Harlandale Independent School District v. Cornyn

JAN P. PATTERSON, Justice. This case involves the scope of the attorney-client privilege in the context of a request under the Texas Public Information Act. Harlandale Independent School District and its Board of Trustees (“Har-landale”) filed suit against the Attorney General seeking a declaratory judgment that a retained attorney’s investigative report of a campus police officer’s grievance is excepted from public disclosure. The district court denied Harlandale relief. We reverse the district court order and render judgment in favor of Harlandale. BACKGROUND On March 7, 1997, a female police officer employed by the Harlandale campus police department reported to Corporal Kenneth Hannah that she had been assaulted earlier that day by Sergeant Juan Villarreal. Harlandale Police Chief Ben Hart re *330 viewed the complaint and determined that there was no evidence of assault. On April 28, 1997, the female officer filed a formal grievance reurging her assault complaint and also alleging that Sergeant Villarreal had subjected her to sexual harassment. After an investigation, Har-landale concluded that while the evidence was not sufficient to substantiate all of the complainant’s allegations, there was sufficient evidence to support her claim that Villarreal had made inappropriate and demeaning comments to her in the workplace. Harlandale sent a letter of reprimand to Villarreal and placed a copy of the letter in his employment file. After receiving the reprimand letter, Villarreal filed a formal grievance with Harlandale contending that he had been unable to adequately defend himself from the complainant’s allegations because Har-landale had failed to provide him proper notice of the allegations and had limited his access to relevant information and witnesses. In an August 22, 1997 letter to Harlandale, Villarreal reiterated his prior complaints, made additional complaints about the Harlandale Board of Trustees, and stated that if any adverse action was taken against him as a result of his complaints, he would consider it retaliation by Harlandale. On September 12, 1997, Harlandale hired attorney Peggy Pou to review Villarreal’s complaints and to provide her legal analysis. The retention letter states: The Board of Trustees have determined that they would like for you to investigate all the allegations made by the author of the complaint. After the fact-finding has been completed, the Board of Trustees would like to receive your legal analysis of the matters investigated. This legal analysis would include the legal liabilities and consequences facing the School District and the Board of Trustees. Pou conducted interviews and prepared a report. On January 5,1998, a San Antonio Express-News reporter requested Pou’s report pursuant to the Public Information Act. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 552.001-.353 (West 1994 & Supp.2000). The initial request asked for “copies of any correspondence, letters, memos, including the final report from Peggy Pou on the investigation of police Sgt. Juan Villarreal’s grievance filed at Harlandale School District Aug. 22.” The reporter later narrowed the scope of the request to include only Pou’s written report and the exhibits attached to the report. On January 20, 1998, Harlandale requested an opinion from the Open Records division of the Attorney General’s office regarding whether Pou’s report was required to be disclosed to the newspaper reporter. In an informal letter opinion designated OR98-0930, the Attorney General ruled that extensive portions of the report are subject to disclosure because they consist of “factual information compiled by an attorney acting as an investigator.” 1 The Attorney General did not require Harlandale to disclose the portions of the report designated as Pou’s legal advice or opinions. 2 Harlandale filed suit for declaratory relief to challenge the Attorney General’s ruling. After a bench trial at which no testimony was received, the district court affirmed the Attorney General’s decision. In an eleven-page opinion, the district court rejected Harlandale’s contention that *331 the facts in Pou’s report should be excepted from disclosure because they are presented in connection with her legal opinions. The court concluded that the report is “in part a summary of Ms. Pou’s factual investigation and in part a legal opinion memorandum,” and that the factual and legal portions are, for the most part, distinct from each other. Harlandale appeals the district court order, arguing that Pou’s entire report is excepted from disclosure by sections 552.101, 552.103, and 552.107 of the Public Information Act. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 552.101, .103, .107 (West 1994 & Supp.2000). DISCUSSION Declaratory judgments are reviewed under the same standards as other judgments or decrees. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 37.010 (West 1997). Because the trial court did not make findings of fact and conclusions of law, 3 we presume the court found all fact questions in support of its judgment, and we must affirm the judgment on any valid legal theory finding support in the pleadings and evidence. See Point Lookout West, Inc. v. Whorton, 742 S.W.2d 277, 278 (Tex. 1987); In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716, 717 (Tex.1984). The Texas Public Information Act states, “[I]t is the policy of this state that each person is entitled, unless otherwise expressly provided by law, at all times to complete information about the affairs of government and the official acts of public officials and employees.