir.1990). Other courts concluded that “a defendant who did not supervise people [could] be considered a manager or supervisor within the meaning of § 3B1.1(b).” United States v. Chambers, 985 F.2d 1263, 1267 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 834, 114 S.Ct. 107, 126 L.Ed.2d 73 (1993); see also United States v. Grady, 972 F.2d 889 (8th Cir.1992). On November 1, 1993, the Sentencing Commission (“Commission”) weighed into this debate by issuing Amendment 500, which amended section 3B1.1 to include Application Note 2. That application note provides: To qualify for an adjustment under this section, defendant must have been the organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of one or more other participants. An upward departure may be warranted, however, in the case of a defendant who did not organize, lead, manage, or supervise another participant, but who nevertheless exercised management responsibility over the property, assets, or activities of a criminal organization. Thus, Amendment 500 offered something to courts on both sides of the section 3B1.1 debate. It made it clear, in accord with the position we embraced in Fuller, 897 F.2d at 1220, that section 3B1.1 adjustments are unavailable unless the record shows that the defendant managed one or more individuals, but also states that a finding that a defendant managed assets instead of individuals could be a basis for upward departure. Ironically, this attempt to define section 3Bl.l’s contours and operation created the dispute which lies at the heart of this appeal. Application Note 2 explains that section 3B1.1 adjustments and departures require *577 different factual findings, but does not clarify how, if at all, these devices differ in terms of the sentencing calculation they mandate. At the sentencing hearing, Cali argued that section 3B1.1 adjustments involve enhancements in the base offense level, whereas section 3B1.1 departures involve enhancements in the total adjusted offense level and must adhere to the framework for Guidelines departures established by this Circuit in Rivera, 994 F.2d at 942. The district court agreed that section 3B1.1 adjustments effectuate increases in a defendant’s base offense level. See, e.g., United States v. Capers, 61 F.3d 1100, 1109 (4th Cir.1995), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1830, 134 L.Ed.2d 935 (1996); Fones, 51 F.3d at 669-70; McFarlane, 64 F.3d at 1239-40. It was not persuaded, however, that the Commission intended to limit section 3B1.1 departures to changes in the total adjusted offense level: THE COURT: My primary view of the matter ... is that the appropriate way to read these guidelines is that that word “departure” in Application Note 2 was not being used in the technical sense of a kind of departure that is controlled by Rivera, by the decision-making structure controlled by Rivera. Instead it’s talking about a calculation of the total offense level. The court reasoned that had the Commission intended the term “departure” to have the same meaning in the role in the offense context as it does elsewhere in the Guidelines, it would have discussed role in the offense departures in Chapter 5, Part K, of the Guidelines, which is explicitly devoted to departures, and not in Chapter 3, Part B, which primarily deals with base offense level adjustments. See U.S.S.G. Chap. 3, Part B, Introductory Commentary (“This part provides adjustments to the offense level based upon the role the defendant played in committing the offense.”). The district court, therefore, held that both section 3B1.1 adjustments and departures affect base offense level.- This was error. We cannot agree, given the circumstances surrounding the Commission’s promulgation of Application Note 2, that the sentence-calculation difference between section 3B1.1 adjustments and departures “is ... inconsequential.” See McFarlane, 64 F.3d at 1239. Simply because role-in-the-offense departures are discussed in Chapter 3, Part B, instead of Chapter 5, Part K, is not persuasive evidence of an intent to treat section 3B1.1 adjustments and departures the same for sentence calculation purposes. See Rivera, 994 F.2d at 948 (“Specific individual guidelines may also encourage departures.”). The language of Application Note 2 persuades us that the two devices are, in fact, different: section 3B1.1 adjustments are mandatory and subject to the tripartite test set out by that guideline, whereas departures made pursuant to that guideline are discretionary. As the Eighth Circuit explained in United States v. McFarlane, 64 F.3d 1235, 1239 (8th Cir.1995): If the sentencing court concludes that a