Commonwealth v. Massod

Spalding, J. These are two criminal complaints brought in a District Court. The first charged the defendant with being a person found or present in a room “with apparatus . . . for registering bets” upon horse races, and that “ [he] did register such bets” (Gr. L. c. 271, § 17); the second charged the defendant with use of a “telephone for the purpose of accepting wagers or bets” on horse races. Upon appeal the defendant was found guilty on both complaints. The defendant’s exceptions relate to the admission of evidence, to the denial of motions for directed verdicts, to the denial of a motion for acquittal on the first complaint, and to the judge’s refusal to give certain of the defendant’s requests for instructions. *747 We summarize the pertinent evidence as follows: On March 5, 1963, the Brockton police, pursuant to a search warrant, entered the second floor of No. 26 Centre Street, Brockton, and found the defendant and eight other persons. There was a front room in which was located a radiator (under which was found an Armstrong racing form 1 ) and a back room, in which was found a pay telephone with a twenty foot cord. In front of the telephone were two damp slates, chalk and damp cloths. Other slates, cards and money were also found. A police officer, who qualified as an expert on the registering of bets on horses, testified that the Armstrong form, slates, chalk, damp cloths, and telephone could be used in the making of bets, and that the long telephone cord permitted a person to receive calls in the front room instead of the rear room. The officers remained on the premises about an hour and a half, and during that time the telephone rang eleven times. The police talked with each caller, and several of the conversations were introduced in evidence. The defendant was present during each call. The substance of these calls was as follows: One caller asked for “Brockton Eddie.” When asked what he wanted, he said, “5-5-0 on Now Do It in the 7th at Lincoln.” One caller asked for “Brockton Eddie” and then hung up. Another call was transferred to the defendant who said, “I can’t talk to you now. The cops are here. I’ll see you later.” Later a call was transferred to the defendant who said, “ [T]he police are here, I can’t talk, I’ll see you later.” A police officer, when asked by one caller if he was “Brockton Eddie,” replied that he was. The caller said, “You are like hell,” and hung up. Still another when told by a police officer that he was “Brockton Eddie” replied, “No it isn’t — stop horsing around and put Eddie on. I got some bets to put in. ’ ’ In response to questions the defendant told the police officers that he was in sole charge of the premises that day, *748 that he paid the telephone bills, and that he was “president of the Club.” 1. The telephone conversations summarized above were clearly admissible. The first complaint charged the defendant with two offences; (1) registering bets, and (2) being present in a room with apparatus for registering bets. In proving the latter charge the Commonwealth could show that the room where the defendant was “found” contained “apparatus” which was used, or intended to be used, for the registering of bets upon horse races. Commonwealth v. Jensky, 318 Mass. 350. As we said in that case with respect to the admissibility of similar evidence, “It was highly cogent first hand information as to the actual use of the telephone equipment.” P. 352. Moreover, the statements by the defendant asking the caller to see him later because of the presence of the police had the flavor of an admission and were admissible apart from the principle discussed in the J ensky case. 2. At the close of the Commonwealth’s case the district attorney informed the court that he was going to enter a nolle prosequi with respect to so much of the first complaint as charged the defendant with registering bets, and thereupon did so. This was done without the defendant’s consent. As a result of the nolle prosequi the complaint charged the defendant only with being found in a room with apparatus for registering bets. The defendant then presented a “motion for acquittal” with respect to the entire first complaint by reason of the fact that the nolle prosequi had been entered without his consent. This motion was denied subject to the defendant’s exception. There was no error. It is within the power of a district attorney to enter a nolle prosequi either as to an entire indictment or complaint or any count thereof, or any distinct and substantive part of it, so long as there remains a charge of an offence originally set forth. Commonwealth v. Tuck, 20 Pick. 356, 366. Commonwealth v. Dunster, 145 Mass. 101,102. Commonwealth v. Wakelin, 230 Mass. 567, 572. Concerning