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.001 (West 1994) (“the Act”). 4 The Act mandates a liberal construction to implement this policy and one that favors a request for information. See id.; see also City of Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (2000). Section 552.021 of the Act provides that “[p]ublie information is available to the public at a minimum during the normal business hours of the governmental body.” Id. § 552.021 (West Supp.2000). Upon a request for public information, a governmental body’s officer for public records must promptly produce the information for inspection or duplication, or both. See id. § 552.221. The Act provides specific categories of public information, including “a completed report, audit, evaluation, or investigation made of, for, or by a governmental body....” Id. § 552.022. But information is not subject to required disclosure if the Act specifically excepts it from required disclosure. See id. §§ 552.101~.123 (West 1994 & Supp.2000). An exception to the general availability of public information is found in section 552.101, which provides, “Information is excepted from the requirements of Section 552.021 if it is information considered to be confidential by law, either constitutional, statutory, or by judicial decision.” Id. § 552.101 (West 1994). Section 552.103 excepts from disclosure information “relating to litigation ... to which the state or a political subdivision is or may be a party or to which an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision, as a consequence of the person’s office or employment, is or may be a party” and that “the attorney general or the attorney of the political subdivision has determined should be withheld from public inspection.” Act of May 4, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 268, § 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 583, 600. Section 552.107(1) excepts from disclosure “information that the attorney general or an attorney of a political subdivision is prohibited from disclosing because of a duty to *332 the client under the Texas Rules of Civil Evidence, the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence, or the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct.” Id. § 552.107(1) (West Supp.2000). 5 In its first issue, Harlandale argues that Pou’s report in its entirety is subject to section 552.107(l)’s exception to disclosure because it is confidential under Rule 503 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Harlandale contends that the district court’s implied finding that Pou was functioning in a dual role as both an investigator and an attorney “is not legally and factually supported by the evidence.” The implied finding is significant because of its impact on the application of attorney-client privilege. The privilege protects from disclosure only those confidential communications between a client and his or her attorney “made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client_” Tex.R. Evid. 503(b)(1). 6 By shielding such communications from disclosure, the attorney-client privilege allows “unrestrained communication and contact between an attorney and client in all matters in which the attorney’s professional advice or services are sought, without fear that these confidential communications will be disclosed by the attorney, voluntarily or involuntarily, in any legal proceeding.” Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tex.1996) (citing West v. Solito, 563 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tex.1978)). 7 Attorney-client privilege therefore does not apply to communications between a client and an attorney where the attorney is employed in a non-legal capacity, for instance as an accountant, escrow agency, negotiator, or notary public. See, e.g., Clayton v. Canido, 223 S.W.2d 264, 266 (Tex.Civ.App. — Texarkana 1949, no writ); Pondrum v. Gray, 298 S.W. 409, 412 (Tex. Comm’n App.1927, holding approved). 8 The Attorney General responds to Harlan-dale’s first issue by asserting that because Pou was not acting as an attorney in furtherance of the rendition of professional legal services when she prepared the contested portions of her report, the disclosure exceptions of Government Code section 552.107(1) do not apply. Thus, we must examine the evidence concerning the capacity in which Pou acted while employed by Harlandale. In reviewing a “no evidence” challenge, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court judgment, indulging every reasonable inference in favor of the judgment. See Associated Indent. Corp. v. CAT Contracting, Inc., 964 S.W.2d 276, 285-86 (Tex.1994). We will uphold the implied finding if more than a scintilla of evidence supports it. See Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex.1995). The evidence supporting a finding amounts to more than a *333 scintilla if reasonable minds could arrive at the finding given the facts proved in the particular case. See id. In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, the