defendant has managed or supervised one or more participants in a criminal enterprise involving five or more total participants, an adjustment is mandated — -the court must enhance the defendant’s sentence by three levels. If, on the other hand, the sentencing court concludes that the defendant has merely exercised a managerial role over the property, assets, or activities of a criminal enterprise involving five or more participants, the court is possessed of a certain degree of discretion regarding the enhancement of the defendant’s sentence — “[a]n upward departure may be warranted.” We hold that section 3Bl.l(b) and Application Note 2 preclude “management responsibility over property, assets, or activities as the basis” for an enhancement to a defendant’s base offense level. See United States v. Greenfield, 44 F.3d 1141, 1146 (2d Cir.1995). Because the government contends that the factual predicate for a section 3Bl.l(b) adjustment exists in this case, we do not immediately decide the question of whether section 3B1.1 departures must be analyzed under the Rivera framework. Instead, we focus on whether the district court found that Cali managed one or more individuals in a criminal enterprise involving five or more participants and, if so, whether that *578 finding was clearly erroneous. See Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 110. Section 3Bl.l(b) only applies where the record shows that a defendant operated as a “manager or supervisor and the criminal activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). Though the Guidelines provide a list of seven factors — which is neither exhaustive nor imbued with “talismanic significance” — to assist courts in determining whether a defendant acted as a leader or organizer within the meaning of section 3Bl.l(a), United States v. Talladino, 38 F.3d 1255, 1260 (1st Cir.1994); see also Joyce, 70 F.3d at 683; Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 111; U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, Application Note 4, they do not define “[t]he terms ‘manager’ and ‘supervisor’.” Joyce, 70 F.3d at 682. In the past, we have required some “degree of control or organizational authority over others” to support a section 3Bl.l(b) adjustment. Fuller, 897 F.2d at 1220. Immediate or direct control over subordinates or partners, while certainly an important factor to consider, is not, however, a prerequisite to finding a defen dant deserving of added culpability or punishment. See Frankhauser, 80 F.3d at 654; Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 112; United States v. Payne, 63 F.3d 1200, 1212 (2d Cir.1995), ce rt. denied, - U.S.-, 116 S.Ct. 1056, 134 L.Ed.2d 201 (1996); Greenfield, 44 F.3d at 1146-47. “Managerial status [generally] attaches] if there is evidence that a defendant, in committing the crime, exercised control over, or was otherwise responsible for overseeing the activities of, at least one other person.” United States v. Savoie, 985 F.2d 612, 616 (1st Cir.1993); see also United States v. Munoz, 36 F.3d 1229, 1240 (1st Cir.1994), cert. denied sub nom. Martinez v. United States, - U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1164, 130 L.Ed.2d 1120 (1995); see also United States v. Webster, 54 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.1995); United States v. Castellone, 985 F.2d 21, 26 (1st Cir.1993). The government contends that the court clearly found that Cali served as a manager or supervisor in the gambling enterprise and that this finding was adequately supported by the transcripts of the conversations between Yerardi and Cali intercepted by the State Police, Cali’s acceptance of responsibility statement, and affidavits provided by State Trooper Tutungian. See Joyce, 70 F.3d at 682 (government must prove role in the offense by a preponderance of the evidence and may do so by relying on circumstantial evidence). Our review of the record, however, reveals that the court’s findings on this issue were less than clear: there is a discrepancy between the findings the district court made from the bench at Cali’s sentencing healing and those it offered in its subsequent written judgment. Transcripts of the sentencing hearing suggest that the court did conclude that Cali managed people and assets for Yerardi’s gambling business: THE COURT: I find that the defendant’s role was more than simply that of record keeper. He was that, as described in one part of the testimony that’s been referred to as the trial of the Grabiec case, but that was not the limit of his participation. And it is my finding that he was also coordinating the efforts of others and the reports of