CVI GVF (Lux) Master S.A.R.L. v. Lehman Bros. Holdings

MEMORANDUM & ORDER WILLIAM H. PAULEY III, District Judge. Appellants CVI GVF (Lux) Master S.a.r.l. (“CVI”) and Santa Fe Partners, LLC and certain related funds (collectively, “Santa Fe”) appeal from an order of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Peck, Bankr. J.) (the “Bankruptcy Court”) dated May 26, 2010 denying their motions to treat as timely their late-filed claims in the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Special Holdings, Inc. (“LBHI”) (the “Lehman Bankruptcy”). For the following reasons, the Bankruptcy Court’s order is affirmed. BACKGROUND I. The Underlying Obligations Santa Fe and CVTs predecessor in interest, Black River Asia Fund Ltd. (“Black River”), 1 originally held claims against an LBHI subsidiary, Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (“LB Europe”). (Appellants’ Appendix (“AA”) 134, 168.) Those claims were based on LB Europe’s alleged breach of certain securities lending and repurchase agreements entered into with Santa Fe and Black River. (AA 132-35, 167-68.) On June 9, 2005, LBHI’s board adopted a resolution providing that LBHI would assume the liabilities and obligations of certain LBHI subsidiaries, including LB Europe. (AA 71-73.) On January 4, 2008, LBHI executed a second guarantee specific to LB Europe (together with the 2005 resolution, the “Guarantees”). (AA 74-75.) On September 15, 2008, LB Europe filed for bankruptcy in the United Kingdom (the “LB Europe Bankruptcy”). (AA 168.) In a notice on its website dated June 10, 2009, the administrator for the LB Europe Bankruptcy, PriceWaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”), posted information regarding the Guarantees for LB Europe’s creditors. 2 The notice stated that “[c]reditors of [LB Europe] and other persons may have claims against LBHI pursuant to these documents.” (AA 168.) Appellants did not learn of the existence of the Guarantees until October 2009. (AA 137, 168.) II. The Lehman Bankruptcy On September 15, 2008, LBHI and several subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy in United States. (AA 168.) On July 2, 2009, the Bankruptcy Court issued an order (the “Bar Date Order”) establishing, inter alia, the deadline for filing proofs of *140 claim. (Mem. Decision Denying Mots. For Leave to File Late Claims dated May 20, 2010 (“Decision”) at 3 n. 8.) The Bar Date Order set a deadline of September 22, 2009 for the filing of general claims against the debtors (the “General Bar Date”) and required creditors with claims based on guarantees to submit a “Derivative Questionnaire” by October 22, 2009 (the “Questionnaire Deadline”). (Decision at 4.) Appellants do not contest that they received notice of these deadlines. (Decision at 5.) Nonetheless, Santa Fe filed both its proof of claim and its questionnaire on October 22, 2009. (AA 135.) Black River filed its questionnaire on October 22, 2009 and its proof of claim on October 29, 2009. (AA 168-69.) III. The Bankruptcy Court Decision In February 2010, Santa Fe and CVI asked the Bankruptcy Court to treat their claims as timely filed pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9006(b)(1). They argued that (i) any delay should be excused because they were unaware of the Guarantees until after the General Bar Date; (ii) they had no reason to know of the Guarantees; and (iii) the Guarantees were not reasonably discoverable. Santa Fe and CVI argued further that, although they missed the General Bar Date, they filed the requisite claim information by the Questionnaire Deadline, and thus LBHI suffered no prejudice because it possessed the information it needed to evaluate their claims. By Memorandum Decision dated May 20, 2010, the Bankruptcy Court denied the motions of seven creditors (including Santa Fe and CVI) to have their late-filed claims deemed timely. (Decision at 2.) The Bankruptcy Court addressed Appellants’ motions together because they were “practically identical.” (Decision at 17-18.) As to whether Appellants’ delay was within their control, the Bankruptcy Court found that the Guarantees “were readily ascertainable” because they were posted on PwC’s website three months prior to the General Bar Date. (Decision at 17-18.) The Bankruptcy Court held that “with the exercise of reasonable diligence,” Appellants “could have discovered the existence of the guarantee claims.” (Decision at 18.) It reasoned that “creditors must bear the responsibility for investigating and performing reasonable diligence to identify those claims that they have against debtors in bankruptcy” and that “creditors act at their peril where they fail to adequately investigate and pursue their rights.” (Decision at 18.) Addressing the prejudice to LBHI in permitting the late-filed claims of all seven creditors, the Bankruptcy Court pointed out that “[c]reditors have filed over 66,000 claims in an aggregate liquidated amount exceeding $899 billion.” (Decision at 7.) It also noted that it had entered several procedural orders to address the “large number of claims” and the “significant administrative burdens” attendant to processing them. (Decision at 8.) While the Bankruptcy Court acknowledged that “it is difficult to comprehend how a handful of late-filed claims will add materially to the burdens that already exist,” it accepted LBHI’s contention that permitting any late-filed claims “is highly undesirable from [LBHI’s] perspective and potentially quite disruptive.” (Decision at 8.) The Bankruptcy Court found that “the extraordinary size of the claims management project is itself a significant factor in determining prejudice” and that any prejudice “is not traceable to the filing of any single additional claim but to the impact of permitting exceptions that will encourage others to seek leniency.” (Decision at 9.) Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court found that “the prejudice factor favors [LBHI].” (Decision at 9.) *141 Finally, the Bankruptcy Court distinguished its excusable neglect findings from two prior motions: Having applied the Pioneer factors nine times, the Court believes that it is in a position to distinguish the excusable neglect found earlier from the inexcusable neglect described in the pending motions. The Court articulates the distinction as follows: Neglect in filing a claim before the expiration of a clear bar date is excusable when the creditor, after conducting a reasonable amount of diligence, is justifiably confused or uncertain as to whether a particular transaction giving rise to a claim is or is not subject to the bar date order. That confusion was the principal reason for [the Court’s prior findings of excusable neglect].... By comparison, the reasons offered by the Movants demonstrate a lack of care or thoughtful attention to the preparation and filing of their proofs of claim. (Decision at 19.) These appeals followed. DISCUSSION I. Legal Standard a. Standard ofRevieiv A district court reviews a bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8013; In re Vouzianas, 259 F.3d 103, 107 (2d Cir.2001). “Bankruptcy court decisions ... denying] a request to file [a] late [claim] are reviewed for abuse of discretion.” In re Enron Corp., 419 F.3d 115, 124 (2d Cir.2005); In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp., Inc., 146 B.R. 84, 87 (S.D.N.Y.1992) (Pollack, J.) (“Since the determination of whether ... to grant a request to file late is expressly left to the Bankruptcy Court’s discretion, this Court may review the Bankruptcy Court’s decision for abuse of discretion only.”). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion when its decision (i) “rest[s] on an error of law (such as application of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or (ii) ... though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding, cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” In re Aquatic Dev. Grp., Inc., 352 F.3d 671, 678 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting Zervos v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir.2001)). b. Excusable Neglect Standard Under Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9006(b)(1), a bankruptcy court may deem a late-filed claim timely if the delay was the result of “excusable neglect.” The Supreme Court has held that excusable neglect “is at bottom an equitable [determination], taking account of all relevant circumstances surrounding the party’s omission,” including “the danger of prejudice to the debtor, the length of the delay and its potential impact on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay, including whether it was within the reasonable control of the movant, and whether the movant acted in good faith.” Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 507 U.S. 380, 395, 113 S.Ct. 1489, 123 L.Ed.2d 74 (1993). The Court of Appeals takes “a hard line in applying the Pioneer test,” “focus[ing] on the third factor[ — ]the reason for the delay, including whether it was within the reasonable control of the movant.” In re Enron Corp., 419 F.3d 115, 122-23 (2d Cir.2005) (quotations omitted). Indeed, “where the [filing deadline] is entirely clear, [the Court of Appeals] continue[s] to expect that a party claiming excusable neglect will, in the ordinary course, lose under the Pioneer test.” Enron, 419 F.3d at 122-23. “The late-filing creditor carries the burden of proving excusable neglect.” In re DPH *142 Holdings Corp., 434 B.R. 77, 82 (S.D.N.Y.2010); accord Enron, 419 F.3d at 121. II. Analysis Appellants argue that the Bankruptcy Court abused its discretion by (1) adopting a more stringent excusable neglect standard than was established in Pioneer, and (2) concluding that the acceptance of Appellants’ late-filed claims would prejudice LBHI. This Court disagrees. a. Excusable Neglect Standard Appellants contend that the Bankruptcy Court held that a late-filed claim may be excused only where a creditor is justifiably confused over whether a bar date order applies to its claim. Appellants argue that this holding removes the elasticity inherent in the excusable neglect standard and contradicts the Supreme Court’s directive in Pioneer that excusable neglect “is not limited to situations where the failure to timely file is due to circumstances beyond the control of the filer.” Pioneer, 507 U.S. at 391, 113 S.Ct. 1489. Contrary to Appellants’ contention, the Bankruptcy Court did not adopt a per se rule. Appellants’ argument rests on the