reviewing court must examine the record to determine if there is some evidence to support the finding and if so whether, in light of the entire record, the finding is so contrary to the weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). Peggy Pou was contacted in September 1997 by Bob Ramirez, an attorney with a San Antonio law firm employed by Harlandale as general counsel. Ramirez informed Pou that she had been selected by. Harlandale to conduct an analysis of legal liability related to the circumstances described by Sergeant Villarreal in his August 22, 1997 letter. On September 12, 1997, Ramirez sent a letter to Pou to confirm her retention. The letter states that Pou will be compensated at an hourly rate of $160.00 and that she may employ two associates at hourly rates of $130.00 and $125.00, respectively. Furthermore, the letter requests that Pou investigate all of Villarreal's allegations and that, “after the fact-finding has been completed,” she deliver her legal analysis of the matters investigated, including “the legal liabilities and consequences facing the School District and the Board of Trustees.” In her deposition, Pou stated that she began her task by conducting a factual investigation of the events described in the letter. She stated, “I don’t think I’ve ever given a legal opinion without performing an investigation or collecting information because you can’t give a legal opinion in a vacuum.” Pou also related that when she interviewed witnesses during the investigation, she told them she was acting as Harlandale’s attorney. Harlandale superintendent Jack Jordan explained in his deposition that prior to the events involving Villarreal and the female officer, Harlandale had been involved in several whistleblower suits. Jordan stated that he perceived Villarreal’s August 22 letter as a clear threat of “whistle-blower type” litigation and that his first reaction to the letter was to contact Harlandale’s general counsel, Bob Ramirez. Jordan was present when the Harlandale Board of Trustees agreed to hire Pou, and he was informed at that time by both Ramirez and Pou that Pou would be representing Har-landale as an attorney. Bess Hart, chairman of the Harlandale Board of Trustees, stated in her deposition that the board asked general counsel Ramirez to recommend individuals to investigate Villarreal’s charges. Hart explained that the board considered both attorneys and private investigators before deciding to hire Pou. Board member Robert Castaneda, Jr. further explained that Pou was selected because the board felt “it was better to get an attorney because the attorney could investigate this and then give us opinions and advice as to what we should do to protect the District.” Castaneda also stated that although the board could have hired an investigator at a lesser cost, the board decided to employ Pou because it expected her investigation and subsequent legal analysis would be protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege. Having reviewed the totality of the circumstances surrounding Harlandale’s retention of Pou, we conclude that Harlan-dale proved as a matter of law that an exception to disclosure applies to Pou’s entire report and that the district court’s implied finding that Pou was acting in a dual role cannot stand. Harlandale’s retention of Pou closely resembles the retention of outside counsel by the West Virginia Attorney General’s Office in In re Allen, 106 F.3d 582, 600-05 (4th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1047, 118 S.Ct. 689, 139 L.Ed.2d 635 (1998). In that case, the West Virginia Attorney General hired an attorney named Barbara Allen to investigate possible document mismanagement and confidentiality breaches and to prepare a written report of her findings. See *334 id. at 589. A government “watchdog” organization sought disclosure of the communications, including the draft report, arguing that because Allen had acted as an investigator rather than an attorney, the communications at issue were not made for the purpose of securing legal services. See id. at 601. Relying on the seminal case of Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 101 S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981), 9 the Fourth Circuit rejected the watchdog organization’s argument, reasoning that an attorney’s investigation may constitute a legal service and thus may be encompassed by the privilege. See Allen, 106 F.3d at 601-03. The court declared that the relevant inquiry was not whether Allen was retained to conduct an investigation, but rather, whether the investigation was related to the rendition of legal services. See id. at 603. After examining the record, and in particular a retention letter sent by the Attorney General to Allen, 10 the court concluded that Allen was retained to conduct an investigation using her legal expertise; therefore, the court held that the attorney-client privilege protected all communications between Allen and the Attorney General’s office. See id. at 604. 