others and putting that together and advising Yerardi about managerial decisions in the operation of this ongoing enterprise over a substantial length of time. Those findings, in my view, under an appropriate interpretation of the guidelines support a three-point upward adjustment in the calculation of the total offense level so as to raise that total offense level by three points from the way it was calculated by the presentence investigation report and thus move it up to 13. But the written judgment summarizing the court’s findings and decisions regarding the adjustments and departures requested by the government and Cali does not cite management or supervision of individuals as part of Cali’s offense. It omits the reference to individuals and refers only to Cali’s alleged management of assets: Government objection to failure of PSI to add four levels under § 3Bl.l(a) for alleged supervisory role is rejected, but I find (over defendant’s objection) that an upward adjustment of 3 levels is appropriate under § 3Bl.l(b) and Application Note 2, because the defendant exercised a de *579 gree of management responsibility over property and assets, under the direction of the principal organizer and leader. The government invites us to ignore this discrepancy and to focus instead on the district court’s oral explanation of its sentencing decisionmaking. Ordinarily, we would accept such an invitation. “Where ... [a] district court’s oral expression of its sentencing rationale varies materially from its subsequent written expression of that rationale, appellate courts have tended to honor the former at the expense of the latter.” United States v. Muniz, 49 F.3d 36, 42 n. 5 (1st Cir.1995); see also United States v. Tramp, 30 F.3d 1035, 1037 (8th Cir.1994); United States v. Hicks, 997 F.2d 594, 597 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Roberts, 933 F.2d 517, 519 n. 1 (7th Cir.1991)(citing cases); United States v. Khoury, 901 F.2d 975, 977 (11th Cir.1990). We decline, however, to do so in this instance. Because the written judgment and the district court’s alternative holding — that Cali’s management of assets warranted an upward departure from the sentence prescribed under the Guidelines — both focus on management of assets and do not mention management of individuals at all, we think it would be imprudent to adhere to the oral pronouncement made in this case. Furthermore, the need to resolve the conflict in the district court’s 3B1.1 decisions by remanding for clarification or to decide whether the record could even support a finding that Cali managed individuals — an issue about which we have considerable doubt — is obviated by the existence of the secondary holding. It provides an alternative basis for upholding the fifteen-month sentence Cali received. We do not decide whether a sufficient factual predicate existed to find that the defendant was a manager of other individuals within the meaning of section 3B1.1. We proceed, instead, to a discussion of the district court’s upward departure holding. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(b) Role in the Offense Departures As an alternative to its upward adjustment holding, the district court held that the asset management Cali conducted during his involvement in Yerardi’s gambling business justified a three-level upward departure, under section 3Bl.l(b), to impose a sentence corresponding to a total adjusted offense level of thirteen. The district court found that Cali operated as more than a bookie or mere record keeper and that the threats of violence which marked Yerardi’s gambling and loansharking businesses took Cali’s conduct outside the heartland of other section 3Bl.l(b) offenses. Cali assigns error. He argues, first, that the facts of his case do not support a conclusion that he managed assets and, second, that the record, to the extent it reflects asset management at all, does not suggest that his conduct falls outside the heartland of section 3Bl.l(b) offenses. See Rivera, 994 F.2d at 947. The government contends that Rivera’s heartland analysis does not apply and urges us to accept the district court’s findings of fact. Before addressing these arguments, we discuss the rules pertaining to departures from sentences prescribed by the Guidelines. Prior to the Court’s recent decision in Koon v. United States, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 135 L.Ed.2d 392 (1996), appellate courts were expected to engage in a three-part departure analysis. See United States v. Campbell, 61 F.3d 976, 984 (1st Cir.1995), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 1556, 134 L.Ed.2d 657 (1996); Rostoff, 53 F.3d at 404; United States v. Jackson, 30 F.3d 199, 202 (1st Cir.1994). We first conducted plenary review of whether the circumstances of the case were, in principle, of a kind that the Guidelines permitted the district court to consider, “with ‘full awareness of, and respect for the trier’s superior “feel” for the case’.... ” Rivera, 994 F.2d at 951-52 (quoting United States v. Diaz-Villafane, 874 F.2d 43, 50 (1st Cir.1989)); see also United States v. Bennett, 60 F.3d 902, 904 (1st Cir.1995); United States v. Pelkey, 29 F.3d 11, 14 (1st Cir.1994). We then reviewed the district court’s departure-related findings of fact for clear error. Pelkey, 29 F.3d at 14. Finally, we assessed the reasonableness of the departure taken. Id. Koon effectively merges the first and second stages of our departure analysis *580 into one, and instructs that our review of the legal conclusions and factual determinations underlying the district court’s departure decision be conducted under a unitary abuse-of-discretion standard. See Koon, - U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 2044. “That a departure decision, in an occasional case, may call for a legal determination does not mean, as a consequence, that parts of the review must be labeled de novo while other parts are labeled an abuse of discretion.” Id. at - U.S. at ---, 116 S.Ct. at 2044-45. Thus, the analysis we must conduct in evaluating departure decisions entails reviewing, under an abuse of discretion standard, the district court’s determination that the case presents features that make it sufficiently unusual to take it out of the applicable guideline’s heartland. See id. at - U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 2046. Abuse of discretion review necessarily “includes review to determine that the [district court’s exercise of] discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.” Id. at - U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 2045. Additionally, our analysis, like our pre-Koon review process, requires us to assess the reasonableness of the departure taken. Decisions to depart from sentences prescribed by the Guidelines are generally only permitted in cases in which unusual or atypical circumstances justify individualizing a sentence more than the relatively narrow strictures that the Guidelines permit. United States v. Calderon, 935 F.2d 9, 11 (1st Cir.1991); see also Koon, - U.S. at -, -, 116 S.Ct. at 2043, 2051 U.S.C. § 3553(b). In general, departure decisions fall into one of three categories: forbidden, discouraged, and encouraged. Grandmaison, 77 F.3d at 560. “Forbidden departures are those based, inter alia, on race, sex, national origin, creed, religion, or socioeconomic status.” Id.; Rivera, 994 F.2d at 948-49; U.S.S.G. §§ 5H1.10, 5H1.12. “The Sentencing Commission ... has expressly precluded departure on these grounds, even where they make a case atypical or extraordinary.” Grandmaison, 77 F.3d at 560. “Discouraged departures involve factors which were considered by the Commission — such as age, family ties and responsibilities, employment record, good works, or physical condition — but which present themselves to an extraordinary degree in a particular ease.” Id. “Encouraged departures, in contrast, involve considerations not previously taken into account by the Commission.” Id. The departure analysis “varies depending on the category in which the feature [or activity] justifying departure falls.” United States v. DeMasi, 40 F.3d 1306, 1323 (1st Cir.1994), cert. denied sub nom. Bonasia v. United States, - U.S.-, 115 S.Ct. 947, 130 L.Ed.2d 890 (1995). Cali maintains that the starting point for our review of the district court’s departure decision must be an inquiry into whether his conduct was more egregious than that of other section 3Bl.l(b) offenders. The government disputes this and contends that such an investigation is unnecessary in the role-in-the-offense context because section 3B 1.1(b) departures are encouraged. We agree with the government. Section 3B1.1 departures are clearly encouraged by the Commission. The language of Application Note 2 — that “upward departure may be warranted ... in the case of a defendant who ... exercised management responsibility over the property, assets, or activities of a criminal organization” — endorses management of assets as a permissible basis for upward departure. This endorsement and our determination that section 3B1.1 does not incorporate asset management as a sentencing factor lead us to the conclusion that the district court was authorized to depart without first engaging in the analysis Cali urges. Where the Commission