the *749 time when a nolle prosequi may be entered the court per Bugg, C.J., said in Commonwealth v. Dascalakis, 246 Mass. 12, 18-19, “Power to enter a nolle prosequi is absolute in the prosecuting officer from the return of the indictment up to the beginning of trial, except possibly in instances of scandalous abuse of the authority. . . . That power is limited, however, after a jury is empanelled. Then the defendant acquires a right to have that tribunal pass upon his guilt by verdict and thus secure a bar to another prosecution for the same offence. ... A nolle prosequi cannot be entered after the jury has been empanelled without the express or implied consent of the defendant. ... A nolle prosequi without the consent of the defendant after the trial has commenced and before verdict has the effect of acquittal. Com monwealth v. Hart, 149 Mass. 7.” In the Hart case it was said (p. 8), “The true rule would seem to be, that, after a trial has commenced, the Commonwealth’s attorney, though he has the power, has not the right, to terminate the prosecution without a verdict; and his refusal of record to further prosecute the indictment has the effect of and amounts to an acquittal of the defendant, unless it is done with his consent.” . In the light of these principles the judge did not err in denying the defendant’s motion for an acquittal on the first complaint. The nolle prosequi which was entered eliminated from the complaint a distinct and severable portion of it and left it with a charge of an offence originally set forth. It was not an amendment of the complaint. 2 This, as the authorities cited above make clear, the prosecutor could do. But where, as here, this was done without the defendant’s consent after the jury had been empanelled and before verdict, the nolle prosequi had the effect of an acquittal. When the nolle prosequi was entered the judge could have directed a verdict of not guilty as to so much of the complaint as charged the defendant with registering bets. *750 See Commonwealth v. Vanetzian, ante, 491, 493-494. But he could not properly have directed a verdict with respect to the remaining portion charging the defendant with being found in a room “with apparatus . . . for registering bets.” The defendant’s motion, which was directed to the entire complaint, asked for more than he was entitled to. The denial of this motion did not prejudice the defendant in any way. The case was submitted to the jury on that portion of the complaint still remaining, and as to that portion which was the subject of the nolle prosequi there was, in legal effect, an acquittal. This sufficiently protected the defendant, for in the event that he was subjected to another prosecution for that offence he could plead the former implied acquittal as a bar. See Commonwealth v. Dascalakis, 246 Mass. 12, 18-19. 3. The defendant’s motions for directed verdicts on both complaints were rightly denied. The evidence set forth-in the earlier part of this opinion clearly warranted a finding that the defendant was found in a room with “apparatus . . . for registering bets” in violation of GL L. c. 271, § 17, and used a telephone “for the purpose of accepting wagers or bets” in violation of c. 271, § 17A. 4. The judge did not err in refusing to grant the defendant’s fourth and fifth requests. 3 The charge is not before us and requests of this sort considered without reference to the charge as a whole are virtually meaningless. Moreover, the fourth request would have had no application to the first complaint where, as the judge observed, the proof was entirely by direct evidence. The judge refused the fifth request because he had “covered [it] in [the] charge by stating the law permitting the drawing of reasonable inferences from the direct testimony.” There is nothing in the bill of exceptions which would show that this statement of the judge was incorrect. Exceptions overruled. Footnotes [1] There was evidence that the Armstrong form “contained information of all horse races, jockeys, betting odds at all tracks in the United States that day.” [2] “The offence charged cannot be changed by an attempted nolle prosequi.” Commonwealth v. Dascalakis, 246 Mass. 12, 18. See, however, G. L. c. 277, § 35A, which permits a complaint or indictment to be amended as to matters of form but not.as to matters of substance. Commonwealth v. Snow, 269 Mass. 698, 604-610. Compare Commonwealth v. DiStasio, 294 Mass. 273, 277-279. [3] These requests are: “4. That whenever circumstantial evidence is relied upon to prove a fact, the circumstances must be proved and not themselves presumed. 5. Where the evidence is circumstantial, it must be such as ttf exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than that of guilt.' ’