11 Applying these principles to the complete record of this case, we conclude that Harlandale retained Pou to conduct an investigation in her capacity as an attorney. The retention letter sent to Pou by Harlandale is strikingly similar to the one received by Allen; both letters request the performance of an independent investigation followed by a legal analysis. Moreover, in each case witnesses involved in the hiring process testified that an attorney was retained to deliver a legal opinion based upon an investigation of relevant facts. Finally, both Allen’s report and Pou’s report evidence that then’ understanding of their clients’ legal concerns dictated the direction and focus of the interviews. In sum, although Pou performed an independent investigation and then detailed her findings in a discrete portion of her final report, the investigative fact-finding was not the ultimate purpose for which she was hired. Rather, the retention letter and deposition testimony reflect that Har-landale requested the preparation of the investigative report for the primary purpose of obtaining legal advice. 12 Harlan- *335 dale hired Pou rather than a non-attorney investigator because of her ability to provide this advice, as well as because of Harlandale’s expectation that attorney-client privilege would attach to her communications. We therefore conclude that Pou was retained to conduct an investigation in her capacity as an attorney for the purpose of providing legal services and advice. 13 *334 Thank you for meeting with us yesterday. Based upon our discussions, we would like to retain you as an independent consultant to investigate a situation of possible document mismanagement and confidentiality/security breaches. At the conclusion of your investigation we envision a written report including findings and recommendations. This is to confirm that we agreed upon an hourly rate of $125.00 for your services. The Fourth Circuit also relied upon the testimony of one of the two Managing Directors who signed the letter retaining Allen to conclude that Allen was retained to perform legal work. The Managing Director stated in a sworn affidavit that "there was and is no question in my mind that [Allen] was retained in her capacity as an attorney.” In re Allen, 106 F.3d at 605. *335 CONCLUSION Because we conclude that Pou functioned as an attorney throughout her employment with Harlandale, we hold that section 552.107(1) of the Public Information Act excepts from disclosure her entire report, not just the portions designated as her legal analysis and recommendations. 14 We recognize the legitimate concerns of the Act as well as those of the attorney-client privilege. In weighing these competing concerns, we need not surrender the fundamental protections afforded by the privilege to uphold the interests of the Act. Although Harlandale cannot therefore be compelled to furnish Pou’s report upon request, a requestor may seek the information included in the report from the same sources that were interviewed by Pou. See Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 396, 101 S.Ct. 677; Houston Chronicle Pub. Co. v. City of Houston, 531 S.W.2d 177, 187 (Tex. Civ.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1975, writ ref d n.r.e.). Here, the press has available effective means of finding out the details it seeks through interviews with the witnesses. We reverse the district court or *336 der and render judgment in favor of Har-landale. As our resolution of Harlandale’s first issue is dispositive of this appeal, we need not consider Harlandale’s other arguments. 15 Footnotes [1] Pou’s report is fifty pages long with fifty-eight attached exhibits. The Attorney General determined that, except for certain redactions marked in red, the following portions of the report are subject to disclosure: the cover page; table of contents; page 1-page 21, paragraph A; page 32, paragraph F-page 40; and tabs 1-9, 11, 13-25, 27, 32, 34, 37-42, 44-47, 50, and 51. [2] The portions of Pou's report determined by the Attorney General to be excepted from disclosure are page 21, paragraph B-page 32, paragraph E; page 40, paragraph G-page 50; and tabs 10, 12, 26, 28-31, 33, 35, 36, 43, 48, and 49. These portions of Pou’s report are not at issue in this appeal. [3] Two weeks after the district court issued its opinion and order, Harlandale timely requested written findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 296. The district court did not make the requested findings, and Harlandale failed to file a notice of past due findings of fact within thirty days after its original request. See id. 297. Harlandale therefore waived its request. See Las Vegas Pecan & Cattle Co. v. Zavala County, 682 S.W.2d 254, 255 (Tex.1984). [4] For convenience, all citations are to the current version of the Act unless otherwise indicated. [5] The Attorney General requests that this Court determine whether Pou’s report is excepted from disclosure solely under section 552.107(1) of the Public Information Act. [6] In discussing the parameters of attorney-client privilege, Wigmore provides, "(1) Where legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional legal adviser in his capacity as such, (3) the communications relating to that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by the client, (6) are at his instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by the legal adviser, (8) except the protection be waived.” 