Bankruptcy Court’s statement that “[n]e-glect ... is excusable when the creditor, after conducting a reasonable amount of diligence, is justifiably confused or uncertain as to whether a particular transaction giving rise to a claim is or is not subject to the bar date order.” (Decision at 19.) However, the Bankruptcy Court made that observation in a portion of its opinion titled “Excusable Neglect in the Lehman Cases” explaining why it had accepted two prior late-filed claims but denied the claims of Appellants and five others. Appellants ignore the fact that the Bankruptcy Court performed a detailed analysis under Pioneer because that analysis is fatal to their claims. In a thoughtful and reasoned opinion, the Bankruptcy Court considered the Pioneer factors and held that Appellants’ late filings should not be excused where the prejudice and delay factors favored LBHI. First, the Bankruptcy Court appropriately gave enhanced consideration to whether Appellants’ delay was within their control, see Enron, 419 F.3d at 122-23, and found that they could have discovered the Guarantees through the exercise of reasonable diligence. That factual determination was not clearly erroneous. See Vouzianas, 259 F.3d at 107. Appellants had more than three months to discover the notice on PwC’s website notifying creditors of the Guarantees. See Enron, 419 F.3d at 122-23 (“[A] party claiming excusable neglect will, in the ordinary course, lose under the Pioneer test.”). Appellants’ argument that the Bankruptcy Court effectively required creditors to “scour the internet” for all potential claims is hyperbole. To learn of the Guarantees, Appellants only needed to visit a familiar website once within a three month period. Given the more than $250 million that Santa Fe and CVI had at stake, (Tr. of Hr’g, Oct. 15, 2010 at 5), their lack of diligence with respect to the LB Europe Bankruptcy is incomprehensible. Under these circumstances, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion in applying the Pioneer factors. Appellants’ reliance on In re Bruno Machinery Corp., No. 06 Civ. 1172(LEK), 2007 WL 2071747, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. July 12, 2007) is misplaced. In Bruno, the court found that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by holding that because a creditor’s failure to file a timely claim “was completely within its [or its counsel’s] ... control, ... there can be no finding of excusable neglect.” 2007 WL 2071747, at *4. The district court reversed, holding, inter alia, that the bankruptcy court improperly adopted a “per se finding of no *143 excusable neglect” where the failure to timely file was within the creditor’s control. Bruno, 2007 WL 2071747, at *4. By examining the details of PwC’s notice concerning the Guarantees and weighing the prejudice to LBHI, the Bankruptcy Court employed no similar per se rule. Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion. b. Prejudice Appellants further contend that the Bankruptcy Court failed to set forth facts supporting its conclusion that permitting late-filed claims would prejudice LBHI. The Bankruptcy Court’s decision belies that contention. In the section addressing the prejudice to LBHI, the Bankruptcy Court observed that the Lehman Bankruptcy is unprecedented in size and includes over 66,000 claims in an aggregate amount nearing $1 trillion. On that record, the Bankruptcy Court concluded that “the extraordinary size of the claims management project is itself a significant factor in determining prejudice” and that any prejudice “is not traceable to the filing of any single additional claim but to the impact of permitting exceptions that will encourage others to seek leniency.” (Decision at 9.) Because the Court of Appeals expressly permits a court to consider “whether allowing a claim would be likely to precipitate a flood of similar claims,” Enron, 419 F.3d at 130, the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion. See In re KMart Corp., 381 F.3d 709, 714 (7th Cir.2004) (finding that the debtor “could easily find itself faced with a mountain of such claims” if appellant’s single claim were permitted). Appellants’ argument that the Bankruptcy Court could have accepted claims filed after the General Bar Date but before the Questionnaire Deadline is misplaced. While this may have dampened the flood of late-filed claims, it nevertheless could have induced another wave of filings that would delay and complicate management of the claims process. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the Bankruptcy Court’s order is affirmed. The Clerk of the Court is directed to terminate all pending motions and mark these cases as closed. SO ORDERED: Footnotes [1] In both its brief in the Lehman Bankruptcy and its appeal brief in this proceeding, CVI cites a document entitled "Evidence of Transfer of Claim” in support of its assertion that CVI succeeded to Black River's interest. (AA 166.) That document makes no mention of any CVI entity. Nevertheless, this Court has no reason to question CVI’s assertion. [2] (http://www.pwc.co.uk/eng/issues/Iehman_ holdings_bar_date_application_update_ 190609.htm.) (cited in Mem. Decision Denying Mots. For Leave to File Late Claims at 18 n. 29).