has explicitly identified certain activities or conduct as a factor not adequately taken into account in its formulation of a particular guideline and that guideline does not incorporate that factor at all, we can be confident that the departure undertaken was not unreasonable. See Koon, - U.S. at -, 116 S.Ct. at 2043; Rivera, 994 F.2d at 948; see also United States v. Diaz-Martinez, 71 F.3d 946, 952-53 (1st Cir.1995)(reviewing encouraged U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 upward departure); Rostoff, 53 F.3d at 406 (review *581 ing encouraged U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1 downward departure); United States v. Quinones, 26 F.3d 213, 218 (1st Cir.l994)(reviewing encouraged U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8 upward departure). Resort to the “heartland” analysis generally reserved for discouraged departures is, therefore, unnecessary. See Koon, - U.S. at-, 116 S.Ct. at 2043; McFarlane, 64 F.3d at 1240; United States v. Mendez-Colon, 15 F.3d 188, 190-91 (1st Cir.1994)(Breyer, C.J.); compare DeMasi, 40 F.3d at 1323 (describing process for comparing eases involving discouraged reasons for departure). Management of a large-scale criminal enterprise’s assets is conduct which, under Application Note 2 to section 3B1.1 and hence as a matter of law, places a defendant outside the heartland of offenses by individuals who participate in large-scale criminal enterprises but who do not manage assets. See Rivera, 994 F.2d at 948. Having concluded that the relevant circumstances of Cali’s ease constitute an encouraged basis for departure under the Guidelines, we proceed to the next stage in our analysis. Cali asserts that the district court erroneously found that he managed gambling assets. While Cali paints a persuasive picture of his role in Yerardi’s gambling business, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion. “[W]hen there are two plausible views of the record, the sentencing court’s adoption of one such view cannot be clearly erroneous.” St. Cyr, 977 F.2d at 706; see also Munoz, 36 F.3d at 1240; United States v. Brewster, 1 F.3d 51, 55 (1st Cir.1993); Savoie, 985 F.2d at 616. The government presented evidence which was a solid basis for the district court to conclude that Cali managed assets and was more than a mere “bookie” or “telephone operator” in Yerardi’s business. The record reveals that the information Cali recorded and analyzed was an asset or possession of great value to the gambling enterprise. See Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 131 (1994). It also shows that Cali fielded calls from and placed bets for various agents, as a bookie might do, but also directly reviewed betting and makeup figures with the individual who presided over the gambling enterprise, Yerardi, and participated in “charting” — i.e., assessing the organization’s risk of loss. Compare Parmelee, 42 F.3d at 395 (control of plane inherent in role of pilot for criminal enterprise). Though Yerardi seems to have made the decisions about when and whom to chart, the record suggests that the responsibility for keeping the organization’s records, calculating the business’s risk of loss on particular events, and assisting Yerardi in assessing the organization’s overall financial health primarily rested with Cali and his counterpart, DeAngelis. The transcripts of calls intercepted by the State Police, in particular, suggest that Cali exercised discretion or control over the organization’s information and that Yerardi heavily relied on Cali’s expertise and special knowledge of the business’s operations. We, therefore, do not think the district court’s conclusion that Cali managed assets or enjoyed executive status within the gambling enterprise implausible. Nor do we think the extent of the departure taken by the district court unreasonable. Quinones, 26 F.3d at 219. The three-level upward departure taken from the sentence tabulated under the Guidelines represents a three-month increase in the maximum sentence Cali could have received and an even smaller increase in the actual time Cali will serve in prison. Because of this, the reasons given for the upward departure, and the deference due the special feel the district court developed for this case in presiding over the legal proceedings for Cali’s co-conspirators, we find that the upward departure the district court imposed was reasonable. See Rostoff, 53 F.3d at 409 (judgment call for decision regarding extent of departure is ultimately the district court’s). Y. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Cali’s fifteen-month sentence of imprisonment is affirmed.