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 2292 (McNaughton rev. 1961). [7] See also Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981) (purpose of attorney-client privilege is to "encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice”). [8] See also Roy Robert Ray, The Law of Privilege in Texas, 12 Tex. L.Rev. 143, 147-48 (1935). See generally 1 Steven Goode, Olin Guy Wellborn III & M. Michael Sharlot, Guide to the Texas Rules of Evidence: Civil and Criminal § 503.3 (Texas Practice 2d ed.1993); 36 Tex. Jur.3d Evidence § 522 (1984); 81 Am.Jur.2d Witnesses § 368 (1992); 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 2296; 97 C.J.S. Witnesses § 280 (1957). [9] In Upjohn, a corporation general counsel conducted an investigation of "questionable payments” made by the corporation's subsidiaries to foreign government officials. See 449 U.S. at 386, 101 S.Ct. 677. Counsel sent questionnaires to managers and conducted interviews. See id. at 387, 101 S.Ct. 677. The supreme court held that the questionnaires and counsel’s notes from the interviews were protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege. See id. at 396, 101 S.Ct. 677. [10] The retention letter states: [11] See also United States v. Rowe, 96 F.3d 1294, 1297 (9th Cir.1996) (fact-finding that pertains to the rendition of legal advice qualifies as professional legal services); Dunn v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 927 F.2d 869, 875 (5th Cir.1991) (applying Mississippi law to hold that attorney-client privilege is not waived if attorney performs investigative tasks provided tasks are related to rendition of legal services); In re LTV Sec. Litig., 89 F.R.D. 595, 599-601 (N.D.Tex.1981) (same with regard to Texas law). [12] See Upjohn, 449 U.S. at 390-91, 101 S.Ct. 677 ("the first step in the resolution of any *335 legal problem is ascertaining the factual background and sifting through the facts with an eye to the legally relevant.”). Accord Pittsburgh Coming Corp. v. Caldwell, 861 S.W.2d 423, 425 (Tex.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no writ) ("It is inconceivable that an attorney could give sound legal advice on a client’s case if he or she did not include an application of the law or opinion to the specific facts of the case.”); Keene Corp. v. Caldwell, 840 S.W.2d 715, 719 (Tex.App. — Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ). [15] We note that in its appellate brief, the Attorney General agreed "[flor purposes of this lawsuit only” that if this Court concluded that the district court’s implied finding that Pou was at some point not acting as an attorney was erroneous, the entire report would be protected by Government Code section 552.107(1). [13] The Attorney General argues that In re Texas Farmers Insurance Exchange, 990 S.W.2d 337, 340-41 (Tex.App.. — Texarkana 1999, pet. denied), in which the Texarkana court of appeals held that the trial court had not abused its discretion in determining that an attorney hired by an insurance company to conduct witness interviews was acting as an investigator and not as an attorney, is legally and factually similar to the present controversy. We disagree. There was conflicting evidence in Farmers concerning the scope of the attorney's responsibilities. In a motion to quash, the insurance company asserted that the attorney's "sole responsibility” had been to take an Examination Under Oath. See id. at 341. A letter from the insurance company to the attorney, however, asks the attorney to "schedule an Examination Under Oath at your earliest convenience, and provide [Farmers] with your recommendation and summary of the statement.” Id. (Emphasis added.) The attorney also testified in conflicting ways about the purpose of his retention. Applying an abuse-of-discretion standard of review, the Texarkana court concluded that the trial court had not erred by determining that the attorney had acted as an investigator alone and allowing discoveiy of the “bare facts” of the investigation. See id. The facts of the present case are distinguishable in that it is undisputed that Pou was not hired by Harlan-dale strictly as an investigator; rather, she was employed to investigate Villarreal’s allegations and to use her legal training to provide Harlandale with a recommended course of action. [14] But cf. Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD-462 (1987). In that case, a newspaper reporter sought information gathered by lawyers hired by the University of Houston to investigate allegations regarding the university’s intercollegiate athletic program. In discussing the scope of attorney-client privilege, the Attorney General distinguished between an attorney acting as a legal adviser and an attorney acting strictly as an investigator and opined that the privilege would apply only to information gathered by the former. See id. The Attorney General found that the university’s lawyers had functioned in both capacities during the performance of their contractual duties and concluded that information gathered by the lawyers while they were "conducting interviews and otherwise compiling raw factual data” was not protected by attorney-client privilege. See id. Because opinions of the Attorney General are persuasive, but not controlling on the courts, we are not bound to follow them, see Holmes v. Morales, 924 S.W.2d 920, 924 (Tex. 1996), and in this case, we find the Fourth Circuit's reasoning in In re Allen more persuasive.